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10 August 2022, Volume 39 Issue 15
    

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  • Context-driven Innovation: Connotation, Theoretical Logic and Practical Approach
    Yin Ximing,Su Yaxin,Chen Jin,Chen Tailun
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022060988
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    In the new development stage, science and technology innovation needs to go beyond the traditional technology-driven paradigm, seize the transformation opportunity of context-driven innovation, and realize the leap from catching up to leading innovation by taking advatage of China's super large market and rich application environment.Data has become a new productive factor and an important driving force for innovation in the era of digital economy. With the increasingly rapid development of technological innovation, greater changes in market demand and closer integration of demand side and supply side, how can we reconstruct technology system and business model to unleash the value of data element, and promote the iteration of technology, products and services by leveraging the multiple contexts? This has become a key and hot topic in innovation management and digital transformation study. #br#However, China's technological innovation policy and practice used to follow the traditional linear innovation paradigm, that is, from fundamental research to industrial commercialization, which is a technology-driven development paradigm in essence. This paradigm is confronted with critical problems such as long R&D cycle, sluggish technology iteration, lack of comprehensive and refined task design for major national strategical objectives,etc. It is likely to fall into the “innovation dilemma”, thus hindering the transformation from innovation catchup to global innovation leadership. In this situation, how can the government and leading technological firms jointly open and build diversified innovation contexts, strengthen the design of context tasks and the reconstruction of innovation systems? The answer shall be the key to solve the problems of technology commercialization, and accelerate the digital transformation as well as promote the healthy and sustainable development of innovation ecosystem and platform economy. After reviewing the existing innovation paradigms and looking forward to its future research and practice frontier, this paper draws the theory and practice of innovation-driven development in the era of digital economy, and systematically discusses the connotation and features, theoretical logic, innovation path and typical practice of context-driven innovation. Specifically, context-driven innovation (CDI) is the process of applying existing technologies to specific contexts or scenarios to create greater value. It is also the process of promoting the integration and co-creation of strategy, technology, organization, market demand and various innovation elements based on future trends and visionary needs, therefore coping with the technological bottlenecks, and creating new technologies, new products, new channels, new processes and even new markets. #br#This paper contributes to the innovation theory development, national innovation system research and innovation practice in the digital era in three ways. First, this study explores both challenges and improvement opportunities to existing paradigms in the era of digital economy. Then it combines the systematic and holistic thinking in Eastern philosophy, and proposes a new innovation paradigm, namely,context-driven innovation (CDI). It is the two-wheel drive of technological innovation and context demand under the guidance of application context support and mission strategy. Context-driven innovation is an original theoretical paradigm that conforms to the development of the digital economy, meets the needs of enterprise technological innovation management, and supports the growth of industrial resilience, regional sustainable and high-quality development. It also provides insights on the construction of a global scientific and technological powerhouse, as well as brand-new innovative policy design and practical thinking to further optimize the global innovation leadership of enterprises and industries, enhance regional and national innovation capabilities, and promote the construction of a community with a shared future for mankind. Second, context-driven innovation emphasizes the context-driven and mission-oriented significance, and it has pioneering, strategic, diversified, precise, holistic, and resilient characteristics, which are of great practical value for understanding both China's prominent innovation practices and global important and new innovation practices, helping managers and policymakers to improve their innovation capabilities based on contexts and strategies, and realizing future insights and global innovation leadership. Finally, context-driven innovation provides policy-oriented enlightenment, and has important implications for the state and local governments to target major contexts and optimize top-level strategic design to achieve a high level of scientific and technological self-reliance and self-improvement.#br#

    Yin Ximing,Su Yaxin,Chen Jin,Chen Tailun. Context-driven Innovation: Connotation, Theoretical Logic and Practical Approach[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 1-10., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022060988.

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    • Innovation in Science and Technology Management
  • The Connotation and Construction of the Integrated National Strategies and Strategic Capabilities from the Perspective of Systems Theory
    Zhang Ying,Huang Chaofeng,Tang Yanhong
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 11-19. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.C202107270
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    With the accelerated development of a new round of scientific and technological revolution, industrial revolution and new military revolution, military and civilian technologies have shown a trend of generalization, and the boundaries of military and civilian technology development have become increasingly blurred. It has become a common choice and objective requirement to promote the integrated development of the military and civilian systems for the development of national defense and military construction in major countries in the world. Therefore, coordinating national development and security has become more urgent and important.At present, many scholars pay close attention to the integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities, and conduct in-depth research from the aspects of connotation, goals, and paths. However, research on the connotation theory mostly remains characterized by simple problem analysis and experience summarization, and its countermeasures and suggestions are mostly concentrated in the aspects of system mechanism, policies and regulations, etc. Rare research on the path interpretation is from the perspective of "integration". Only by forming a national strategic system with clear levels and optimized structure, solving the organic coordination of national development and security strategies, and realizing the coordinated development of economic construction and national defense construction, can the national strategic capabilities of military-civilian integration be formed.#br#　　From the perspective of systems theory, this paper points out that the integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities is integrated into an organic strategic system with the characteristics of integrity, hierarchy and dynamics, and deeply analyzes its specific characteristics of integrity, hierarchy and dynamics. Then, focusing on the internal logic, operation mechanism and evolution trend of the integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities, this paper comprehensively and systematically grasps its connotation and implication, and point outs that its system synergy theory "fully achieves coordinated, balanced and compatible development", the system integration theory integrates "the integrated effect of the integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities", and according to the system capability goal theory, "the ultimate goal of system capabilities is to export integrated national strategic capabilities". The system path theory "promotes the development of Civil-Military Integration in depth", the system promotion theory "firmly establishes the "four strengthening" thinking consciousness", and the system mobilization theory "strengthens the political guarantee of the unity of the party, government, military and civilians", etc. In summary, the integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities is an organic strategic system with clear goals, clear levels, optimized structure, overall planning, and synergistic resonance. #br#　　Aiming at the contradictions in the current integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities building, such as "strong elements in weak systems" and “weak fingers with hard fists” , this paper takes the initiative to apply systematic thinking and systematic methods for practice.It providest countermeasures and suggestions for building the integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities from four aspects: overall strategic layout, element aggregation and activation, system integration effect, and construction of evaluation system. The formation of integrated national strategies and strategic capabilities aims to gather and use various strategic resources more efficiently, and provide strong support for national and military development. According to its development,layout and key tasks, this paper creatively puts forward suggestions covering multiple fields in the hope of covering path issues such as goal orientation, strategic layout, structural optimization, element coupling, effect integration, and evaluation system.#br#

    Zhang Ying,Huang Chaofeng,Tang Yanhong. The Connotation and Construction of the Integrated National Strategies and Strategic Capabilities from the Perspective of Systems Theory[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 11-19., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.C202107270.

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  • Has China Stepped into an Innovative Country？Comprehensive Research and Judgment Based on Six Authoritative Evaluation Systems
    Du Bin,Zhang Keyun,Xia Tingting
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 20-30. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070046
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    Innovation is a powerful tool to resolve the main social contradictions in China, and the construction of an innovative country is a strategy related to the ranking of the international competition pattern, and an inevitable requirement to become a power with modern science and technology. China's entry into the ranks of innovative countries in 2020 was the goal clearly put forward in the "Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Science and Technology Development Plan (2006-2020)", and the most important of the "three-step" strategies proposed in the Innovation Driven Development Strategy. Since China proposed the construction of an innovative country in 2006, after nearly 15 years of efforts, it is still unknown if China has met the standards of an innovative country and entered the ranks of an innovative country. By answering this question , it can test the effectiveness of China's innovation-driven economic development strategy, clarify the path and direction of China's future development, and prove if China's high-quality development will enter a new stage.#br#First of all, this paper divides the construction of China's innovative country into two periods over the past 40 years of reform and opening-up from the perspective of scientific and technological practice and strategic orientation: the preparation period and the accelerated growth period. It systematically reviews the history and achievements of China's innovative country construction. Secondly, this paper compares the six major international authoritative evaluation systems, analyzes the differences and the commonalities, and further compares with China to find out in which stage China is in building an innovative country. Finally, in view of the differences, new features and new trends in the process of building an innovative country in China, this paper constructs an index system with 16 indicator and 5 categories, and sets the target values. It uses the equal weight relative measurement method to measure the level of national innovative construction.#br#It is found that China has entered the ranks of innovative countries as a whole, and it is in a new stage of development towards the forefront of leapfrogging innovative countries.But China still has problems of imbalance, inadequacy and incoordination. In order to better solve these existing problems, China needs to carry out scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation at the same time so that they can coordinate to maximize the release of enconomic vitality. There is also great need for China to increase the input of innovation resources, optimize the allocation structure of innovation resources, strengthen the efficiency of innovation output, increase the contribution rate of scientific and technological progress so that it may achieve multiple breakthroughs and self-reliance in key and core technologies. In order to improve the "three-in-one" innovation environment system of government, market and society.China needs to implement reforms in three areas. Firstly of all, the central government should delegate administrative power, reduce the administrative power without legal basis and legal authorization, clarify and limit the administrative power repeated by multiple departments. Secondly, government departments should innovate and strengthen supervision functions, and use new technologies and new systems to strengthen the innovation of supervision systems.Lastly, it is suggested to reduce the administrative cost of market operation, and promote the vitality and innovation ability of market players, and establish a cordial and innocent relationship between the government and businessmen.#br#This paper comprehensively uses literature analysis, comparative analysis, comnining qualitative and quantitative analysis, and has certain innovations in the selection of topics and research perspectives, the construction of index system and the use of comprehensive trade-off measurement methods. However,there are some certain difficulties in the availability and reliability of data and the design of indicators, therefore,this paper focuses on quantitative measurement and weakens the quantitative measurement. Considering that the measurement of innovative countries should be comprehensively measured from the perspectives of quantity and quality, it is necessary for future research to focus on the measurement standard, index setting, and qualitative evaluation of quality, so as to conform to the rapid development of science and technology.#br#

    Du Bin,Zhang Keyun,Xia Tingting. Has China Stepped into an Innovative Country？Comprehensive Research and Judgment Based on Six Authoritative Evaluation Systems[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 20-30., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070046.

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  • Revealing the Way to Revive from the Agricultural Entrepreneurship Failure: A Coevolutionary Process of Learning from Failure and Entrepreneurial Capability
    Hou De'en ,Lin Chen,Xiong Aihua
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 31-40. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070725
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    In recent years, under the guidance of the national strategy of rural revitalization and high-quality agricultural development, China has accelerated the pace of agricultural entrepreneurship. From the perspective of macro policy, the national policy focuses on and supports rural entrepreneurs. From the perspective of meso level, all localities have stepped up the construction of entrepreneurship carriers. From the micro individual level, the data released by the ministry of agriculture and rural areas show that in 2018, 2019 and 2020, the cumulative number of returned entrepreneurs and innovators in China reached 7.8 million, 8.5 million and 10.1 million respectively, and the scale continues to expand. However, due to the long cycle of agricultural venture capital, high risk and lack of professional knowledge, the problem of high failure rate of agricultural entrepreneurship has arisen. This dampens the entrepreneurs' enthusiasm to start a business, undermines entrepreneurs' self-worth and hinders the sustained development of rural revitalization in China. Therefore, it is worth studying how to revive agricultural entrepreneurship after failures. The academic research on agricultural entrepreneurship mainly focuses on industrial cognition, entrepreneurial opportunities, resource integration, and pays less attention to the failure of entrepreneurship. The existing research on the failure of agricultural entrepreneurship pays more attention to the impact of entrepreneurial failure on the performance of re-entrepreneurship, but fails to clearly outline the complex process of agricultural entrepreneurship from failure to revival. In the broader field of entrepreneurial research, failure learning has been widely introduced into the study of entrepreneurial failure, but it ignores the impact of multi-dimensional characteristics of failure learning, and does not point out that the key to achieve entrepreneurial revival is the multiple entrepreneurial capabilities acquired through failure learning. Therefore, from a more dynamic and comprehensive perspective, it is necessary to make an in-depth analysis of the revival process after the failure of agricultural entrepreneurship. In view of this, this study focuses on the following three questions.Firstly, what are the specific ways of failure learning in the process of revival? Secondly, in the process of revival, what is the law of the evolution of entrepreneurial ability? Thirdly, through what mechanisms do failure learning affect the evolution of entrepreneurial competence? How should we do to achieve the revival of entrepreneurship? #br#This study selects the case of agricultural entrepreneurship reported by CCTV' s “Getting Rich” Programme as the research object, adopts the grounded theory analysis method to construct the theory, refines and deduces the evolution law of failure learning and entrepreneurship ability in the process of failure revival, and expands the applicable boundary of failure learning and entrepreneurship ability. It also contributes to guiding the practice of agricultural entrepreneurship, promoting the high-quality development of agriculture and rural revitalization in China. Compared with the existing studies, the possible contributions of this study are as follows. Firstly, from a dynamic perspective, this study outlines the complex process of agricultural recovery after failure, expands the field of agricultural entrepreneurship research, and enriches the research results of entrepreneurial failure in the special context of agricultural entrepreneurship. Secondly, this paper finds that entrepreneurs will learn from failure with different contents, and failure learning has the characteristics of stage evolution. This paper promotes the research of failure learning; in addition, because failure learning is a typical way of entrepreneurial learning, this paper also contributes to the study of entrepreneurial learning. Thirdly, the interaction mechanism between failure learning and entrepreneurial competence is deeply explored, and the co-evolution process model between them is constructed, which deepens the research on the theme of entrepreneurial competence. Based on the specific entrepreneurial context of agricultural entrepreneurial failure, this paper reveals the knowledge evolution mechanism of the formation and evolution of entrepreneurial capability driven by failure learning, clarifies how entrepreneurial capability is formed, and contributes to the study of entrepreneurial capability.#br#

    Hou De'en ,Lin Chen,Xiong Aihua. Revealing the Way to Revive from the Agricultural Entrepreneurship Failure: A Coevolutionary Process of Learning from Failure and Entrepreneurial Capability[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 31-40., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070725.

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    • Regional Scientific Development
  • Has the Science and Technology Finance Promoted Green Innovation?Evidence from the Pilot Policy of Combining Science and Technology with Finance
    Gu Jianghan,Chai Huaqi
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 41-49. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021060366
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    Green innovation can promote economic development by reducing pollution, saving costs, enhancing enterprise competitiveness, and improving green total factor productivity.Green innovation helps to enhance national comprehensive strength and achieve sustainable economic development, and the importance is self-evident. In order to achieve the “3060” goal of carbon peak and carbon neutral, and promote the construction of ecological civilization, it is necessary for China to involve more enterprises in green innovation. However, there are many problems in China's innovation development in terms of input, external environment, and efficiency; these problems cannot be solved without the comprehensive combination and effective integration of the financial system and the technological innovation system. The purpose of the combination of science and technology with finance is to promote the transformation of technological innovation and its innovation achievements.#br#In order to promote the combination of science and technology with finance, speed up the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, and enhance innovation capacity, the Ministry of Science and Technology led the “pilot project of promoting the combination of science and technology with finance” in 2010, and identified the first batch of pilot cities in December 2011, involving eastern, central and western areas in China. By the end of 2015, there had been nearly 360 relevant policies, pointing out that financial support for technological innovation should be provided from various aspects in the future. Many domestic scholars have found that sci-tech finance can contribute to regional economic development and innovation development. Then there is a question: can sci-tech finance stimulate the vitality of green innovation, promote the development of green innovation, accelerate the realization of the “3060” goal, and promote the construction of ecological civilization? If so, what is the mechanism? If not, what are the obstacles to sci-tech finance driving green innovation and how to counteract the negative effects?#br#In view of this, based on the panel data of prefecture-level cities from 2004 to 2019, this paper uses the difference-in-differences method to investigate whether sci-tech finance can promote the development of green innovation. The results show that the pilot policies significantly promote green innovation, and with the continuous promotion of policies, this promoting effect shows a dynamic evolution law of continuous enhancement. The mechanism study shows that the promotion effect of pilot policies on green innovation is realized by improving public and market financial resources. Heterogeneity study shows that the promotion effect of pilot policies is influenced by regional innovation input and innovation capacity. The richer the innovation input resources are, the stronger the regional innovation capacity is, and the more obvious the promotion effect of pilot policies is. Further research shows that the pilot policies not only improve the level of green innovation in the pilot cities, but also contribute to the further improvement of green total factor productivity.#br#The contributions of this stduy are mainly as follows. To start with, this paper is the first to investigate the pilot policy effect on regional innovation, enriching the research of green innovation and expanding the economic effect evaluation of the pilot policy. Second, in terms of the evaluation method, the pilot policy is an “exogenous shock” to each region, which helps us to effectively investigate the policy effect by using the difference-in-differences method. Compared with other literature on the pilot policy, this paper overcomes the interference of relevant policies on measurement results and obtains cleaner measurement results, which makes the conclusions of this paper more reliable. Third, in terms of policy implications, the research conclusion of this paper shows that if we continue to deepen the combination of science in the future, we can not only improve the level of green innovation, but also contribute to the improvement of green total factor productivity and the realization of green economic development.#br#

    Gu Jianghan,Chai Huaqi. Has the Science and Technology Finance Promoted Green Innovation?Evidence from the Pilot Policy of Combining Science and Technology with Finance[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 41-49., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021060366.

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  • The Influential Mechanism of Digital Economy Core Industry on Regional Innovation Capability：The Mediation Effect of Digital-activated Industry
    Zhao Binyuan
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 50-57. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030857
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    Digital economy is an economic activity with digital knowledge as the element, information network as the carrier and the use of information and communication technology to promote efficiency. It has three attributes: resource element, carrier platform and technological innovation, which are the main reasons for the improvement of regional innovation capability driven by digital economy. At present, there are abundant research results on the relation between digital economy and regional innovation capability, but the analysis of its action mechanism and transmission path needs to be further deepened. Therefore, based on the perspective of digital industrialization and industrial digitization, this paper divides the digital economy into the core industry of digital economy and the industry empowered by digitalization, and takes the industry empowered by digitalization as an mediating variable to analyze the direct impact and indirect impact of the core industry of digital economy on regional innovation capability.#br#Digital economy mainly includes digital industrialization and industrial digitization. Digital industrialization refers to the core industry of digital economy that produce or provide data elements, network platform and digital technology. Industrial digitization is industry empowed by digitalization, which implies the improvement of output and efficiency of traditional industries using data elements, network platform and digital technology. Current research results focus on the radiation and driving role of the core industry of digital economy on the industry empowed by digitalization, while the research results on how the industry empowed by digitalization reacts on the core industry of digital economy are relatively limited. Compared with the existing achievements, this paper brings the core industry of digital economy and the industry empowered by digitalization into the analysis framework of regional innovation capability improvement, and tries to clarify the transmission path of the industry empowered by digitalization reacting on the core industry of digital economy. Furthermore, this paper uses the mediating effect model to empirically test the impact mechanism of the core industry′s development level of digital economy on regional innovation capability, so as to provide alternative ideas for the quantitative analysis of the impact mechanism of digital economy on regional innovation capability.#br#Based on the panel data of 31 provinces from 2008 to 2019, this paper uses the mediating effect model to test the mediating effect of the industry empowered by digitalization in the process of the core industry of digital economy affecting regional innovation capability, and draws the following three conclusions. First, the development of the core industry of digital economy has a significant positive impact on the improvement of regional innovation capability. This positive impact comes from the triple attributes of the core industry of digital economy mentioned above. These three attributes provide resource elements, carrier platform and important development fields for technological innovation, so as to drive the improvement of regional innovation capability. Second, the industry empowered by digitalization plays a positive mediating role in the impact path of the core industry of digital economy on regional innovation capability. The core industry of digital economy can not only directly improve the regional innovation capability, but also indirectly drive the improvement of regional innovation capability by accelerating the development of the industry empowered by digitalization. The development of core industry of digital economy has improved the development quality, efficiency and driving force of digital-activated industry, and driven the development of the industry empowered by digitalization. In the relation between the core industry of digital economy and regional innovation capability, as the key link of data-driven innovation, the demand subject of network collaborative innovation and the application scenario of digital technology innovation, the industry empowered by digitalization plays an important mediating role. Third, the mediating function direction of the industry empowered by digitalization in different regions is basically the same, but the function intensity is different. In the eastern region, the mediating role of the industry empowered by digitalization is the strongest, while the mediating function in the western region is the weakest. The reason is that the leading role of the core industry of digital economy in the western region is not yet fully realized, the integration with the real economy is not enough, industries with strong competitive advantages have not been effectively enabled, and digitalization-driven high-quality development has not yet been realised.#br#

    Zhao Binyuan. The Influential Mechanism of Digital Economy Core Industry on Regional Innovation Capability：The Mediation Effect of Digital-activated Industry[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 50-57., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030857.

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    • Enterprise Innovation Management
  • How Does Innovation Ecosystem Drives Enterprise Micro-innovation？A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on Configuration Perspective
    Qu Fei,Zhang Huiying
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 58-66. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022030646
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    In today's Internet era, enterprises are facing rapid changes, great uncertainty and unpredictability in a competitive environment. Consumer demands have become more diverse in contrast to the narrowing differences between similar products. Enterprise competition becomes increasingly intense. While some companies complain about fewer opportunities for technological progress, others have achieved rapid growth relying on accurate understanding of user needs and rapid iteration. This phenomenon has attracted researchers' more attention on micro-innovation. What are the differences between kinds of enterprises on micro-innovation? How do enterprises coordinate various elements to improve micro-innovation? These are important practical problems in urgent need to be solved.#br#In recent years, the research on the mechanism of enterprise micro-innovation has made some achievements.However, there are still three shortcomings in the existing research. First, scholars put forward the driving elements of micro-innovation from different perspectives, but in general, these driving elements were too slightly messy to focus on the core elements of micro-innovation. Second, the existing research failed to systematically discuss the driving paths of enterprise micro-innovation and unable to find which combination of driving elements could successfully achieve micro-innovation. Finally, the research method was deficient. The explorative case study was the common method to study micro-innovation. Although the explorative case study was of great advantage in developing concept and theoretical construction, it was lack of empirical test. Therefore, it was impossible to verify whether the driving elements could really have impact on micro-innovation. In view of the above, this research constructs an enterprise micro-innovational driven mechanism model based on innovation ecosystem theory including six elements, namely environmental uncertainty, environmental competition, opportunity identification capability, organizational learning capability, user participation and lead user. The model tries to explore the complex influence mechanism on how the six elements of innovation ecosystem drive enterprise micro-innovation, and it is tested by fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) approach. The fsQCA approach has an advantage on both qualitative and quantitative study. It can make up for lack of empirical research on micro-innovational driving mechanism.#br#Eighteen micro-innovational cases are selected from the database of China Management Case-sharing Center (CMCC). First, the research group members establish a score criterion for each variable item of the model. Next, three senior professors in the field of innovation are invited to grade the same micro-innovational case according to the score criterion. The average score of the three professors is taken as the item score if the item passes internal consistency test. The average score of each item is taken as the variable score for the fsQCA data analysis. The quartile method is used to calibrate all of the variables. At last, the necessity and adequacy data analyses are conducted by fsQCA software.#br#The results show that firstly the necessity of all driving elements is not higher than 0.9. Therefore, single element of innovation ecosystem does not constitute the necessary condition of enterprise micro-innovation. Secondly there are three recipes that can drive high micro-innovation, namely opportunity identification dominant with user driven in the typical case of Tencent's Wechat; opportunity identification dominant with environment and user participation driven, in the typical case of Byte Beating's Tiktok; opportunity identification dominant with environment, organizational learning and lead user driven in the typical case of Alibaba's Alipay. Thirdly only one recipe can generate non-high micro-innovation, which verifies the existence of asymmetric causality relationship compared with the recipes of high micro-innovation. Fourthly opportunity identification capability as core driving element appears in the three configurations of high micro-innovation and one configuration of non-high micro-innovation, which shows that opportunity identification capability plays a more important role in driving enterprise micro-innovation.#br#Different from the lack of systematic theoretical framework for enterprise micro-innovational driving mechanism in the existing study, this research brings six elements from three levels into the analysis framework based on innovation ecosystem theory, which provides a powerful supplement to the existing literature. At the same time, three configurations are found to drive micro-innovation, which opens the black box of micro-innovational driving mechanism, as well as reveals the driving differences among enterprises. These findings are of positive significance on the micro-innovational driving mechanism from the perspective of innovation ecology. In addition, it is the first time to introduce fsQCA approach to micro-innovation research,providing a new attempt to explain the complex causality relationship of micro-innovation. The research conclusions provide managerial implications for enterprises to develop micro-innovational practice.#br#

    Qu Fei,Zhang Huiying. How Does Innovation Ecosystem Drives Enterprise Micro-innovation？A Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on Configuration Perspective[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 58-66., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022030646.

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  • How Does Boundary-spanning Search Promote Enterprise Management Innovation? The Role of Cognitive Flexibility and Absorptive Capacity
    Wang Qingjin,Shi Renbo,Du Tiantian,Han Changlin
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 67-78. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.C202107095
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    The importance of innovation in leading economic development and promoting industrial transformation is increasingly prominent. It is difficult for enterprises to ensure continuous management innovation activities by relying on their limited resources, so boundary-spanning search activities to obtain external knowledge and information are increasingly valued by enterprises. This paper studies the management innovation activities of enterprises from the perspective of boundary-spanning search, clarifies the role mechanism of boundary-spanning search to management innovation, and provides new solutions for enterprises to carry out management innovation activities. #br#Boundary-spanning search plays an important role in management innovation activities, but it is not a direct factor in management innovation. Social cognitive theory suggests that innovation behavior is influenced by cognitive factors, and companies with high cognitive flexibility will make adjustment after receiving external knowledge and information, which in turn will have an impact on management innovation activities of the company. Therefore, this paper argues that cognitive flexibility, as an important factor to promote enterprise growth, plays a "top-down" role in the process of boundary-spanning search for management innovation. In addition, higher absorptive capacity has a beneficial effect on knowledge application and technology transformation, and the resources such as knowledge and information obtained through boundary-spanning search can be better utilized and integrated in practice. Therefore, through the integration, absorption and utilization of resources such as knowledge and information, the absorptive capacity of enterprises can be improved to better catalyze boundary-spanning search to generate new strategies and solutions for cognitive flexibility in response to environmental changes and lay the foundation for enterprise management innovation activities. Based on this, this paper incorporates absorptive capacity into the research framework, which helps to explain the mechanism underlying the process of boundary-spanning search to cognitive flexibility. As shown above, this paper explores the influence mechanism of cognitive flexibility and management innovation from the perspective of boundary-spanning search based on open innovation theory, and collects 287 sample data for empirical study.#br#The results show that technology-driven boundary-spanning search and market-driven boundary-spanning search have positive effects on both exploratory and exploitative management innovation; cognitive flexibility has a mediating effect between boundary-spanning search and management innovation; and absorptive capacity positively moderates the relationship between technology-driven boundary-spanning search and market-driven boundary-spanning search and cognitive flexibility. In addition, we further examine the similarities and differences between large enterprises and small enterprises in terms of boundary-spanning search and absorptive capacity by grouping enterprises according to their size. Through grouping regressions, we find that technology-driven boundary-spanning search is relatively stronger in large and medium-sized firms, and market-driven boundary-spanning search is relatively stronger in small and medium-sized firms. Absorptive capacity has a moderating effect between technology-driven boundary-spanning search and cognitive flexibility in large and medium-sized enterprises, but no moderating effect is found in micro and small enterprises.#br#Based on the logic of knowledge-cognition-innovation, this paper investigates the influence mechanism on cognitive flexibility and managerial innovation from the perspective of boundary-spanning search and draws some contributions. Firstly, management innovation is a relatively new concept in the field of innovation. This study introduces dual theory into the field of management innovation, describes the characteristics of management innovation more systematically, and studies the dual innovation activities of enterprises from the perspective of boundary-spanning search, which provides a new way of thinking for the research of management innovation. Secondly, based on open innovation theory, this paper investigates the influence mechanism on management innovation from the perspective of boundary-spanning search based on the theoretical framework of "boundary-spanning search-cognitive flexibility-management innovation". Specifically, this paper classifies the dimensions of boundary-spanning search based on the difference of knowledge specialization, and verifies the positive influence of boundary-spanning search on management innovation from two aspects of technology-driven and market-driven boundary-spanning search, which enriches the research on the driving factors of management innovation. This study introduces dual theory into the field of management innovation, and studies the dual innovation activities of enterprises from the perspective of boundary-spanning search, which provides a new way of thinking for the research of management innovation. It verifies the positive influence of boundary-spanning search on management innovation from two aspects of technology-driven and market-driven boundary-spanning search and enriches the research on the driving factors of management innovation. Lastly this study introduces absorptive capacity as a moderating variable, and empirically tests that absorptive capacity can optimize the output effect of boundary-spanning search. Therefore it breaks the original thinking stereotypes and clarifies the specific mechanism of boundary-spanning search to promote cognitive flexibility.#br#

    Wang Qingjin,Shi Renbo,Du Tiantian,Han Changlin. How Does Boundary-spanning Search Promote Enterprise Management Innovation? The Role of Cognitive Flexibility and Absorptive Capacity[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 67-78., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.C202107095.

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  • Shareholders' Response to Innovation Investment: The Signal Function of Equity-based Incentive Heterogeneity
    Zhu Fangfang
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 79-88. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010183
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    China is currently striving for innovation-driven economic development mode against the internal resource constraints and external fierce international competition. Enterprises shoulder the responsibility of enhancing the quality and efficiency of economic development and the innovation activities ensure enterprises' competitive advantages and prolong their life cycle.#br#As agents of the shareholders, executives have the discretion to carry out innovation activities. However, by virtue of information advantage, executives tend to manipulate resourcesand harm shareholders' interests. To this end, many studies have discussed the design of equity-based incentive mechanism to encourage executives to increase innovation investment, but shareholders are ignored. Shareholders are important subjects in the corporate governance structure. Based on the signaling theory, they will make corresponding feedback by interpreting the financial data of innovation investment, and have an impact on enterprise's value. For example, if shareholders regard increased investment in innovation as a positive signal, they will give positive feedback and provide resource support to ensure the smooth progress of innovation activities and vice versa. Furthermore, when the equity is highly concentrated, the information disadvantage of shareholders can be reversed, and it is worth discussing how shareholders react to innovation investment. In addition, when analyzing the role of equity-based incentive, most existing studies assume that the TMT is homogeneous and ignore equity-based incentive heterogeneity. When the heterogeneity is high, some executives will feel deprived; while in the TMT with low heterogeneity of equity-based incentive, there will be less distribution contradiction. Different situations of equity-based incentive heterogeneity will send different signals to shareholders about the quality of TMT cooperation, and shareholders will react accordingly. However, this is rarely discussed in existing studies.#br#In view of this, taking China's A-share listed enterprises that implement equity-based incentives in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2017 to 2019 as samples, this paper uses regression analysis method and analyzes shareholders' response to innovation investment, and explores the change of this response when the shareholding is highly concentrated. Besides,it examines the mechanism by which the heterogeneous factors of equity incentives transmit signals to shareholders, and explores its influence on the relationship between innovation investment and shareholder response. Through the above research, the following conclusions are drawn. First，innovation investment is positively correlated with shareholder response. Increasing investment in innovation will send positive signal of corporate growth, and shareholders will respond positively. Second, ownership concentration positively moderates the relationship between innovation investment and shareholder response. When ownership is highly concentrated, shareholders can exert monitoring effect and support effect at the same time to urge and help executives to carry out innovative activities. Third, equity-based incentive heterogeneity negatively moderates the relationship between innovation investment and shareholder response. When the heterogeneity is high, it is easy to generate contradictions in income distribution and inhibit teamwork, which will send a signal to shareholders of poor governing capacity and weaken shareholders' positive feedback on innovation investment. Fourth, the negative moderating effect of equity-based incentive heterogeneity on the relationship between innovation investment and shareholder response is more significant in private enterprises. State-owned enterprise executives need more stability. Even if the heterogeneity of equity-based incentive is high, executives still tend to reduce conflicts. It can moderately alleviate shareholder's negative reaction to innovation investment due to the higher equity-based incentive heterogeneity. At last, operating risk is the mediating variable that equity-based incentive heterogeneity negatively influences shareholders' response to innovation investment. Higher equity-based incentive heterogeneity will interfere with innovation investment and increase business risk. When shareholders receive this signal, they will lower expectations of innovation investment.#br#To sum up, this paper examines shareholders' response to the company's innovation activities from the perspective of shareholders and studies the special situation of equity concentration, and then its influence mechanism on the relationship between innovation investment and shareholder response is analyzed. By examining the impact of equity-based incentive heterogeneity on shareholders' cognition, this paper also enriches the research on the role of internal governance factors in shareholders' response to innovation investment. At last, this paper builds a transmission mechanism between the equity-based incentive heterogeneity, operating risks and shareholders' response to innovation investment, and clarifies the path that equity-based incentive heterogeneity affects shareholders' response to innovation investment. It highlights the importance of shareholders' governance role and reveals the mechanism of shareholders' response to innovation investment based on equity-based incentive heterogeneity. This can provide suggestions for enterprises to design reasonable equity-based incentive heterogeneity, and ensure that good governance signal is sent to shareholders and supported by shareholders.#br#

    Zhu Fangfang. Shareholders' Response to Innovation Investment: The Signal Function of Equity-based Incentive Heterogeneity[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 79-88., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010183.

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  • The Impact of Industrial Internet Platform Ecological Embeddedness on Explorative Innovation Performance of Complementary Enterprises
    Zhao Hongxia,Wang Mengjuan,Wang Guotao
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 89-98. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.C202107096
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    Platform ecology is the advanced stage and ultimate development goal of industrial Internet. Enterprises embedded in it can jointly provide users with products and services on the industrial Internet platform, maximize resource sharing and collaborative symbiosis, and promote the incubation and acceleration of enterprise innovation. However, most of the existing studies have explored the advantages of the industrial Internet from the perspective of platform builders, but they do not pay enough attention to complementary enterprises as an important part of platform ecology, nor do they know what mechanism enterprises rely on to affect innovation performance. At the same time, considering that under the background of super competitive era, explorative innovation with subversive significance has become an important innovation way for enterprises to stand out in the fierce competition. Therefore, from the perspective of complementary enterprises, it is significant to focus on exploring the relationship between platform ecological embeddedness and complementary enterprises' explorative innovation performance.#br#The resource orchestration theory defines the relationship between resource and capability and it believes that it is conducive to the improvement of enterprise competitive advantage by actively orchestrating resources to form the capability. However, at present, scholars mainly construct a single intermediary model based on a single perspective of resource or capability, or take the variables of capability perspective as regulatory variables for relevant research. Therefore, based on the existing research and the resource orchestration theory, this paper summarizes the transmission chain of "platform ecological embeddedness—heterogeneous resource acquisition—capability reconfiguration — explorative innovation performance" from the theoretical and practical levels to explore the internal mechanism of platform ecological embeddedness affecting the explorative innovation performance of complementary enterprises.#br#In terms of data collection,this study collects data by questionnaire surveys mainly with the help of the interpersonal network of team members, MBA students and teachers in relevant enterprises.We take the middle and senior managers of complementary enterprises embedded in COSMOPlat, Inspur Cloud and other platform ecosystems as the sample to distribute and collect questionnaires. Finally, we obtain 685 valid questionnaires. Based on the data test, this paper empirically tests the research hypothesis by using stepwise regression analysis and bootstrap method, and analyzes the internal mechanism of platform ecological embeddedness affecting the explorative innovation performance of complementary enterprises.#br#The conclusions are as follows. Firstly, embedding platform ecology is conducive to the improvement of explorative innovation performance of complementary enterprises. This conclusion verifies the view that "embedding platform ecology can promote the incubation and acceleration of enterprise innovation", and shows that platform ecological embeddedness is an important way for enterprises to realize innovation. Therefore, in the competition based on ecosystem, enterprises should constantly improve their digital and intelligent level, and ensure their future competitive advantage by better constructing or embedding platform ecology. Secondly, heterogeneous resource acquisition and capability reconfiguration play a significant intermediary role between platform ecological embeddedness and complementary enterprises' explorative innovation performance. Therefore, complementary enterprises should pay attention to the important role of heterogeneous resource acquisition and capability reconfiguration in the process of embedding platform ecology to realize innovation. On the one hand, according to own goals and strategies, enterprises should actively communicate and cooperate with complementary enterprises to obtain the required complementary innovation resources; on the other hand, enterprises should make timely adjustments to their existing capabilities to improve their adaptability to the environment and give full play to the leverage of resource and capability. Finally, heterogeneous resource acquisition and capability reconfiguration play a significant chain intermediary role between platform ecological embeddedness and explorative innovation performance. Therefore, enterprises should give full play to the important role of heterogeneous resources and form capabilities through actively orchestrating resources to enhance the competitive advantage of enterprises, which is a new understanding of the relationship between resource and capability. This study not only makes up for the lack of literature to examine the industrial Internet from the perspective of platform ecological participants,enriches the result variables of platform ecological embeddedness, but also verifies and supports the resource orchestration theory.#br#

    Zhao Hongxia,Wang Mengjuan,Wang Guotao. The Impact of Industrial Internet Platform Ecological Embeddedness on Explorative Innovation Performance of Complementary Enterprises[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 89-98., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.C202107096.

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    • Knowledge Science and Knowledge Engineering
  • Can Collaborative Job Design Alleviate the Dilemma of Knowledge Hiding in Organizations? An Analysis from the Perspective of Preventive and Promotive Psychological Ownership
    Chen Lifang,Fu Bo,Yu Guilan
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 99-109. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010096
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    Over the past few decades, many organizations have transformed from bureaucratic structure into team-based structure. Team members may face dilemmas which makes it possible for them to have both a motivation to share (e.g. seeing its importance to the teams, or to be rewarded for sharing) and to hide (e.g. losing knowledge power by sharing unique knowledge). However, in the current context of cooperation and competition, few studies have explored knowledge hiding behavior in organizations from an integrated perspective of team work situation and individual psychological ownership, resulting in the lack of a comprehensive understanding of knowledge hiding. Based on the theory of cooperation and competition, this paper aims to deepen the understanding of cooperative (collaborative job design) and competitive (team competitive climate) factors that affect knowledge hiding within knowledge teams.#br#A two-stage questionnaire survey was conducted on a nation-wide sample of 457 members from 77 knowledge teams in China. The researcher contacted the surveyed teams through personal ties to solicit their willingness to participate. Samples were selected from a variety of knowledge-intensive industries, including information technology services, finance, healthcare, scientific research and technology services, to ensure the representation and comprehensiveness of the samples. The survey used multiple time points for data collection (one month interval) to minimize the common method bias. Using multilevel structural equation model, this study investigated the impact of collaborative job design (i.e., task interdependence, social support and feedback from others) on knowledge hiding, the mediating role of knowledge psychological ownership (KPO) and organizational psychological ownership (OPO), and the moderated mediating role of team competitive climate. This paper finds that collaborative job design can help alleviate the contradiction of knowledge hiding in organizations. Task interdependence and social support weaken preventive psychological ownership (KPO), which in turn reduces knowledge hiding. Meanwhile, collaborative job design (i.e., task interdependence, social support and feedback from others) discourages knowledge hiding in organizations by strengthening promotive psychological ownership (OPO). However, team competitive climate may affect the effectiveness of collaborative job design. Specifically, in a weak team competitive climate, collaborative job design not only strengthens OPO, but also weakens KPO, thereby lessening knowledge hiding. However, in a fierce team competitive environment, feedback from others increases KPO, which in turn increases knowledge hiding.#br#Therefore itis suggested that firstly managers should build a team member relationship of mutual trust through collaborative work design to intervene in knowledge hiding. Secondly they should provide positive feedback based on individual performance in the team and weaken their psychological ownership of knowledge. Thirdly managers should design corresponding measures to affect employees' psychological ownership orientation.#br#Thisstudy has four important contributions. First,this paper constructs a relationship between collaborative job design and knowledge hiding, and enriches the study of antecedents of knowledge hiding and provides a new direction for intervening in knowledge hiding. Second, based on an integrated perspective of knowledge and organizational psychological ownership, it not only stresses the important role of the psychology of possession and property within the collaborative job design experience, but also reveals the internal psychological mechanism between collaborative job design and knowledge hiding. Specifically, this paper shows the positive effects of task interdependence and social support in inhibiting knowledge hiding. Moreover, it discovers the double-edged sword effect of feedback from others. The findings provide a theoretical basis for managing knowledge behavior in both positive and negative ways. Third, this paper built upon the theory of cooperation and competition to consider the effect of collaborative job design in conjunction with team competitive climate, which enriches the understanding of the mechanisms and boundary conditions between collaborative job design and knowledge hiding. Fourth, focusing on collaborative job design from a relational perspective, this study deepens the understanding of job design and psychological ownership theory.#br#It is suggested that future research should consider multi-source data collection methods, and expand the antecedent variables of knowledge hiding from the perspectives of salary design and performance evaluation. Although this study verifies the moderating mediating role of team competitive atmosphere between collaborative work design and knowledge hiding, there may also be other moderating mechanisms, such as individual competitive characteristics and individual goal orientation.#br#

    Chen Lifang,Fu Bo,Yu Guilan. Can Collaborative Job Design Alleviate the Dilemma of Knowledge Hiding in Organizations? An Analysis from the Perspective of Preventive and Promotive Psychological Ownership[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 99-109., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010096.

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  • The Structure Model and Scale Development of TMT Knowledge Hiding
    Rong Pengfei,Wang Jia,Wang Ruixue
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 110-118. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020472
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    Team knowledge hiding presents the situation of knowledge hiding within the whole team, and reveals the mutual knowledge hiding and the vicious circle among team members. Compared with the behavior of individual knowledge hiding, team knowledge hiding is more complex and difficult to be accurately grasped. Therefore, the research on team knowledge hiding is still in its infancy, and domestic scholars mainly follow the knowledge hiding scale for individual employees developed by Connelly et al. (2012) based on the western cultural background to measure the knowledge hiding of general work teams. However this is inconsistent with the internal logic of Chinese culture advocating collectivism and teamwork, and it is difficult to meet the needs of research about domestic team knowledge hiding.#br#Top management team (TMT) is a small group of senior managers responsible for making and implementing enterprise strategic decisions under the leadership of CEO. In the increasingly fierce market competition, in order to deal with a large number of risks and uncertainties, TMT not only needs to make use of the existing knowledge reserve within the team, but also urgently needs to acquire new knowledge, stimulate team creativity and make decision innovation through knowledge sharing. However, the common phenomenon of TMT knowledge hiding inhibits team knowledge sharing and deeply affects the decision-making process of TMT. The knowledge hiding behavior of TMT under the background of Chinese culture is different from that of general work team in antecedents, hidden contents and hidden methods, especially from that of general teams in western countries. Therefore, it is not appropriate to copy the scale developed by Connelly et al. (2012) to measure TMT knowledge hiding. Based on this, this study aims to build a structure model of TMT knowledge hiding under the background of local culture and develop the measurement scale of TMT knowledge hiding, so as to provide theoretical basis and measurement tool for the follow-up research of TMT knowledge hiding.#br#Based on the grounded theoretical research, this study uses the methods of small-scale questionnaire survey, semi-structured interview and participatory observation to collect data, and constructs the structure model of TMT knowledge hiding in the process of team operation under the background of local culture by classifying and refining topics; then, according to the structural dimensions of TMT knowledge hiding, a measurement scale to TMT knowledge hiding is developed, and the scale is verified by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. It is concluded that TMT knowledge hiding is a multi-dimensional concept with rich connotations, and the three-factor structure in the conception model of TMT knowledge hiding is an organic whole, which together constitutes the theoretical connotations of TMT knowledge hiding. Moreover the measurement scale of TMT knowledge hiding includes three dimensions: executive knowledge hiding behavior prediction, executive knowledge hiding strategy selection and executive knowledge hiding behavior evolution. The results of data analysis show that the scale has high reliability and validity, and its effectiveness is proved.#br#This study provides a more comprehensive reflection of the behavior of TMT knowledge hiding with the three dimensions of TMT knowledge hiding. Moreover the proposed scale of TMT knowledge hiding based on the local cultural background can not only be directly used in the quantitative research related to TMT knowledge hiding, provide theoretical basis and measurement tool for the research in this field, but also have reference value for the measurement and research of knowledge hiding behavior in other organizational contexts. Besides it turns the knowledge hiding research for individual employees or general work teams to TMTs, which has direct value for the future research on TMT knowledge hiding. At the same time, it also has reference significance and enlightenment for the research on knowledge hiding of other specific work teams.#br#In order to reasonably avoid knowledge hiding behavior and strengthen the internal knowledge management, team leaders should pay attention to the psychological and behavioral changes of TMT members and the decision-making operation of TMT, and ensure the smooth and orderly decision-making operation process of TMT. Enterprises should strive to create a united and friendly working atmosphere within TMT, with team leader as the core to make and implement enterprise strategic decisions.#br#

    Rong Pengfei,Wang Jia,Wang Ruixue. The Structure Model and Scale Development of TMT Knowledge Hiding[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 110-118., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020472.

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    • Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
  • The Evolution, Innovation Association and Formation of the Gender Structure of Chinese R&D Personnel：A Study Based on Semiparametric Kernel Regression and Oaxaca Decomposition
    Wang Gaofeng,Yang Haodong,Wang Chen
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 119-128. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050267
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    In recent years, although domestic and foreign governments, academia and media have called for more support for female scientists in various ways, and policy formulation has also changed from "system neutrality" to "being inclined and mainstreamed" in order to bridge academic and educational gender gaps. However, problems such as the missing of top female researchers in the scientific research field and the gender gap in the number of labor force in professional fields are still prominent. There is a big differences between female researchers and men in terms of the number of papers, patent achievements and academic influence. The disadvantaged status tends to be further aggravated. Most of the existing research focuses on the causes of the gap, the impact of gender factors on enterprise-level innovation output and performance improvement. In fact, there is also an "influence paradox" between gender differences and organizational innovation performance in scientific research. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the relationship between the gender structure of R&D personnel and innovation. Secondly, according to the order of time evolution, the sources of difference can be divided into theeducation system and the external labor market. Meanwhile there is also a lack of investigation into the difference in the numbers of male and female R&D personnel in China, based on the dichotomy of time between education and work.#br# This paper focuses on the innovation subjects such as enterprises, R&D institutions, and universities. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2019, it measures the innovation total factor productivity index (hereinafter referred to innovation TFP). The gender structure of major innovation entities and the evolution of innovation TFP distribution are described. Second, the semi-parametric kernel regression method is used to explore the relationship between the gender structure of scientific researchers and innovation input, output and innovation TFP. Finally, the Oaxaca decomposition method is used to explore the extent to which the gender difference of STEM graduate students explains the gender difference of R&D personnel.#br#It is found that firstly the gender structure adjustment of R&D personnel in universities and R&D institutions is better than that in enterprises. The underdeveloped areas are polarized, and the lower limit of developed areas is higher. Compared with enterprises, the proportion of female R&D personnel in universities and R&D institutions has risen more significantly. Meanwhile in terms of provincial distribution, regions with a high proportion of female R&D personnel include not only Xinjiang, Ningxia, and other relatively less developed provinces, but also economically developed regions such as Beijing. Secondly there is an asymmetric relationship between innovation input and output and the gender structure of R&D personnel. Regions with higher R&D investment intensity have a lower proportion of female R&D personnel, reflecting gender differences in funding from an inter-provincial perspective in China. In contrast, in regions with higher patent applications, the proportion of female R&D personnel is higher. The proportion of female R&D personnel is positively correlated with the innovation total factor productivity index, which also confirms that the positive mechanism of regional gender structure diversity is dominant. Thirdly the gender difference in the number of graduate students can explain more than 60% of the gender difference in the number of R&D personnel. For different innovation subjects, the master's index can explain more than 50% of the gender differences in R&D personnel in enterprises, while the doctoral index can explain more than 70% of the gender differences in R&D personnel in colleges and universities.This paper suggests that attention should be paid to the development of gender structure of R&D personnel in enterprises, and a guarantee mechanism should be provided for the balance of gender structure of scientific research in areas with large populations and relatively less developed economic development. Furthermore it is necessary to explore the reasons for the gender gap in research and development from the inside of the education system, and formulate differentiated gender structure adjustment policies for different innovation entities. While further stimulating the wisdom and vitality of female R&D personnel, this paper provides new potential development momentum for China's innovation.#br#

    Wang Gaofeng,Yang Haodong,Wang Chen. The Evolution, Innovation Association and Formation of the Gender Structure of Chinese R&D Personnel：A Study Based on Semiparametric Kernel Regression and Oaxaca Decomposition[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 119-128., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050267.

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  • Mechanism of Status Competition on Team Innovation in Creative Team：Based on the Perspective of Solving Public Goods Dilemma and Team Trust
    Zhang Shaofeng,Chen Yuting,Zhang Biao,Wu Yuanpeng
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 129-139. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030759
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    It has become inevitable to have internal benign competition and effective cooperation of innovative enterprises for the survival and development of organizations in the society full of uncertainties and risks. Compared with individual innovation, team innovation involves a complex political process of conflicts and benefit distribution. Sociologists believe that the key factor affecting team innovation is to identify and solve the dilemma of organizational public goods. Knowledge sharing and risk taking are typical public goods in organizational learning and innovation, and they have economic externalities. In order to stimulate and improve team innovation, it is necessary to understand and solve the dilemma of public goods in team innovation. There is heat discussion on the mechanism of promoting team innovation at home and abroad, yet few scholars have conducted researches on the process of team innovation from the perspective of public goods in China, or the mechanism to solve the dilemma of team public goods.#br#One of the solutions to the dilemma of public goods, introduced by the Social Cooperation School, is contribution revenue adjustment, that is, to provide a selective incentive or reward based on employee behaviors. Intangible benefits such as status, power and reputation are becoming the high-level pursuit of modern people. Status competition in team activities is emerging. In terms of motivation types, status competition can be divided into prestige status competition under prosocial motivation and dominant status competition under egoistic motivation. Motivation theory holds that there are significant differences in a series of organizational behaviors among employees with different motivations, so the status competition behaviors of innovators with different motivations may have a differentiated impact on the supply of team public goods and team innovation. Meanwhile, team activities are shaped by organizational context, and team trust is an important situational factor affecting employee behaviors. Team trust is a kind of action willingness of employees to have positive expectations for other individuals in the team and accept corresponding risks, and it affects the expectation level of others' intentions and behaviors, including threat trust and relational trust. The theory of trait activation holds that there is a deep internal connection between people and situations, which can make latent traits express explicit behaviors. Different types of organizational trust affect the stimulation of individual traits, and promote the behaviors of alienation in status competition, which has an impact on the supply of team public goods. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the internal mechanism of status competition affecting team public goods supply and team innovation, analyze the mediating effect of knowledge sharing and risk taking on different status competition and team innovation, and investigate the moderating effect of team trust.#br#Taking a large cultural company in Jiangsu province as the research object, this study collects 233 paired samples from 29 teams and tests the research hypothesis based on hierarchical regression analysis and simple slope analysis. There are the following findings. The prestige status competition has a positive impact on team innovation. Dominant status competition negatively affects team innovation. Knowledge sharing and risk taking are the mediating mechanisms of status competition affecting team innovation. Prestige status competition can effectively solve the dilemma of team public goods. Relational trust positively moderates the relationship between prestige status competition, knowledge sharing and risk taking. Threat trust negatively moderates the relationship between prestige status competition and risk taking, and positively moderates the relationship between dominant status competition and knowledge sharing.#br#In terms of theoretical contribution, this study firstly identifies two important public goods in team innovation from the perspective of sociology, namely, knowledge sharing and risk taking, and promotes the understanding of team public goods. Secondly, based on intangible incentive method, this study verifies that position-level incentive can effectively solve the public goods dilemma in innovation, and expands the boundary application of trait activation theory in team public goods supply. Finally, this study reveals the significant differences of motivation and behavior among individuals by explaining the connotation of status competition under different status concern motivations and the internal mechanism of how status competition affects team innovation, and to some extent explains the divergence of existing studies on the effect of status competition. In addition, it provides insights for managers to understand status competition, promote team innovation and enhance trust in practice.#br#

    Zhang Shaofeng,Chen Yuting,Zhang Biao,Wu Yuanpeng. Mechanism of Status Competition on Team Innovation in Creative Team：Based on the Perspective of Solving Public Goods Dilemma and Team Trust[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 129-139., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030759.

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  • A Dual-Path Research on the Proactive-reactive Innovation Behavior of Overqualified Employees
    Ye Weijiao,Zhao Huijun,Song Xiaoxiao
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 140-149. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010232
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    Employee innovation is the key to maintaining the operation of enterprises and how to stimulate employees' innovative behavior has long been the focus of the industry and academia. In addition, with the improvement of global education level, the phenomenon of over-qualification of employees is becoming more and more common in enterprises. Some scholars have explored the transformation path of overqualified employees through extra-role innovation of redundant qualifications. Influenced by factors such as personal experience, skills and knowledge, the ordinary employees may lack the ability to engage in innovative behavior which seems to be a huge imposition. In contrast, overqualified employees with technical or experience advantages may be more suitable for innovative work, and they could fully display their talents and achieve a win-win situation between enterprises and overqualified employees. Although the positive role of overqualified employees in proactive innovation behavior, deviant innovation and innovation performance has been proved, the management practice in China confirms that overqualified employees are under-innovated in some organizations. So are overqualified employees better suited to innovative behavior? Why are overqualified employees less innovative in some Chinese organizations? Studies have found that since innovation has become a major strategic decision for national development, Chinese employees are more likely to follow organizational systems and authoritative instructions to make innovation, especially in a society with high power distance and collective culturalism. However, foreign countries have not included such reactive innovation behavior into the research scope of innovative behavior, and Chinese scholars have not paid enough attention to the research on overqualification and reactive innovation behavior.Especially, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of how and why overqualified employees engage in proactive-reactive innovation behavior. Thus, this study take innovation self-efficacy as the mediating mechanism between perceived overqualification and proactive innovation behavior, and organizational pressure as the intermediary mechanism between perceived overqualification and reactive innovation behavior, so as to test the dual-path mechanisms of overqualified employees participating in proactive-reactive innovation behavior. Furthermore, the study examines the moderating effect of contingent reward leadership behavior on overqualified employees' proactive innovation behavior through innovation self-efficacy and reactive innovation behavior through organizational stress.#br#　　　The data are mainly collected from Xiamen, Fuzhou, Quanzhou, Wuhan, Shenzhen and Beijing in China, covering industries such as finance, education, administration, electronic information technology, biology and medicine. The questionnaires are carried out by two methods of snowball sampling and sending questionnaires to high-tech enterprises relying on an industry association. In order to avoid common method bias, questionnaires are distributed in two periods with perceived overqualification, contingent reward leadership behavior, organizational stress and control variables at Time-1 and proactive-reactive innovation behavior and innovation self-efficacy two months later (Time-2). Finally, 438 valid questionnaires are analyzed. Hierarchical regression analysis and Bootstrap are used to verify the hypotheses.#br#　　　The results show that perceived overqualification is positively related to employees' proactive-reactive innovation behavior. Moreover, perceived overqualification indirectly predicts proactive innovation behavior through innovation self-efficacy，and it indirectly predicts reactive innovation behavior through perceived organizational pressure. Additionally, it is found that the more frequent contingent reward leadership, the stronger the positive relationship between perceived overqualification and innovation self-efficacy, and the stronger the positive relationship between perceived overqualification and organizational pressure. The indirect effect of perceived overqualification on proactive innovation behavior is enhanced in the high level of contingent reward leadership behavior through perceived innovation self-efficacy. Simultaneously, the indirect effect of organizational pressure on passive innovation behavior is enhanced in the high level of contingent reward leadership behavior.#br#　　　 This study makes innovative contributions in three aspects. First, from the perspective of competence advantage of overqualified employees, the proactive-reactive innovation behavior of overqualified employees is explored, which expands the research literature of perceived overqualification and proactive-reactive innovation behavior. Second, different from previous studies that prove the mediating mechanisms of goal-oriented and job prosperity between perceived overqualification and innovation behavior, this study uncovers the dual-path mediating mechanisms of overqualified employees' proactive-reactive innovation behavior from the perspective of innovation self-efficacy and organizational pressure. Third, it expands the boundary conditions of perceived overqualification by taking contingent rewarding leadership behavior as a moderating variable. These findings provide a theoretical explanation and management basis for enterprises to improve the innovation capacity of overqualified employees.#br#

    Ye Weijiao,Zhao Huijun,Song Xiaoxiao. A Dual-Path Research on the Proactive-reactive Innovation Behavior of Overqualified Employees[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 140-149., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010232.

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    • Review
  • Digital Transformation: Knowledge Structure, Hotspots and Trends
    Yang Shuyan,Song Tiebo,Wu Xiaojie
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(15): 150-160. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070385
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    The wave of digital transformation (DT) has spread across the world. DT has fundamentally changed consumer expectations and behaviors, put pressure on traditional enterprises, and thus it has transformed the original market environment as well as broken business boundaries. In order to bridge the gap between theory and practice and make meaningful improvements, it is necessary to further study the related issues to DT and build its theoretical foundation.#br#There are a variety of literature review methods with relative merits. In contrast, the method of bibliometric analysis is widely viewed as quantitative analysis tools to identify research trends, author collaboration networks, publication journals and subject areas. The results of bibliometric analysis not only assist scholars in identifying suitable partners and groups but also help to assess hot trends and future research agendas. To resolve the problem of knowledge gaps in bibliometrics reviews, this research mainly aimed to: (1) summarize the research on DT since 2006; (2) discuss the popular research topics and characteristics in this field; (3) analyze potentially valuable research directions based on the analysis of the emerging trends.#br#It's found that firstly the research on DT in the field of economic management originated in the 1990s. The number of publications in this field has been growing continuously since 2006, with an explosion beginning in 2018. DT research is receiving increasing attention from researchers and is likely to continue to flourish in the coming years. Secondly the United States was the most productive contributor with numerous publications. Copenhagen Business School was the most active institution with the largest number of publications.No matter from the evaluation of high-income countries, high-income institutions or high-income authors, the top rankings are developed countries in Europe and the United States, which shows that the levels and degrees of DT in the developed countries in Europe and the United States are relatively high, and there are close cooperation in the academic research groups. Thirdly according to the high frequency and centrality of co-occurrence keywords, the importance of “information technology, organizational change, and performance”, “Industry 4.0 and DT”, and “business model innovation” has been indispensable in the research field on DT. Fourthly the keyword bursts results analysis suggested that researchers are increasingly concerned about management concept of promoting service-oriented logic and the change of customer consumption demand, so as to realize the business model innovation centered on customer value. Finally, the content framework and future prospects of digital transformation research are put forward from the three aspects of Antecedents—Process—Consequences.#br#By combing the keywords bursts analysis with influential references critical reading, it is suggested that studies need to deepen the research on support for DT. For different countries, regions, industries and companies, the establishment, governance, and evolution of digital infrastructure and digital platforms still need to be discussed by scholars in various fields. Moreover further studies should expand research on DT processes and mechanisms. In the process of DT, different industries face different challenges, and future research can focus on the DT process mechanism of traditional industries. Then, future research needs to further explore the mechanisms and contextual conditions of different DT processes (digital product transformation, digital service transformation, digital organization transformation, and digital business model transformation, etc.) on organizational and operational performance. At last, future research can expand the research context. Recently, under the guidance of the innovation catch-up strategy, emerging economies have comprehensively improved their independent innovation capability, and DT and innovation, as the key driving forces for economic development, have become important and momentum for emerging economies to surpass. In addition, emerging economies have a large volume of traditional manufacturing industries, but the theoretical research on DT in emerging economies is weak, showing a disconnection between theory and practice, and the research contents are unsystematic. Together, this study makes a certain contribution to DT and provides a foundation for in-depth insights into this field.#br#

    Yang Shuyan,Song Tiebo,Wu Xiaojie. Digital Transformation: Knowledge Structure, Hotspots and Trends[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(15): 150-160., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070385.

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