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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY
 
2022 Vol.39 Issue.6
Published 2022-03-25
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
Regional Scientific Development
Industrial Technological Progress
Enterprise Innovation Management
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
1 Dynamic Splicing of Comprehensive Science and Technology Service Process Driven by Customer Demand
Zhao Yiming,Ruan Hang,Zhu Yongchun
With the development of the science and technology service industry, the content and forms of science and technology services are enriched. When dealing with the complex service needs of customers, science and technology service organizations should not limit themselves to a certain type of professional technology services; on the contrary they should integrate service resources, and provide professional technology services as a comprehensive service model with core multiple service categories coexisting based on the realization of customer needs. However, it is difficult to meet these composite needs only by relying on a single professional technology service. In response to this problem, this research studies how to take the customers' composite technology service needs as the traction to carry out the dynamics of the comprehensive technology service process splicing.#br#Integrated science and technology service is a complex scene with open dynamic, and cross-organizational characteristics. In the integrated science and technology service scene, there are typical problems such as complex service requirements, diverse service types, and difficulty in integrating science and technology services. These problems affect the original professional technology service process and system. We believe that the key to solve these problems is to reconstruct the original professional technology service process and system. If the various professional technology service processes are decomposed into standard service modules that can be freely configured according to needs, the splicing and assembly of various service modules can solve problems such as the difficulty of integrating scientific and technological services to a large extent. Thereby, the comprehensive and complex needs of users can be satisfied. This article proposes to realize the dynamic splicing of integrated science and technology service processes through dynamic clustering of demand-related service processes. If the process and service content of a certain service involve two or more professional technology services, it can be called a comprehensive technology service. However, comprehensive technology services do not combine various professional technology services indiscriminately, so there is the need to identify and disassemble user needs, and clarify the professional technology services involved. Among them, we must focus on the leading role in the service system. The development of a certain core professional technology service of the role is conducive to clarifying service subjects who will integrate resources and provide services to customers systematically. Therefore, in the current realistic background, this paper defines integrated technology services from an implementable perspective as a type of service that takes a certain type of professional technology service as the core, takes the users' compound demand as the traction, and coexists with multiple service categories.#br#According to the interaction relationship with customers, this study adopted the service blueprint method to identify and divide the technology service process. Based on the construction of a demand-process relationship matrix, the results of customer evaluation are directly mapped to the associated service process, and the intentions of the customer are fully reflected in the dynamic splicing of the service process. Cluster analysis was performed on the demand-related service processes through the functional correlation between each process, and the maximum fitness value was introduced to select the optimal splicing scheme. Finally, taking the technology supplier in the technology transfer integrated technology service as the analysis object, a case of technology transfer integrated technology service was constructed. Relevant information was collected through on-site observation, daily communication with relevant personnel, expert surveys, diaries, in-depth interviews, etc. Then, we disassembled and analyzed the service process among them, selected relevant service processes based on user needs and used fuzzy aggregation. We employed the method of cluster analysis to complete the splicing of the processes, and realize the splicing of the integrated technology service processes of technology transfer.#br#This research provides scientific and technological service organizations with ideas for the identification and reconstruction of comprehensive scientific and technological service processes, which is helpful for the coordination and cooperation of various professional scientific and technological service organizations, and reduces the repeated investment of service resources. It is of guiding significance for the implementation of comprehensive scientific and technological services, and provides ideas for comprehensive scientific and technological service matters for professional scientific and technological service organizations to meet complex customer needs.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1771KB] ( 271 )
11 Technology Foresight Methods Based on K-means and Technology Life Cycle：Taking Water Purification Technology as an Example
Jian Zhaoquan,Zhao Yuntong,Zhang Shaoxuan
With the rapid development of China's economy, the water ecosystem has been heavily polluted. In order to curb the deterioration of the water environment, China has taken many actions since 2005, such as setting targets for urban sewage treatment and total pollutant discharge control, promulgating the action plan for water pollution prevention and control, and putting forward the goal of "beautiful China". With the growing demand for sewage treatment, the treatment process itself consumes a lot of chemical reagents, energy and fresh water resources, and also generates greenhouse gases and sludge waste. Moreover, when enterprises adopt the optimized water purification technology, they are confronted with the technology lock-in problem of a large number of switching costs, which restricts the upgrading of sewage treatment technology to some extent. Therefore, enterprises have to strengthen the R&D and upgrade of sewage treatment technology and reduce energy consumption and secondary environmental pollution. It is imperative for enterprises to choose the correct sewage treatment technology and accurately predict the development direction of water purification technology.#br#At present, the mainstream technology foresight methods include qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Qualitative analysis methods require a lot of time and cost, and the conclusions are vulnerable to cognitive bias. Moreover, it is impossible to objectively measure the accuracy of experts' judgment. In the quantitative analysis method, most scholars use the patent static index for technology forecast analysis, but there are problems such as incomplete evaluation index and unreasonable measurement method. Moreover according to the static index analysis, only the most promising technologies can be analyzed, and it is impossible to analyze the development stage of the existing technologies, nor judge whether the existing technologies are in the recession period. Therefore, it is necessary further improve the effectiveness and efficiency of technology foresight methods.#br#This study retrieved 3 552 sewage treatment technology patents issued from 2008 to 2019 from the Innography database. The database includes patents registered in multiple patent offices, such as the United States Patent and Trademark Office and the European Patent Office. Firstly, the patent intrinsic knowledge attributes were classified according to multi-dimensional scaling analysis and K-means clustering method. Secondly, the static index ( patent internal attributes, external evaluation and overall evaluation) was taken to evaluate the technical prospects of the obtained patent clustering. Thirdly, the development stage of each type of technology was addressed with the technology life cycle analysis to speculate the future development trend of the technology. Finally, the accuracy of the above findings was verified using patent data published in 2016—2019.#br#The study draws four conclusions. (1) The technology foresight method combining multi-dimensional scaling analysis and K-means clustering is more robust. (2) Sustainable technology is the mainstream technology paradigm in the future. These technologies are in the transition period from the introduction stage to the development stage. They have broad development space in terms of technology and commercial value. (3) From 2008 to 2019, the technical structure of the water purification industry have been changed, and the technology of removing specific pollutants was gradually eliminated. (4) Although the growth trend of physical and chemical technology patents is slower than that of sustainable technologies, it is still the main choice of enterprises. #br# Combined with the current situation of the sewage treatment industry, this paper puts forward the following suggestions. (1) In the future, when solving the problem of wastewater purification and discharge compliance, the recycling of resources (pollutants) should be pursued to realize green innovation in the whole process of emission reduction, energy saving and resource recycling. (2) Enterprises should choose water treatment technology with positive "net benefit" (pollutant treatment benefit + environmental benefit), such as photocatalytic degradation technology. While achieving the sewage discharge target, we should also consider the negative impact of the sewage treatment process on the environment. (3) In the process of sewage treatment, enterprises can integrate multiple types of technologies, such as combining physical and chemical technologies with sustainable technologies because it can reduce the conversion cost of enterprises adopting new technologies.#br#The technology foresight method in this paper avoids the problem of systematic errors that may exist in the previous technology foresight. It not only considers the technical knowledge contained in the patent, but also analyzes the patent novelty, market acceptance and technology development stage. This research judges technology based on multiple indicators and the combination of dynamic and static methods of technology life cycle analysis and improve the reliability of technology forecasting method. It provides a reference for future technology foresight research and for enterprises to select and develop future water purification technology.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 11-20 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1785KB] ( 211 )
21 Key Issues in Transformation of Dual-Use Technology Achievements：A Case Analysis Based On Knowledge Network Model
Xu Ke,He Limin,Liu Haibo
Civil-military integration development is China's national strategy and the transformation of science and technology achievements is an important way to realize civil-military integration development. However, due to the particularity of dual-use technologies, the transformation efficiency is not high. There are some shortcomings in existing research. Firstly, there are rich single or partial studies on dual-use technology transfer, while only a few studies have been conducted to sort out the key issues in the process of dual-use technology transfer in the whole process. Secondly, most studies are from the perspective of enterprises in stead of the perspective of dual-use technology producers such as universities and research institutes. Thirdly, most studies are focused on macroscopic and systematic research on the technology transfer policies of dual-use technology achievements rather than the heterogeneity of dual-use technologies.#br#The study of knowledge networks in the field of management was first originated in Swedish industry in the 1990s. As the research progresses, there are certain commonalities in the scholars' understanding of knowledge networks. Firstly, knowledge networks are connected by elements such as knowledge creation (production) subjects and objects. Secondly, knowledge networks are connected with the external environment in addition to their own interactions. Thirdly, knowledge networks promote knowledge dissemination and transfer through internal structural changes. Based on this, this paper defines knowledge network as the sum of all elements and their interactions formed in knowledge creation, transmission and transfer. Knowledge network is a theoretical model to effectively analyze knowledge flow paths and can be used to study the process of knowledge transfer and transmission. In essence, the dual-use technology achievements transformation involves dual-use technologies dissemination and transfer among universities, research institutions, enterprises and other subjects. Therefore, it is feasible to construct a knowledge network model to analyze the dual-use technology achievements transformation.#br#Based on the combination of six elements, a knowledge network model for the transformation of achievements is constructed, and the model is used for case analysis to illustrate the problems existing in the transformation of achievements. The six elements are as follows. The first is the information element. The biggest obstacle to the transformation of achievements is information asymmetry, and the analysis of information elements mainly refers to the analysis of technical information disclosure and market demand information acquisition and matching from the perspective of technical information mobility. The next is technology elements. The analysis of technological elements needs to start from the properties of dual-use technologies and explore the dilemma of conversion caused by technological factors. The third is the capital element. The capital element provides the operating impetus for dual-use technology achievements transformation. The fourth is the organizational element. As the node of internal coordination and regulation in the dual-use technology achievements transformation, the organizational element is the pivot for the whole process. The fifth is the human resources element. Talent is not only the producer of dual-use technologies, but also an important force to promote the transformation process. The last is the element of social environment. In the model of dual-use technology achievements transformation, the external social environment has an important influence on the transformation efficiency.#br#The following conclusions are drawn. First, although producers actively tap market demand, they lack effective channels and mechanisms to obtain dual-use technology demand information and a platform to disclose scientific research achievements to demanders. Second, due to the different standards and demands of dual-use technology, the industrialization of achievements is difficult. At the same time, technology management is the key problem in dual-use technology achievements transformation. Third, producers face problems such as financing difficulties and shortage of capital at the front end of capital management, and inadequate equity distribution mechanism at the back end of capital management. Fourth, producers should actively innovate in the management of organizations and organizational structures which assume the core pivotal functions for the transformation of results. Fifth, producers often have a strong scientific research team, and need to introduce management talents and achievement transformation talents, so as to build a reasonable talent training mechanism. Sixth, there is a lack of an investment environment and industrial ecology of dual-use technology achievements transformation for investors.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 21-28 [Abstract] ( 334 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1409KB] ( 286 )
Regional Scientific Development
29 The Dual Innovation Path and Generation Mechanism of the Emerging Technology of Cities in China: Taking Biomedical Technology as an Example
Wang Tao,Wang Luwei,Zhang Han
While innovation is the first driving force for development, it has become the main strategy of China's participation in international division of labor and building sustainable competitive advantages to establish a national innovation system and cultivate innovative cities with Chinese characteristics. The different innovation paths of different cities mainly depend on the innovation behaviors of their internal innovation subjects. Theoretically, the first-mover has the ability to utilize existing resources in mature markets and develop new products in emerging markets at the same time, and can implement synchronic balance mode according to urban assets and external environment. The second-mover is limited by resources, so it is more suitable to adopt the sequential balance mode. However, in practice, there are some differences between the innovative behaviors of the first-mover and second-mover and the current theoretical research. Moreover, with the development of practice and the deepening of related research, scholars' cognitive perspective on dual innovation has gradually expanded from a single organizational subject to complex network members, frequently using network theory to reveal the innovation path and its mechanism, but these studies are quite different. Therefore, it is necessary to further explore the path and mechanism of urban dual innovation in China in the background that innovation is becoming increasingly networked and the mechanism of urban dual innovation lacks uniform standards. Biomedicine, as one of the important industries leading the world economy in the future, has not yet entered the stage of large-scale commercialization, so it is a good case to study the early stage of technology development in emerging industries..#br#In this paper, biomedical technology is taken as the research subject. According to the patent IPC code, the technology co-occurrence network is established, the urban dual innovation index is constructed, the evolution characteristics and innovation pattern of biomedical technology in China are analyzed. Based on the cooperative patent data, this paper establishes the innovation cooperation network and analyzes the evolution characteristics of the innovation network. Using the hierarchical regression model, this paper explores the mechanism of urban dual innovation path and the main innovation path..#br#The results show that the technological accessibility of the biomedical subdivision field has gradually been weakened. Since 2013, the degree of technological systemization has been continuously strengthened, and technological integration has shown community characteristics. The incremental innovation and breakthrough innovation capabilities have a significant positive dependence in space, but each has different mechanisms. Degree centrality is more important for knowledge search depth and incremental innovation, while structural holes are more important for knowledge search breadth and breakthrough innovation. Knowledge search depth is more conducive to incremental innovation, and search width is more conducive to breakthrough innovation. Relationship strength plays a positive role in the process of incremental innovation, and plays a negative role in the process of breakthrough innovation. Different types of cities show different evolutionary characteristics in terms of network location, knowledge search and relationship strength. Therefore, there are obvious differences in the choice of the main path of innovation..#br#This paper analyzes the evolution characteristics of biomedical technology in China and urban technology atlas is helpful for cities to identify basic common technologies and key core technologies of biomedicine, find the opportunity window of "discontinuous technologies" and embed them into the global innovation chain. It explores the pattern and mechanism of urban dual innovation, and draws the panoramic innovation paths of different types of cities to exert their subjective initiative, clarify their own division of labor in the innovation system, and formulate innovative strategies with design, direction and overall situation, so as to realize innovation breakthrough and technology catch-up.#br#The main innovations of this paper are as follows. Methodologically, by constructing the technology co-occurrence network, the evaluation indexes of urban dual innovation capability, such as technology universality, technology relevance, technology exploration and technology integration, are further enriched, which provides a quantitative method for the follow-up study of urban dual innovation mechanism. Theoretically, it is different from the analysis of the dual innovation path of sequential balance model and synchronic balance model in previous studies, but it analyzes the preference of different types of cities for the primary and secondary paths of dual innovation in different development periods from three angles of city network location, knowledge search level and node connection intensity.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 29-39 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5059KB] ( 784 )
40 Business Environment Optimization and Regional Innovation Efficiency：Concurrent Discussion on the Joint Space Effect with Economic Integration
Wang Xinliang,Wang Yuxin,Liu Fei
Nowadays, the intensity of innovative factor input has exploded in China, but the level of technological progress represented by total factor productivity has not been significantly improved. The innovative factor input cannot be effectively transformed into innovation output, which leads to the limitation of the driving force for high-quality economic development. As a result, how to transform innovation input into innovation output and improve regional innovation efficiency has become an urgent problem to be solved. At the same time, in order to promote high-quality development and fully mobilize the innovative development vitality of market entities such as the private economy, local governments have introduced measures to optimize the business environment. But can it become an opportunity to boost innovation vitality and enhance innovation efficiency by optimizing the business environment?#br#The academic community has not yet reached a unified consensus on this issue. However, many studies have shown that promoting the flow of innovative factor is a significant condition for optimizing the allocation of innovative factor and improving regional innovation efficiency. Therefore, can we improve regional innovation efficiency by optimizing the business environment and accelerating the innovative factor agglomeration? In view of this, taking the optimization of the business environment as the starting point to study regional innovation efficiency issues, this paper is of great significance to promoting high-quality economic development.#br#Based on the analysis of the mechanism by which the business environment affects regional innovation efficiency, this paper constructs a spatial dynamic panel model using data from China's prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2019 as a sample. According to the results of estimation, for the start optimizing the business environment on the whole is an important focus for improving innovation efficiency, and will indirectly improve innovation efficiency by promoting the innovative talent agglomeration. But at the same time, the innovation crowding out effect of innovative talent agglomeration will lead to loss of innovation efficiency in neighboring regions. Secondly from a regional perspective, the direct innovation efficiency improvement brought by business environment optimization in peripheral cities is stronger than that of central cities. However, the innovation spillover effect of business environment optimization in central cities is stronger because their innovation spillover effect of innovative talent agglomeration is stimulated. Thirdly the economic integration strategy has expanded the positive role of optimizing the business environment, which is reflected in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic circle. Not only has the direct improvement effect of optimizing the business environment's innovation efficiency increased, but also the original innovation crowding out effect has been reversed into the innovation spillover effect.#br#Compared with the previous literature, the possible innovations of this article are as follows. Firstly, different from the previous research on innovation efficiency from the micro level of enterprises, this article uses prefecture-level cities as the regional sample unit to study regional innovation and development issues at the macro level and examines the total social utility of the government in optimizing the business environment. It avoids studying government behavior from the perspective of maximizing corporate profits, which leads to the neglect of the spillover effects of knowledge and technology within the innovation system and makes it difficult to objectively judge the positive effects of business environment optimization. Secondly, putting the government, talents, and capital into the same analytical framework, this article uses spatial measurement models to examine the impact of the business environment on the allocation of innovative factor，thereby exploring the mechanism of the government's institutional optimization behavior on the regional innovation system and deepening the understanding of optimizing the business environment. Thirdly this article further analyzes the mechanism and effect of economic integration strategy on regional innovation, discussing scientific strategies to enhance regional innovation efficiency from the perspective of optimizing the business environment, and provides a feasible source of power for opening up high-quality regional economic development path. #br#In order to continuously optimize the business environment and improve the overall regional innovation efficiency, the article puts forward the following suggestions. It is essential to accelerate the construction of collaborative innovation platforms to stimulate innovation spillover effects that optimize the business environment. The government should implement differentiated business environment assessment standards, guide peripheral cities to accelerate the optimization of business environment and promote strong alliance of central cities and improving the overall regional innovation efficiency.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 40-50 [Abstract] ( 373 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1333KB] ( 484 )
51 Construction Path of the Sustainable Operation of Regional Innovation Ecosystem
Zhang Ni,Zhao Xiaodong
Innovation is a powerful strategic support for implementing the national development strategy and winning the initiative in future development. A benign evolutionary and sustainable regional innovation ecosystem is the key to improving the level of regional innovation, narrowing regional development differences and achieving high-quality development. However, the internal mechanism of realizing the high-level sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem and the interaction between influencing factors have not been thoroughly studied. Based on the theory of regional innovation ecosystem and combined with the sustainable characteristics of ecosystem, this paper theoretically explains the connotation and influencing factors of sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem. On this basis, the sustainable innovation level framework of regional innovation ecosystem is established, which includes three dimensions and seven representative variables of sustainable innovation population structure, sustainable ability and sustainable innovation potential. This study takes 31 provinces in China as case samples, and employs the method of fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to conduct configuration analysis in order to answer the following questions. (1) What is the construction path to drive the high-level sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem? (2) What are the key variables affecting the sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem? (3) How do they cooperate to jointly affect the high-level sustainable operation of the system?#br#Based on the fsQCA method, the following conclusions are obtained. (1) There are four construction paths for the high-level sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem, which indicates that the “multiple concurrency” among system dimension elements forms multiple equivalent construction paths for the high-level sustainable operation of innovation ecosystem. (2) All the seven representative variables affect the high-level sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem, but they cannot alone constitute the necessary conditions for the high-level sustainable operation of the system. Only the linkage between the variables of the regional innovation ecosystem can realize the high-level sustainable operation of the system. (3) Compared with other variables, innovation population novelty and policy innovation investment appear in five configurations as core conditions respectively, which have an important impact on the sustainable operation of ecosystem.#br#The theoretical implications of this paper are as follows. (1) The connotation and influencing factors of the sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem are explained theoretically, and the integrated research framework of the sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem is constructed, which enriches the theory of regional innovation ecosystem. (2) The fsQCA method is employed to study the sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem, which enriches the research methods of regional innovation ecosystem and also expands the application scope of fsQCA method. (3) This study clarifies the construction path of realizing high-level sustainable operation of regional innovation ecosystem and the interaction between various variables, which is helpful for local governments to select appropriate construction path according to regional resource endowment conditions. #br#The results presented above also have several management implications. (1) There are several equivalent high-level sustainable paths of regional innovation ecology in the construction of regional innovation ecosystem. The results show that the high-level sustainable operation of the system can be realized only when the appropriate sustainable innovation population structure and the corresponding sustainable ability and sustainable innovation potential are matched. Therefore, on the basis of accurate assessment of regional sustainable innovation population structure, sustainable ability and sustainable innovation potential, local governments should create a targeted combination architecture suitable for regional innovation ecological development, and invest limited innovation resources and innovation power into the configuration construction of core elements. to create a path suitable for the high-level sustainable operation of the regional innovation ecosystem in accordance with local conditions. (2) As the core conditions, innovation population novelty and government innovation investment appear in five combination configurations respectively. The innovation population novelty enables the innovation ecosystem to realize value-added and always stand at the forefront of innovation. Meanwhile, the government is still an important guide of innovation activities and the main provider of innovation resources at the present stage. Government innovation investment is an important factor for the smooth development of regional scientific research activities. Therefore, the novelty situation of innovation population in regional innovation ecology should be guaranteed, and the government innovation investment should be increased continuously and reasonably on the basis of demonstration to ensure the regional development.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 51-61 [Abstract] ( 351 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1469KB] ( 421 )
Industrial Technological Progress
62 Dynamic Evolution and Regional Differences of the Input-output Efficiency of China's Innovative Industrial Clusters:An Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Data
Wang Huan,Zhang Ling
In China, the construction of innovative industrial clusters is a policy attempting to break through the low-end lock-in of traditional industrial clusters and promote industrial upgrading. Since the Ministry of Science and Technology of China officially launched the pilot work of innovative industrial clusters in 2013, all localities have achieved remarkable results in cluster construction. However, the development of innovative industrial clusters in various regions of China is uneven. Although a few clusters have ranked among the top 100 global innovation clusters, most clusters have low production efficiency, and some are even up against the challenge of survival. In addition, the problem of unbalanced resource allocation has increasingly hindered the coordinated development of regional innovative industrial clusters. The above problems not only restrict the overall high-quality development of China's innovative industrial clusters, but also hinder the improvement of regional innovation capabilities and industrial competitiveness. This paper argues that for both the whole country and each region, only by measuring the input-output efficiency of innovative industrial clusters objectively can we use limited resources to achieve more output. However, the spatial distribution characteristics and time-series evolution of the input-output efficiency of China's innovative industrial clusters are still unclear, and it is still impossible to accurately predict its development trend.#br#Therefore, based on the panel data of 28 provinces in China from 2014 to 2019, this paper constructs a three-stage DEA method to measure the input-output efficiency of innovative industrial clusters in each province, and uses the coefficient of variation and static panel model to analyze their σ convergence and β convergence characteristics, respectively, thus revealing the dynamic evolution trend and regional differences of the input-output efficiency of innovative industrial clusters in east, central, northeast and west regions of China. This study enriches the literature on the evaluation of the input-output efficiency of industrial clusters. In practice, the conclusions of this paper are helpful for the Chinese government to judge the basic situation and development trend of the input-output efficiency of innovative industrial clusters as a whole, identify regional efficiency differences and their underlying causes, and thus providing reference for decision-making departments to formulate relevant policies.#br#The results show that the input-output efficiency of innovative industrial clusters was increased from 0.62 in 2014 to 0.72 in 2019 on the national level, and more provinces were evolved to high efficiency. By 2019, 35.7% of the provinces have reached the frontier of production efficiency. There are obvious regional differences in the input-output efficiency of China's innovative industrial clusters, which shows a spatial development pattern that the eastern is higher than the central (the same as the national average approximately) and higher than the northeast and western regions. Low pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are the main factors restricting the efficiency improvement in the northeast and west regions, respectively. During the sample investigation period, the input-output efficiency of innovative industrial clusters in the whole country, the eastern and central regions have σ convergence, and there are absolute β convergence and conditional β convergence in the whole country, eastern, northeast and western regions, while there is only conditional β convergence in the central regions, and the influencing factors of conditional β convergence are different in different regions.#br#Based on the above conclusions, this paper puts forward the following policy recommendations. First of all, There is still much room to improve the input-output efficiency of China's innovative industrial clusters, and local governments should clearly recognize the importance and urgency of promoting the input-output efficiency of innovation-oriented industrial clusters. Secondly, the development of innovative industrial clusters should be coordinated on the national level, and differentiated and targeted policy measures should be adopted according to the actual situation of the input and output of the clusters in various regions to promote balanced regional development. Finally, in the process of promoting the balanced development strategy of input-output efficiency of innovation-oriented industrial clusters, we should not only keep narrowing the input-output efficiency gap between regions and provinces, but also take into account the coordination of efficiency improvement speed between regions.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 62-71 [Abstract] ( 371 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1774KB] ( 381 )
72 Technological Innovation Strategy in Manufacturing Industry:Technology Level and Choice of Technology Sources
Qiao Cuixia,Yang Chenxi
Technological innovation is one of the keys to manufacturing capacity development and it requires reasonable innovation strategy. The key is to choose appropriate technology sources. The technical characteristics of different manufacturing segments vary, and there is not a universal technology innovation strategy suitable for all manufacturing industries.#br#Although theoretically there are multiple sources of technology, in practice homogenization of technology prevails due to the pursuit of innovation quantity or the dependence on innovation path, which is mainly manifested by the abuse of R&D investment and strict external technology control leading to the waste of innovation resources and low-quality innovation. Hence there is great optimization need of the current technology source selection method. This paper focuses on the impact of different technology sources on industry technological innovation from the perspective of technology level, and distinguishes technological innovation indicators such as patents, invention patents and new product sales revenue to provide valuable reference for manufacturing industry.#br#This paper takes the balanced panel data of manufacturing industry segments from 2003 to 2019 to empirically test the heterogeneous effects of different technology sources on technological innovation in industries with different technology levels. As the manufacturing industry segments experienced three changes in 2002, 2011 and 2017, in order to ensure the consistency of statistical caliber, this paper merges and adjusts the data of manufacturing industry segments according to the approximation of the industries and the way of changes, so that the adjusted industry technology level does not cause drastic fluctuations, and finally gets 28 manufacturing industry segments with a total of 476 samples. The manufacturing industry segments are classified into high-tech industry group and the rest into medium and low-tech industry group, meanwhile, with reference to the study of Yuanhai Fu et al. (2014), the manufacturing segments are divided into high, medium and low technology industry for robustness testing.#br#It is found that firstly the effects of different technology sources on the overall output level of patents vary, among which the promotion effect of independent research and development is the most prominent, and the innovation incentive effect is more significant in industries with higher technology level. Secondly, for substantive innovation represented by invention patents, the incentive effect of technology introduction is better than that of independent R&D in high-tech industries because it can complement the key aspects of innovation and avoid R&D risks, while the opposite is true in non-high-tech industries. At the same time, domestic technology purchase has a dampening effect on invention patents, especially in high-tech industries, suggesting that domestic technology flow does not promote the quality of innovation in the industry, but rather hinders the iteration of advanced technologies. Finally, for the economic benefit of technological innovation characterized by new product sales revenue, foreign technology introduction and domestic technology purchase inhibit its growth, while technological transformation and independent R&D promote its growth due to the low absorption efficiency and high degree of domestic technology homogenization, and the corresponding effects are more significant in low-tech industries.#br#The contribution of this paper lies in the following aspects. Firstly, this paper analyzes the heterogeneous effects of technology sources on industry technological innovation in industries with different technology levels. Secondly, it distinguishes between patents and invention patents to examine the heterogeneous effects of technology sources on technological innovation at different levels, and further analyzes the reasons for the coexistence of high R&D investment and low quality innovation. Finally, based on the heterogeneous influence of technology sources on industry technological innovation, it analyzes technology sources which should be adopted by different oriented manufacturing segments and propose technological innovation strategies.#br#This paper suggests to firmly regard independent R&D as the main source of technological progress, and strengthen the examination of patent quality to avoid low-quality innovation. Secondly, we should balance technology introduction and independent R&D and seek cooperative innovation to make up for the disadvantage of independent R&D. Finally, we need to develop innovation strategies oriented to innovation objectives such as market effectiveness or core competencies to apply innovation resources effectively.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 72-81 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1296KB] ( 377 )
Enterprise Innovation Management
82 Subsidiary Autonomy，Risk-taking and Innovation Investment
Yang Yingying,Xu Xiangyi,Bai Lu
Innovation is a key determinant of economic growth, and innovation investment plays an important role in the success of enterprise innovation. As an indispensable backbone of China's economic development, private enterprises are still at a disadvantage in terms of key resource acquisition and product innovation investment.#br#The group company or the parent company usually controls the subsidiary by participating in the cultivation and development of the subsidiary's innovation ability, but the subsidiary is not a completely passive receiver. The role of the parent as the subsidiary's main source of capital and resources is changing. As the subsidiary begins to seek its own unique resources, the parent is no longer the sole source of the subsidiary's competitive advantage. In order to adapt to this change, the subsidiary can accumulate corporate resources, reduce management costs, effectively respond to market demand, and achieve corporate technological innovation with autonomy. In addition, some scholars believe that power experience drives people to take more risks, which in turn affects corporate R&D decisions. It is worth noting that the fiercer the competition of subsidiaries in the market and the more frequent the communication between subsidiaries and stakeholders, the better they can understand market choices, and realize customer segmentation. The management mechanism of the subsidiary responds to market dynamics and competition conditions. Therefore, when the subsidiary wants to formulate appropriate marketing and management strategies, its speed and efficiency depend on its degree of autonomy.#br#As the subsidiary develops and its role changes, subsidiary's strategy implementation and organizational structure changes will have an impact on organizational responses. This paper selects A-share private listed subsidiaries from 2008 to 2019 as the research sample, constructs the research model of subsidiary autonomy and innovation investment with the aim to reveal the impact of subsidiary autonomy on innovation investment, the risk-taking mechanism in the decision-making process of innovation investment and the dynamic change discipline in industry competition.#br#The results show that the subsidiary autonomy can improve effectively the level of innovation investment of private enterprises. When a subsidiary has a higher degree of autonomy, it can better integrate into the external business environment of the company and carry out strategic changes, mobilize the decision-making enthusiasm of the management, and effectively improve the level of enterprise innovation investment. For the influence mechanism, the risk-taking ability plays a mediating role between the subsidiary autonomy and innovation investment. Higher subsidiary autonomy will not only stimulate managers' positive and optimistic mood and make them actively pursue organizational goals, but also strengthen the dependence on network resources among organizations, reduce the level of external information asymmetry of subsidiaries, make subsidiaries more willing to take risks and tap new investment opportunities, so as to improve their enthusiasm for innovation. In addition, with the aggravation of industry competition, the positive impact of subsidiary autonomy on innovation investment is significantly enhanced. Further research finds that if the CEO career is richer, the positive impact of subsidiary autonomy on innovation investment will be significantly enhanced.#br#Different from the existing research, the theoretical contributions of this paper are mainly reflected as follows. First, based on the perspective of subsidiary autonomy, it deeply investigates the governance effect of subsidiary autonomy, explores the differential performance of this governance effect in combination with the industry competition of private enterprises, and expands the relevant research on the autonomy of private subsidiaries. Second, it reveals the internal mechanism of subsidiary autonomy and innovation investment, and broadens the application boundary of power approach / inhibition theory. Applying the power approach / inhibition theory to the organizational level, it is found that the autonomy of subsidiaries can promote the power improvement of organizations and managers, and the experience of power makes organizations willing to take more risks and invest in innovation more actively. Third, this paper tests the boundary effect of CEO professional background on the independent governance effect of subsidiaries, deeply understands the impact of CEO personal characteristics on organizational strategic behavior and organizational response, and systematically analyzes the effect of CEO's professional background on strategic choice and risk tendency of subsidiaries. The research conclusions not only clarify the effects and boundaries of the autonomy of subsidiaries, prove the superiority of the autonomy of subsidiaries, but also provide empirical evidence for the practice of parent-subsidiary two-way governance. It also gives a certain theoretical reference to the innovation investment decision of private enterprises, and provides a new way to promote the innovation of private enterprises. Overall, this paper can not only enrich the research on subsidiary autonomy, but also provide empirical evidence for private enterprises' innovation investment decision-making.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 82-91 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1318KB] ( 234 )
92 The Impact of Relationship Learning and Organizational Routines Renewal on Open Service Innovation
Xin Benlu,Dai Jialin
The development of Internet technology along with the rise of knowledge economy has promoted the transformation of enterprise innovation mode. Open innovation based on high interaction and high synergy has gradually replaced the innovation logic dominated by closed and internal control, and has become an important way for enterprises to create multiple value combinations and build sustainable competitive advantages. With the significant increase in the proportion of the service economy in the development of national economy, it has become a hot topic between academia and industry as to how service enterprises should adapt to the innovation development trend of knowledge, openness and networking, overcome resource limitations and obtain first-mover advantages through open service innovation. By combing relevant literature, scholars have discussed how to effectively carry out open service innovation in enterprises from the aspects of knowledge resources, enterprise capabilities, network connections, innovative cultural atmosphere and high-level personnel management, but there are still some limitations. Firstly, although existing research has paid attention to the important role of external network relationships on open service innovation, the research focus is still mainly focused on exploring network structure characteristics (such as connection subject, connection form, etc.) or relationship structure characteristics (such as relationship strength, relationship quality, etc.) on the promotion of open service innovation. This verification recognizes the auxiliary contribution of partners to the enterprise innovation process, but it lacks sufficient discussion on the learning process between enterprises, and ignores the fundamental purpose of service enterprises to trigger knowledge flow and promote open service innovation through external relations. Relationship learning, as a promotion mechanism for the construction of inter-enterprise connection relationships, can help enterprises maintain external relationships and promote the extensive integration of heterogeneous knowledge and resources, yet there is no domestic study to investigate the effect of this variable on open service innovation. Secondly, the realization of open service innovation by enterprises is not achieved all at once, it takes time to change organizational practices from "closedness" to "openness", but most of the existing research focuses on the influence of external networks, ignoring the fact that enterprises use relationship learning to achieve organizational transformation in the process of open service innovation. Finally, a large number of studies have focused on external environmental characteristics such as institutional environment and industry competition intensity as boundary conditions for relationship learning to affect the innovation process of enterprises, but there are still few discussions on the impact of differences in strategic objectives and cultural values among enterprises on the effect of relationship learning.#br#This study explores the internal mechanism and boundary conditions between relationship learning and open service innovation through empirical testing of 376 service enterprise sample data in China. Specifically, it proposes a routine-based open service innovation model by applying the dynamic capability theory, takes organizational routine renewal as an internal controllable behavior for enterprises to promote the transformation of external resources and realize open transformation, and explores its intermediary role between relationship learning and open service innovation. Based on partner selection theory, the shared vision is introduced as an external uncontrollable condition that reflects the similarity of goals, cultures and values between enterprises, and is introduced into the research of open service innovation to examine its situational effect in the above process.#br#The results show that the three dimensions of relationship learning have a positive role in promoting open service innovation. Organizational routine renewal plays a mediating role between relationship learning and open service innovation. Shared vision plays a moderating role in the driving effect of common understanding on organizational routine renewal, but the moderating effect of shared vision between information sharing and organizational routine renewal, specific relational memory and organizational routine renewal is not significant.#br#This study applies the dynamic capability theory to explain the transformation process of internal capabilities in the open transformation of enterprises, which can enrich the theoretical basis of open service innovation, open the black box of the mechanism between relationship learning and open service innovation, and expand the previous research on organizational practices and open innovation. In addition, this study reveals the specific path of the moderating effect of shared vision, and expands the situational boundary of relationship learning research, which provides a theoretical basis for the strategic decision of service companies in reality.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 92-102 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1307KB] ( 360 )
103 Evaluation of the Dominant Position of Enterprise Innovation with Different Ownerships：Based on the Dual Perspective of Scale and Efficiency
Zhou Zhong,Wang Ting,Lu Haibo
With the deepening of reform and opening up and China's economic development entering the new normal, it's an urgent requirement for national transformation and upgrading to promote enterprises to become the main body of innovation decision-making, R&D investment, research organization and application of R&D achievements. It is also the key to the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy.#br#At present, the proportion of R&D investment by enterprises in total R&D investment of the whole society is constantly increasing. Relying on different forms such as key laboratories, platforms for collaborative innovation among universities, scientific research institutes and enterprises have been established. The technological innovation system of deep integration of Industry-Academia-Research has also been continuously improved. However, has the innovation dominant position of enterprises been formed? To what extent do enterprises play the role? The existing research mainly focuses on its conceptual connotation, analytical framework and evaluation system, and there is not a unified understanding on the innovation dominant position of enterprises, and there are also mixed use of multiple index scales. In addition, the quality of the innovation dominant position of enterprises has not been fully concerned and studied.#br#Based on the analysis of innovation value chain, this paper divides the innovation process into R&D investment, R&D investment, research organization and application of R&D achievements. Index system and evaluation method of the innovation dominant position of enterprise are proposed from the perspective of scale. By distinguishing domestic-funded, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded and foreign-funded enterprise, this paper evaluated the innovation dominant position of enterprises with different ownership properties. On this basis, from the perspective of innovation efficiency, this paper used BCC-DEA model and DEA Malmquist index to further study the quality of innovation dominant position of enterprises with different ownership properties from both static and dynamic aspect. It further analyzed the ways to improve efficiency of regional scientific and technological innovation, and explored the optimal allocation of scientific and technological resources.#br#The empirical results of Shanghai show that, from the perspective of scale, the dominant position of Shanghai enterprises in R&D investment is relatively obvious. However, it shows a weakening trend, especially the proportion of R&D funds decreases significantly. The proportion of R&D funds provided by enterprises to universities and scientific research institutes also declines. At the output end mainly represented by invention patents and scientific papers, the innovation dominant position of enterprise is not obvious, and there are signs of decline. But the transformation of scientific and technological achievements of enterprises is more active. On the other hand, from the perspective of innovation efficiency, the innovation efficiency of foreign-funded enterprises in Shanghai is the best in a single year, which is the benchmark among the three types of enterprises with different ownership. The reason for the low innovation efficiency of domestic-funded enterprises lies in the poor allocation of resources and the decreasing return on scale of technological innovation. The innovation efficiency of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded enterprises has a decreasing trend, but the return to scale has increased in recent years. Among domestic-funded enterprises, the innovation efficiency of state-owned enterprises and companies with limited liability is better. The return to scale of companies limited by shares decreases, while other enterprises increases. From the dynamic changes of consecutive years, only domestic-funded enterprises maintain an average annual slight growth of total factor productivity of scientific and technological innovation. This is mainly due to its growth of technical efficiency. The decline in technical efficiency of foreign-funded and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded enterprises has led to an average annual decline in total factor productivity, resulting in ups and downs and decline in the overall innovation efficiency.#br#According to the research results, it is suggested that Shanghai promote domestic-funded enterprises to strengthen the allocation of scientific and technological resources. Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded enterprises are encouraged to increase investment in scientific and technological resources and improve their innovation efficiency. At the same time, we suggest that the Shanghai municipal government guide foreign-funded companies to further play the role of global resource allocation by establishing Asia Pacific headquarters, global headquarters and global R&D center in Shanghai. In addition, it is also suggested to further tap the scientific and technological achievements of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan-funded enterprises and domestic-funded enterprises. The professional technology transfer ability of these enterprises should be cultivated. Through incentive policies, the government should guide foreign R&D centers to strengthen the local transformation and application of their R&D achievements.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 103-111 [Abstract] ( 426 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1275KB] ( 214 )
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
112 Legal Regulation and Guidance of Chip Localization from the Perspective of Science and Technology Law Iteration：Concurrent Discussion on How Huawei Can Break the Deadlock of Sanctions
Xu Jikuan,Ma Zhiguo
The breadth and depth of chip applications make it a core strategic resource for international competition.In recent years, due to the blockade and resistance of some countries to China's imports, the significance of chip localization has been further highlighted, and the independent research and development and production of this key technology has also become an important problem during the iteration of science and technology law. At present, there is still a generation gap in the basic research fields related to China's chip industry, especially compared with the United States in the production process, resulting in the technology bottleneck of short-term independent R&D and manufacturing of chips, and the international competitiveness of high-end electronic products is weakened. From the legal point of view, There is a lack of effectiveness and relevance in China's existing science and technology legal system for chip research and development and manufacturing. At present, the iteration of science and technology law is at an important stage. If we take the formulation of scientific and effective policies and laws as the guidance to carry out reform, it is an important opportunity to face up to deficiencies, overcome bottlenecks and difficulties. In the context of the iteration of science and technology law, how to base on local characteristics, grasp international trends, focus on key technologies, layout strategic regions and develop strategic emerging industries are the key issues that science and technology law should pay attention to during the 14th Five Year Plan period.#br#2021 is an important year for the implementation of the civil code and an important window for the reform of scientific and technological laws and regulations. At present, it is urgent to adjust industries that do not adapt well to ensure that important areas related to people's livelihood and national security, such as chips, are scientifically and effectively supervised and guided. On the one hand, from the perspective of modernizing the "internal haircut" law, starting from the specificity of the chip on the basis of clarifying the existing problems, we should eliminate the fictionalization of the legal responsibility of science and technology and improve the obligation to pay, build the supporting special norms as soon as possible, correct the market failure of science and technology innovation, improve the planning of the industrial chain, strengthen the obligation to build the innovation environment, and guarantee the right to development in scientific research activities. At the same time, we should strengthen risk management and planning layout, establish long-term prevention mechanism, and construct exemption mechanism to support independent innovation. On the other hand, with the goal of guidance to science and technology law, promote supervision to change, strengthen the effectiveness and relevance of scientific research guidance, clarify the criteria of financial support, strengthen the obligation of government procurement, at the same time, with administrative power to deploy resources, coordinate forces, play the advantages of post-developed innovation; encourage diversified innovation. Encourage diversified innovation, build a regulatory system with Chinese characteristics, and promote the process of chip localization. The "14th Five-Year Plan" construction, to benefit the people's livelihood.#br#In addition, at the enterprise level, we should promote the development of the whole industrial chain and cultivate high-quality leading enterprises; we should take the leading enterprises as the main body of innovation, give full play to the later advantages, further digest and absorb the existing technology, enhance the ability of independent innovation and realize disruptive innovation. The study also puts forward suggestions on applying to China's anti-monopoly law enforcement agency for investigation, intellectual property countermeasures and international law intervention. In the future, China will continue to unswervingly build a manufacturing power, a quality power, a network power and a digital China, and improve the quality efficiency and core competitiveness of the economy. The development of chip technology and its deep integration with various industries will become the key link. It is believed that under the guidance of national policies and regulations and with the active cooperation of enterprises and other innovative subjects, the darkest moment of the international environment will eventually pass, and domestic chips will eventually become the mainstream of the world. Enterprises should actively cooperate with the government to form a joint force, overcome difficulties and actively safeguard their rights and we can realize the right relief from the three dimensions of antitrust law, intellectual property law and international law.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 112-120 [Abstract] ( 414 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1315KB] ( 540 )
121 China's Plan for the Construction of Drug Patent Linkage System: Theory, Principles and Approach
Su Dongdong
It is an urgent problem to stimulate drug innovation and research and development to improve the quality of generic drugs in the development of China's pharmaceutical industry. Based on the particularity of drugs, the listing needs to be approved by the national drug regulatory department. During this period, drug patents are in the dilemma of unfavorable protection and unresolved disputes.Therefore, policy makers and legislators need to design a system to solve this problem. From the two dimensions of the actual needs of the innovation and development of domestic pharmaceutical industry and the needs of the development of international trade, it is proved necessary to build a pharmaceutical patent linkage system in contemporary China.China's patent law amended and passed in October 2020 has added relevant provisions on the early settlement mechanism of drug patent disputes, that is, the "drug patent linkage system" in academic circles.The so-called drug patent linkage system refers to a series of institutional arrangements that link the protection of drug patents with the registration and approval of drugs, and timely solve the patent disputes involved in the drugs to be applied for listing during the drug approval period.Drug patent linkage system is an institutional form that balances the conflict between the interests of drug manufacturers and public health. It contains rich theoretical basis, which is particularly important to discuss in depth.The drug patent linkage system involves the balance of interests between the drug patentee and the generic drug applicant. For the legal issues involving patents, the patent law should make principled provisions to provide the necessary legal basis. The relevant specific contents can be refined by the relevant competent departments and judicial organs in accordance with the law, and issue the corresponding departmental rules and judicial interpretations.The basic orientation of the function of drug patent linkage system is an effective mechanism for the early settlement of drug patent disputes, providing drug patentees with relief ways for patent validity or infringement disputes before drug listing, and solving the connection mechanism between drug listing administrative license and drug patent protection.As an early settlement mechanism of patent disputes, the drug patent linkage system solves the problem of linking up the administrative licensing and patent protection. As far as the drug patent linkage system itself is concerned, it is a double-edged sword. Under the positive effect of promoting new drug research and development and resolving patent disputes in advance, it also has a negative effect of hindering generic drug competition and threatening drug accessibility.In view of this, constructing the drug patent linkage system, our country should take a relatively cautious position in the design of its relevant rules.This study points out the guiding concepts and basic principles that should be implemented when building the drug patent linkage system in China. On this basis, combined with China's national conditions, refine the specific rules of the drug patent linkage system.China should build a right guarantee system with the right to life and the right to health as the core.In the basic rights system constructed by the constitution, the right to life and the right to health occupy the core and basic position, and all other rights are based on the right to life and the right to health.When individual life and health are threatened, Individual life and health should be given priority.This system is consistent with the constitutional principle of inviolability of private property in China. It should be based on the principle of equity of legal interests, combined with the drug regulatory system, pharmaceutical industry policy and patent administration, judicial protection operation mechanism to design the relevant specific content constructing the system in our country. The construction of the system involves the conflict and coordination between administrative power, property right and health right.It should follow three specific principles: priority protection of the right to life and health, reasonable protection, and coordination of efficiency and fairness, which should help to reconcile the tension between different stakeholders. In addition to scientifically setting up drug listing catalogue set, patent declaration, deferred approval period and exclusive period of the first generic drug market, it should also pay attention to the coordination and connection between patent linkage system and drug trial exception, patent litigation, patent administrative treatment, compulsory license and other systems.The drug patent linkage system should be connected with China's unique patent administrative processing system, so as to quickly determine the legal status of patent rights and provide stable expectations for the parties and the public.The drug patent linkage system is still in its infancy in China. How to scientifically construct the system and make it play its due role still needs systematic and in-depth research and empirical test.We believe that the drug patent linkage system constructed by China can contribute Chinese wisdom and scheme to the formulation of international rules on intellectual property rights.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 121-129 [Abstract] ( 306 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1263KB] ( 826 )
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
130 Impetus or Stumbling Block? Research on the "Double Edged Sword" Mechanism of Job Insecurity on Innovation Behavior
')" href="#"> Liu Pingqing,Liu Yuanyuan,Liu Dongxu,Liu Shuzhen
Facing the complex international situation and the arduous tasks of reform and development at home, China comes into the critical stage of strategic opportunities for innovation and development. The innovation behavior of employees is crucial to the survival and development of enterprises. It is generally believed that some supportive and stable factors such as effective interaction, positive atmosphere and positive leadership are important aspects to stimulate innovative behavior. However, with the rapid change of the external economic environment, the phenomenon of organizational merger and reorganization, layoffs, temporary or short-term employment contracts appear more frequently. The stability and predictability of employment have been increasingly replaced by job insecurity, which has become a common psychological problem in the workplace. Job insecurity refers to individuals' fear that the job itself or important job characteristics (e.g., position, salary, etc.) may be lost in the future. Therefore, in the era when job insecurity is becoming increasingly common, how to manage and stimulate organizational innovation behavior has become a common concern of academic and practical circles. #br#Due to the difference in research perspectives,there is no consensus on the relationship between job insecurity and innovation behavior. From the perspective of pressure or social exchange, some scholars interpret job insecurity as a hindrance stressor or an imbalance in the exchange relationship between employees and employers. They believe that job insecurity is a "resistance" and "stumbling block" that will negatively affect innovation behavior. From the perspective of job retention motivation or active coping, some scholars believe that job insecurity is a positive stimulus, namely "motivation" and "thrust", which would motivate employees to work harder to achieve the purpose of job retention. A certain degree of insecurity is beneficial to the promotion of creativity. Different research perspectives have caused a dilemma in organizational management practice. Then, is it better to stimulate employees' innovative behavior by completely avoiding job insecurity, or by introducing competitive mechanisms such as competition for positions, elimination system, and merger and reorganization (i.e., job insecurity exists in workplace to a certain extent)? Previous theories have some limitations in revealing the effects of job insecurity. #br#Based on the pressure interaction theory and the regulatory focus theory, this study affirmed that an individual would have different cognitive and behavioral patterns of job insecurity due to different cognitive assessment processes and self-regulation systems. This study constructed a theoretical model of the impact of job insecurity on individual innovation behavior with challenging stressors and hindrance stressors as mediating variables and promoting focus and preventing focus as moderating variables. Furthermore, the empirical test was conducted by selecting 414 paired questionnaires of leaders and employees from 60 teams of 12 high-tech enterprises in Henan Province. The results show that job insecurity has a positive impact on individual innovation behavior through the cognition of challenge stressors and the moderating orientation of promoting focus; while job insecurity has a negative impact on individual innovation behavior through the cognition of hindrance stressors and the moderating orientation of preventing focus. #br#The theoretical contributions of this study are as follows. (1) Based on the pressure interaction theory, this study constructed a "double-edged sword" model of the impact of job insecurity on innovation behavior, which enriches relevant researches on the mechanism of job insecurity. (2) Based on the regulatory focus theory, this paper proposed the moderating mechanism of promoting focus and preventing focus on job insecurity and innovation behavior, which expands the research on the functional boundary of job insecurity. Accordingly enterprises can introduce job insecurity and set up a power-oriented incentive mechanism for job insecurity. #br#For example, by transforming short-term employment into the employment relationship of mutual investment, adjusting salary structure, adopting diversified performance reward methods, and opening up the career development channel to realize the flexible adjustment of positions,they can enhance individuals' ability and belief of coping with challenging pressure by promoting active individual learning and lifelong learning, as well as improving their ability to deal with task requirements. Enterprises should also relieve preventing stressors promptly, such as creating a harmonious working atmosphere that is tolerant of trial and error and accepts failure. Lastly enterprises should adopt different management methods for employees with different regulatory focus. For example in daily management, enterprises should pay attention to stimulate employees' situational focus and promoting focus; in performance appraisal, they should adopt different assessment and evaluation methods for employees and teams with different regulatory focus. This paper provides guidance and reference for contingency management of organizational job insecurity and enterprise innovation and development.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 130-140 [Abstract] ( 423 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1401KB] ( 472 )
141 Relationship Between Environmental Uncertainty Perceived by CEO and Enterprise Choice of Innovation Model
Li Feifei,Geng Xiulin
With the acceleration of globalization and the scope expansion of competition, the business environment has been undergoing great changes. The demand of consumers is personalized and differentiated, the life cycle of products is shorter and shorter, and the frequent changes of technology, market, competition and other factors lead to the uncertainty of the operating environment of modern enterprises. In the face of the increasingly complex and uncertain global competitive environment, innovation has become the key for enterprises to maintain their competitive advantages, and it is also an important factor that must be considered in the strategic decision-making process of Chinese enterprises.#br#From the existing research results, scholars have searched on how to improve enterprise innovation ability and the innovation performance of a large number from different perspectives. The role of innovation in improving enterprise performance and establishing enterprise competitive advantage has also been recognized by many researches. Although there is a significant positive correlation between innovation and overall corporate performance, the process of innovation is difficult. In the process of innovation which is full of uncertainties, innovation activities of enterprises often face failure. Therefore, enterprise leaders need to make careful evaluation and selection of innovation activities. According to the difference of innovation intensity, it has become the consensus of many scholars to divide the enterprise innovation mode into incremental innovation and radical innovation. They believe that there are certain differences in the resources that enterprises need to invest, development process and development methods in different types of innovation activities. How to allocate resources among different innovation models is an important problem faced by enterprises with limited resources. Therefore, the choice of enterprise innovation model becomes the first important decision that enterprises need to face in the process of innovation. As the leader in the process of enterprise development and the leader of the top management team, the CEO usually has higher status, legitimacy and greater influence in the enterprise. CEO also plays a key and irreplaceable unique role in the decision-making process of the choice of enterprise innovation model. Although the environmental impact on enterprise innovation has become a consensus among management researchers. However, scholars of the school of behaviorism believe that the evaluation of the enterprise environment is often from the subjective perception of the enterprise decision makers to the environment. The collection, processing and judgment of environmental information by enterprise managers are severely restricted by their own cognition. The environmental uncertainty faced by the enterprise mainly comes from the perception of the CEO and other enterprise leaders on the enterprise's operating environment. Only the environmental characteristics perceived by the CEO and other enterprise managers can be incorporated into the decision-making process of the enterprise as factors affecting the enterprise's decision, and further affect the innovation behavior of enterprises.#br#Based on the above contents, this study constructs a theoretical framework based on "environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO→ top management team behavior integration→ enterprise innovation behavior". From the perspective of enterprise decision-making process, this study attempts to reveal the internal process of enterprise innovation model choice by discussing the following issues. For example, what is the relationship between environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO and the innovation model choice of Chinese enterprises? Can the environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO affect the innovation behavior of enterprises through the behavioral integration of the top management team? Based on the viewpoints of upper echelons theory and regulatory focus theory, this study focuses on the internal relationship between the environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO and the choice of enterprise innovation model.#br#Through the empirical analysis of the valid questionnaire survey data of 373 enterprises in China, the following conclusions are drawn. The environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO has a significant positive impact on both incremental innovation and radical innovation. The top management team behavioral integration plays an intermediary role in the relationship between the environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO and incremental innovation and radical innovation. The chronic regulatory focus of CEO significantly moderates the relationship between the environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO and the behavior integration the top management team. The chronic regulatory focus of CEO significantly moderates the mediating path of the top management team behavior integration between the environmental uncertainty perceived by the CEO and incremental innovation and radical innovation of the enterprise. When the CEO's promotion regulatory focus is dominant, the mediating effect becomes stronger. When the CEO's defensive regulatory focus dominates, the mediating effect becomes weaker.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 141-151 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1429KB] ( 310 )
152 Entrepreneurial Process of Scientists Based on Grounded Theory in the Context of Scientific Business
Xu Shibo,Zhong Weijun
At present, entrepreneurial economy has become one of the mainstream economic engines.Entrepreneurship has become a research hot spot in academic circles, and entrepreneurship research themes and perspectives emerge one after another. Among them, scientist entrepreneurship has become a hot spot in theory and practice. New technological change leads to the emergence of new paradigms, the boundary between science and technology is blurred, and there can be a direct transformation relationship between science and industry. The major breakthrough of basic science is of revolutionary significance for industrial development. Due to the deep participation of scientists and their teams, basic research and applied research show a stronger linkage effect in industrial innovation. Many scholars also put forward that scientists' participation in entrepreneurship is an important form to promote the commercialization of basic research results. Scientists and their research teams who master core scientific and technological achievements should become the "crown" of technological entrepreneurship and quickly transform advanced scientific and technological achievements into productivity. However, at this stage, the conversion rate of scientific and technological achievements is still low, and it is often very difficult for a large number of scientists to participate in technological entrepreneurship. How to cross the "valley of death" has become an important research proposition. Based on the existing research literature, it is necessary to refine the research perspective, divide the entrepreneurship research problems into research under different scenarios, and further study the unique behavior in technology entrepreneurship activities, so as to truly grasp the growth law of technology entrepreneurship enterprises. At present, there is rare research directly focusing on the entrepreneurial process of scientists in the context of science and business. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to study the general law of scientist entrepreneurial process.#br#This paper focuses on the law of scientist entrepreneurial process in the context of science and business, carries out open coding, spindle coding and selective coding of sample data through grounded theory, analyzes and constructs scientist entrepreneurial process model, and gradually excavates the law and mechanism of scientist entrepreneurial process in the context of science and business. As the listed companies on the technology innovation board gather high-quality technology companies, many founders have the dual identities of academics and entrepreneurship. According to the four principles, this paper selects 24 companies on the science and innovation board as analysis cases, collects detailed interview materials, reports and authoritative reports related to the founders of listed companies, and forms a large number of first-hand data as a data source for grounded theoretical analysis. Finally, a complete scientist entrepreneurial process model is established, and the entrepreneurial process is divided into three stages: entrepreneurial foundation, organizational generation and growth performance, including seven key elements.#br#The results show that the formation of scientist entrepreneurial organizations involves four core links: opportunity identification and acquisition, innovation activities, corporate governance and market development. Scientist entrepreneurship has a strong preference for technological innovation, and the advantage of scientist entrepreneurship resource endowment is stronger than that of general entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial process of scientists is accompanied by the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. The formation of entrepreneurial organizations and modern corporate governance are the key to the success of scientist entrepreneurship, in which development strategy and capital financing play a key role.#br#The innovation and theoretical contribution of this paper lies in the first construction of a model of scientist entrepreneurial process, and it divides scientist entrepreneurial process into three stages: entrepreneurial foundation, organizational generation and growth performance, with a total of seven key elements, i.e. scientific and technological achievements, entrepreneurial willingness, institutional environment, technological endowment, entrepreneurial quality, value amplification and entrepreneurial performance. These elements can help scientists and entrepreneurs better understand the law of entrepreneurial activities and improve the success rate of entrepreneurship.#br#Based on the above conclusions, this paper combines with the characteristics of accelerating the integration of science and commerce to put forward the following policy suggestions. First, with the continuous deepening of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation", scientist entrepreneurship has become a new path to promote the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. The government should attach great importance to scientist entrepreneurship, build a number of scientist entrepreneurship service platforms around the field of future industrial competitiveness, and provide funds, talents and entrepreneurship platform support for scientists willing to start a business. Second, the institutional environment is an important external factor restricting scientist entrepreneurship which is up against more institutional constraints, especially in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements. Government departments should issue policies to create a good entrepreneurial environment for scientists. Third, in the formation of scientist entrepreneurial organizations, entrepreneurial quality is the key to the success or failure of entrepreneurship. The government should provide targeted training and counseling services for scientists by carrying out entrepreneurship training camps for high-end scientific and technological talents, so as to help scientists improve the success rate of entrepreneurship.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (6): 152-160 [Abstract] ( 335 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1337KB] ( 633 )
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