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Research on the Selection Strategy of the Construction Modes of University Technology Transfer Institutions in China

Liu Guoxin,Zhang Feng,Zhang Pengfei,Na Risu

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050374

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Technology transfer plays a critical role on transforming innovation achievements. The establishment of specialized technology transfer institutions is an important breakthrough to solve the "last mile" problem of transformation of scientific and technological achievements. In order to systematically explore the construction modes of university technology transfer institutions (UTTIs), this study subdivides the construction modes of UTTIs from the operation mechanism. The optimal selection strategy for the construction modes of UTTIs is explored based on the three dimensions of university subject type, university research scale and transfer institution level. Then, empirical analysis and verification are conducted with the example of the university technology transfer organization in Hubei Province of China.#br#Section 1 presents the literature review which summarizes the connotation, function, mode and countermeasures of UTTIs. The existing studies seldom explore the role and significance of institutions from the perspective of the in-depth operation mechanism, and the research on the modes is relatively general. It is rarely mentioned how different types of colleges and universities choose the appropriate mode. #br#Section 2 discusses the operation mechanism and construction mode of UTTIs. First, the operation mechanism of UTTIs is overviewed from the dimensions of technology maturity and technology introduction evaluation capabilities. Then, combining with the analysis of operation mechanism and referring to the operation mode of world-class UTTIs, the construction modes of UTTIs are divided into internal technology transfer office (TTO), external technology transfer company (TTC) and technology transfer hybrid of office and company (TTH). The TTO mode includes single technology transfer office model and multiple technology transfer office mode, while the TTC mode includes single technology transfer company mode, multiple technology transfer company mode , and regional hybrid model.#br#Section 3 discusses the optimal selection strategy. Based on the three levels of university subject type, university research scale, and transfer institution to explore the construction mode of UTTIs. Results show that: (1) the TTC mode is most suitable for liberal arts universities or normal universities with weak scientific research strength, few scientific and technological achievements and low demand for technology transfer; (2) the TTO mode is most suitable for science and engineering universities or research universities with strong scientific research strength, rich scientific and technological achievements, and high demand for technology transfer; (3) the TTH mode is most suitable for comprehensive universities with high-level and mature transfer institutions.#br#Section 4 carries out empirical analysis based on the example of UTTIs in Hubei Province. It is found that the development of UTTIs is slow, the mode is single and the role is limited. The establishment of UTTIs started relatively late, mostly adopting the TTO mode with problems such as unclear function positioning, lack of talent pool, and low service level, thus it is difficult to effectively undertake the mission of transforming scientific research achievements in universities.#br# In response to the current problems in universities, a sound and comprehensive system involving policy, operation and talent management should be established to realize the transformation from a functional department to a professional service organization, from supply orientation to demand orientation and market orientation, and from "contacts" to "guiders". Thus we need to (1) strengthen the top-level design at the national level and establish a sound legal and policy system, (2) innovate organizational management and give full play to the advantages of professional institutions, (3) form a demonstration and driving effect, and carry out in-depth development of the standardization pilot construction of UTTIs, (4) strengthen market operations, and steadily promote the improvement of the operation efficiency of the whole chain, (5) build a professional and compound talent team, (6) and implement a regular release system and a normalized docking mechanism.The research is conducive to clarifying the applicable conditions of the construction mode of UTTIs with providing reference for the construction and operation of UTTIs in China in the future.#br#

Liu Guoxin,Zhang Feng,Zhang Pengfei,Na Risu. Research on the Selection Strategy of the Construction Modes of University Technology Transfer Institutions in China[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 1-10., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050374.

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Research on the Integrated Innovation Mechanism of Chip Manufacturing Technology Based on System Structure Reengineering

Zhang Beibei,Li Na,Li Cunjin

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 11-21. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040514

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China's chip manufacturing technology started late and has developed rapidly with the strong support of national policies in recent years, but it is still at the low end of the global chip industry chain. There is still a large gap in the core technology of high-end products compared with developed countries, such as PC, server chip and lithography technology. In addition, with the rapid rise of China's economy, the United States has listed China as the primary containment object, and the trade friction between China and the United States continues to escalate, making chip manufacturing technology a bottleneck of the development of China's semiconductor industry.Under the influence of strengthened external restrictions, mastering the core chip manufacturing capability is the key for China to occupy the commanding height of core technology and build an independent chip manufacturing industrialization capability. There are many factors affecting chip core manufacturing capability. Only by mastering the basic innovation principles and methods of chip manufacturing core technology can we explore a unique path of innovative development in line with China's national conditions.#br#At present, the research on chip manufacturing technology and complex technology innovation mainly focuses on industrial development efficiency optimization, enterprise innovation strategy formulation, innovation performance evaluation and innovation network analysis. The research on innovation mechanism is limited, and the analysis of micro mechanism is relatively scarce. In order to realize the breakthrough of chip manufacturing technology innovation, we need to pay attention to government policies, organizational strategies and other factors from the macro level, as well as clarify the internal law of technology development from the micro level.#br#From the perspective of structural change of technology system, this paper constructs a theoretical interpretative framework of integrated innovation mechanism of chip manufacturing technology based on the principle of structural reengineering, and empirically analyzes the theoretical framework by taking the patent data of chip lithography process as an example. The results are as follows. (1) system structure reengineering is an effective way to realize technology integration innovation. Under the guidance of technology market demand, we should adjust or reconstruct the linear or nonlinear integration rules between technical elements in the chip manufacturing technology system, make the relationship between various parts of the system more coordinated and effectively promote the innovation of the original technology system, and form a new chip manufacturing technology system with high yield, high integration and low energy consumption. (2) The reasons for the structural changes of chip manufacturing technology system can be summarized as the variety, the relationship and the proportion changes of technology elements. (3) According to the change degree of system structure, structural reengineering can be divided into two types: structural adjustment and structural reorganization. #br#The research conclusions are conducive to deepening the understanding of chip manufacturing technology innovation principles for the relevant enterprises and technical personnel, and of reference significance for the innovation practice of complex technology system. The corresponding innovation management suggestions to the government, enterprises and technicians are listed below.#br#The government should formulate corresponding incentive policies to encourage the research on basic innovation principles in major and complex technology fields of chip manufacturing, build corresponding national innovation platforms, focus on the research on basic principles of core technology, and integrate resources in different social fields.#br#Enterprises should formulate reasonable talent introduction policies, actively build a technology innovation team integrating talents from multiple fields, create an open and cooperative corporate culture, actively establish connections with the outside world, establish an effective communication mechanism, improve the communication efficiency of internal and external personnel across organizations, teams and projects, maximize the integration of internal and external explicit knowledge and tacit knowledge to gear up for enterprises' resource integration ability.#br#Technicians should cultivate their own integrated innovation thinking on the basis of in-depth understanding of the complex technological innovation principles of chip manufacturing, and update the technical constituent elements from the perspective of system structure reengineering, improve the correlation between technical elements or change the proportion of technical constituent elements in the practice of technological innovation, adjust or restructure the original technical system structure, so as to provide more possibilities for core technology breakthroughs.#br#

Zhang Beibei,Li Na,Li Cunjin. Research on the Integrated Innovation Mechanism of Chip Manufacturing Technology Based on System Structure Reengineering[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 11-21., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040514.

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An Empirical Study on Incubator Performance Based on the Collaborative Development of Beijing—Tianjin—Hebei Region

Guo Huibin,Xue Tingting,He Miao,Liu Donghua

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 22-29. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070172

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The Beijing—Tianjin—Hebei coordinated development strategy includes a wide research niche in Beijing, a wide development niche in Tianjin, and a wide application niche in Hebei. The functional division of labor and resource allocation in the coordinated development system of the three places are effectively promoting the development of incubators in Hebei Province. Since the implementation of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" (hereinafter referred to as "mass entrepreneurship and innovation"), the establishment of incubators in Hebei Province has accelerated significantly, and the role of incubators has become increasingly prominent. Scholars have begun to pay attention to the research of incubators, and the development of incubators can be evaluated through incubator performance. As a cradle to support the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, incubators play a role in helping enterprises grow and cultivating successful enterprises. At the same time, under the new situation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei interconnection, the incubator can realize the aggregation and integration of regional innovation resources, thereby changing its performance, such as improving the overall strength of the incubator, improving the survival rate of enterprises, and creating high-quality jobs and opportunities. Therefore, based on the input process and the final output, this paper discusses how the incubators in Hebei Province obtain external resources to promote their development and conducts a comprehensive study on the performance of incubators in Hebei Province.#br#The research on the performance of incubators in this paper firstly constructs an index system suitable for the research subject. By sorting out scholars’ classification of incubator performance indicators, we construct the incubator performance index system which describes input indicators from the three dimensions of human, material and financial resources; The output indicators are described from three dimensions of economic benefit, incubation benefit and social benefit. Secondly, the data range is selected according to the research situation. The data used in this paper are all from the China Torch Statistical Yearbook published by the Ministry of Science and Technology. The data starts from 2013. The main reason is that after the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei was proposed in 2014, the development of incubators in Hebei Province has shown a growth rate, and each dimension index involves the intersection of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei human, material and financial resources, which can better reflect the actual situation of incubator performance in the specific context of Beijing—Tianjin—Hebei coordinated development. The research on the performance of the incubator is carried out through empirical analysis, which makes the research of this paper more reliable.#br#The research results show that at this stage, human resources are important to support for the development of incubators, and they have a positive impact on the economic benefits, incubation benefits and social benefits of incubators. Increasing investment in human resources has a great impetus for the performance of incubators. As a resource with low mobility, material resources have a positive impact on hatching benefits and social benefits, and a negative impact on economic benefits. This is because in the context of the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Hebei Province has a firm grasp of Beijing's non-capital functions, which is reflected in the transformation and development of old enterprises and the rise of new enterprises. The input of financial resources has a negative impact on both hatching benefit and social benefit. This is worth noting for the economic foundation is necessary for the growth of incubators or incubating enterprises, and the research results reflect that incubators are moving forward, especially in the dimension of financial resources.#br#From the research results, the development of the incubator is analyzed in a specific context. First, it enriches the relevant research on the incubator in a specific context and answers how the incubator utilizes the human, material and financial resources of the three places in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei collaboration. The development of incubators in Hebei Province are proved to have practical value. Secondly, it focuses on human, material and financial resources, and qualitatively and quantitatively evaluates the performance, avoiding serious deviation between performance measurement and actual incubator development. Finally, it provides valuable countermeasures for the improvement of incubator performance under specific circumstances.#br#

Guo Huibin,Xue Tingting,He Miao,Liu Donghua. An Empirical Study on Incubator Performance Based on the Collaborative Development of Beijing—Tianjin—Hebei Region[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 22-29., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070172.

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Research on the Management Mechanism of Emergency Material Support from the Perspective of the Value Chain

Feng Weilin,Hai Feng

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 30-39. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010175

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The reasonable support and management mechanism of emergency material is a key link in improving the emergency material reserve system, a supporting force for responding to emergencies, and an important cornerstone for improving the modernization level of the governance system and governance capacity. As a complex structural system involving multiple subjects, elements, and links the efficient operation of the emergency materials support and management mechanism requires the coordination of all links, responding quickly and effectively to the deployment of relief materials for major emergencies. However, there is a lack effective connection and interaction among the various entities in our country's emergency material support and management system , the relationship between various elements and links are not connected closely enough, showing a trend of fragmented operation. From the perspective of the value chain, an in-depth study of the emergency material support and management mechanism is carried out combined with the practice of emergency material support in the prevention and control of the COVID-19. Taking the emergency management plan proposed by the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of the State Council as the main concept, we apply the theoretical framework of the value chain to arrange the value activities in the operating mechanism of emergency material support and management with adjustment of the traditional value chain model according to the unique public welfare characteristics of emergency material support and management, refining value chain and decision-making mechanism structure from three dimensions of the decision-making layer, the management layer and the operation layer to build an emergency material guarantee and management value chain model.#br#The value activities of emergency material support and management are divided into basic activities and support activities. Among them, the basic value activities include emergency material procurement, storage, transportation and distribution. The support value activities include management and services between government departments, organizations and enterprises, such as information technology, human resources, legal standards, institutional and mechanisms. The basic value activities and support value activities are independent but closely linked and support each other, and they work together to constitute the value chain of emergency material support and management. The basic value activities mainly focus on the operation layer of the emergency material and management value chain, which runs through the entire process of the supply and allocation of emergency materials, including procurement, storage, transportation and distribution. These elements are in synergy with each other and play a unique and valuable function which guarantees the entire emergency material support and management value chain. The support value activities are distributed in the decision-making layer and the management layer of the emergency material support and management mechanism, jointly playing a supporting role in the implementation of the basic value activities in the operation layer.#br#A complete emergency material support and management value chain and decision-making mechanism should be composed of an external factor decision-driving system with government command as the core, a decision-making control system strongly supported by auxiliary elements and a decision-making core system with mutual debugging of basic elements. The introduction of the chain system is to promote the connection between internal elements and external elements, basic value and support value activities, and establish a more efficient emergency material support and management mechanism, thereby create synergy and achieve optimal value. Based on the above ideas,we carry out the case study of Wuhan epidemic prevention and control practice, and make an in-depth analysis of the application advantages and practical problems of the emergency material support and management value chain model and decision-making mechanism. #br#Finally, corresponding suggestions are put forward. The first is to establish a cooperative and synergetic mechanism, namely, we should improve the leadership and command mechanism, optimize the scientific strategic layout to improve the mobilization response mechanism, and build a public opinion information platform for emergency materials as well as improve the emergency material supply mechanism and the efficiency of aid transportation. The second is to build an integrated emergency guarantee system for material procurement, storage, transportation and distribution, including forming the diversified paths for emergency material procurement, strengthening the scientific layout of emergency material regional storage, implementing the delicacy management of emergency material transportation, and promoting the intelligent mode of emergency material distribution. The third is to improve the management level of emergency material support, including improving emergency material guarantee management regulations and policies, building the information sharing platforms for monitoring, tracking and risk assessment, and cultivating the professional and efficient emergency material support and management talent team.#br#

Feng Weilin,Hai Feng. Research on the Management Mechanism of Emergency Material Support from the Perspective of the Value Chain[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 30-39., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010175.

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The Characteristics of Government Investment Fund Financing Network: City Distribution, Network Relationship and Community Discovery

Jin Zhiwei,Zhou Daishu

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 40-49. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020183

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In recent years, China's government investment funds（GIF）have shown a booming development trend. The total amount and the size of GIF have become decisive forces in China's venture capital market. However, GIF is encountered with the problem of fund-raising and funds are increasingly concentrated in core cities and regions. Related research has found that venture capital has the characteristics of spatial agglomeration. At present, there are few studies on the geographic proximity characteristics of government investment funds due to the difficulty of obtaining data on government investment funds. It will help to further solve the practical problems in fundraising and investment if the source of the funds of government investment is sorted out. Therefore, it is necessary to study the characteristics of government investment funds from the perspectives of spatial agglomeration, geographic proximity, and investment networks.#br#In order to study whether the establishment of GIF in various cities is evenly distributed, whether the relationship between different cities is close, and whether some cities form close communities, this paper uses crawler technology to obtain large sample data of GIF, and then uses a complex network model to conduct empirical analysis. The main research tools of this paper include web crawler, Python networkx package and social network analysis tool Gephi.#br#The current mainstream databases of government investment funds mainly include Zero2IPO Group Private Equity, China Investment Group Investment Data, CCID Consulting Data, Venture Capital Yearbook of China Venture Capital Research Institute, China Venture Capital Development Report of China Science and Technology Development Strategy Research Institute. However, the data statistics of the various databases are not consistent. At the same time, the information disclosure of government investment funds is not timely and comprehensive, statistical monitoring is not in place, and relevant information registration has not been publicized. In order to obtain more comprehensive fund information, this article integrates multiple databases to obtain a more complete list of GIF and applies web crawler technology to obtain relevant information of 1,489 government investment funds, including their establishment time, place of registration, registered capital, name of each shareholder and place of registration, share ratio of each shareholder and fund investment information, etc. On this basis, the complex network method is used to investigate the capital agglomeration of government investment funds from the city level.#br#The following conclusions are found as follows. The degree distribution of the GIF financing network nodes conforms to the power rate distribution, indicating that the network has obvious scale-free characteristics and serious heterogeneity, and the connection status of each city has a serious uneven distribution.GIF plays obvious "extreme effects" at the level of financing networks. Cities such as Beijing, Shenzhen, Shanghai and Suzhou are the main agglomeration areas, and the western and northeastern regions failed to form an agglomeration effect. GIF has significant geographic proximity, local institutions have a strong willingness to participate in the establishment of local funds, and cities in the province have formed a clear ethnic structure. In addition, GIF in Shenzhen and Suzhou are more market-oriented than other cities such as Beijing and Shanghai. #br#The main enlightenment from the research results of this paper on policy are as follows. Chinese GIF should pay more attention to market orientedness and strengthen the guidance of social capital. It is recommended to appropriately reduce the leverage ratio of GIF in the Midwest and Northeast regions, and use GIF to attract advantageous industries in the east to transfer to the Midwest, so as to promote local capital accumulation and promote regional industrial upgrading and innovative development.#br#

Jin Zhiwei,Zhou Daishu. The Characteristics of Government Investment Fund Financing Network: City Distribution, Network Relationship and Community Discovery[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 40-49., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020183.

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Research on the Influence of Upstream Monopoly of State-owned Enterprises on Regional Innovation Capability:A Test of Regulatory Effect Based on Business Environment

Wang Xing,Wei Jiayi

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 50-60. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050018

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The construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics has entered a new era with the basic feature of high-quality development driven by innovation. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee focused on the important role of innovation ability in economic and social development. In the background of complex international situation, the sustainable development of China's economy must rely on endogenous growth, and innovation is the key factor to promote the formation of the "dual circulation" development pattern. State-owned enterprises have high hopes in driving economic development. It shall have a vital impact whether they can break through the shackles of multiple systems and vigorously improve their innovation ability.#br#From the perspective of industrial chain, state-owned enterprises are more concentrated in upstream industries, such as natural gas and oil, and mostly in a monopoly pattern. The monopoly of state-owned enterprises in upstream industries is possible to damage the total social welfare, hinder fair market competition, reduce production efficiency, and may have a negative effect on the improvement of regional innovation ability. The monopoly of state-owned enterprises in upstream industries may also affect the innovation level and innovation intensity of downstream industries through the price and quality of raw materials and intermediate products, which is not conducive to the improvement of regional innovation ability. In addition, the state-owned enterprises with monopoly position in upstream industries is also easy to ignore the personalized characteristics of different demanders, so as to reduce the technological innovation on the supply side. Optimization of business environment is conducive to innovation, it can improve the market environment, the development level of non-state-owned economy and the factor market environment of a region. Therefore, it is of great significance to further comb and seriously analyse the conflict mechanism between the monopoly reality of state-owned enterprises in upstream industries and the improvement of regional innovation ability, and investigate the role mechanism of business environment, for it can not only enrich the existing research perspective and content, but also has important practical significance, and can provide effective suggestions for improving regional innovation ability.#br#This paper uses provincial panel data for empirical test. The time span is from 2008-2017. Due to the availability of data, the main analysis objects are the 26 provinces except Hainan, Jilin, Shanghai, Tibet and Yunnan. The data sources include China Statistical Yearbook, China Industrial Statistical Yearbook, China Science and Technology Statistical Yearbook and the Fourth National Economic Census and Wind Database. The explanatory variable of this paper is regional innovation ability, i.e. the upstream monopoly degree of regional state-owned enterprises, and the control variables include full-time equivalent of R&D personnel, economic development level, industrial structure, urbanization level and foreign investment level. In order to analyze the role of the business environment, Marketization Index of China′s Provinces are introduced to measure the regional business environment. This paper uses panel model for benchmark test with the aim of testing the impact of upstream monopoly degree of state-owned enterprises on regional innovation level, and a regulatory effect model is constructed to test the role of business environment.#br#The results show that the upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises inhibit the regional innovation ability, that is, the higher the degree of upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises, the weaker the regional innovation ability. The empirical test results based on the regulatory effect of business environment show that optimizing business environment can alleviate the inhibitory effect of upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises on regional innovation ability. The improvement of marketization level in the business environment, the development of non-state-owned economy and the development of factor market are conducive to the improvement of regional innovation ability, and play a regulatory role in the impact of upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises on regional innovation ability.#br#For deeper analysis, this paper examines the heterogeneity of innovation ability in areas affected by upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises from three aspects: geographical characteristics, factor allocation and government role. The results show that for regions with different characteristics, the inhibitory effect of upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises on regional innovation ability is heterogeneous. Through the above theoretical and empirical analysis, this paper has the following innovations.Firstly, from the perspective of meso level, this paper analyzes the impact of upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises at the provincial level on regional innovation ability. Secondly, the business environment is included in the analysis of the innovation ability of the areas affected by the upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises, and its mechanism is studied in detail. Thirdly, it analyses the heterogeneous impact of upstream monopoly of state-owned enterprises on regional innovation ability from the three levels of physical geography, market and government so that it enriches the existing research. We suggest to reduce the proportion of upstream monopoly of regional state-owned enterprises, encourage the development of non-state-owned economy and optimize the regional business environment so as to to promote the improvement of regional innovation ability and accelerate the formation of dual circulation pattern.#br#

Wang Xing,Wei Jiayi. Research on the Influence of Upstream Monopoly of State-owned Enterprises on Regional Innovation Capability:A Test of Regulatory Effect Based on Business Environment[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 50-60., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050018.

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How Can Digital Intelligence Enable High-quality Economic Development: A Study on the Regulatory Role of Business Environment

Luo Binyuan,Chen Yanxia

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 61-71. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040437

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In recent years, how to enable high-quality economic development of digital intellectualization has become the focus of the practical and academic circles. This paper theoretically analyzes the impact mechanism of digital intelligence on high-quality economic development, and discusses the regulatory role of the business environment on them. Then it empirically tests the above impact mechanism and regulatory role with the relevant data of 31 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions in China from 2009 to 2018. It is found that the transformation and application of digital intelligence play a positive role in promoting high-quality economic development. Further research shows that the business environment has a significant moderating effect on the relationship between digital intelligence and high-quality economic development. The more optimized the business environment is, the more obvious regional differences in the regulatory role of the business environment in China, showing that the regulatory role of the eastern and central regions is stronger than that of the western regions.
At the same time, there are distinct regional differences in the contribution of business environment optimization to the promotion of digital intelligence and the improvement of the quality of economic development, and its positive regulating effect is better in the eastern and central regions than in the western region.
The fundamental driving force of China's high-quality economic development comes from the vitality, innovation, and competitiveness of economic development. The most innovative driving force for economic development often comes from the state and the government, and it is also the relevant government departments that can play a driving and supervisory role. However, in reality, how to streamline government administration and delegate power is a great challenge , and the current business environment is not fully adapted to the needs of high-quality economic development. Currently scholars at home and abroad mainly discuss the impact of business environment on economic development from three aspects: infrastructure environment, economic environment and talent environment. It is confirmed that the optimization of the business environment does have a driving effect on economic development, but there is inadequate research on how digital intelligence technology affects the high-quality economic development, and even less research on how digital intelligence can develop high-quality economic development under the existing business environment. The development of digital intelligence refers more to the development of information technology and digitalization, and rarely involves the combined effect of information technology and digitalization on economic development. Therefore, this paper introduces digital intelligence indicators to explore whether the business environment has a moderating role in the process of digital intelligence technology for high-quality economic development, which is of great research value and practical significance.
The possible contributions of this paper areas follows. Firstly, it explores the relationship between digital intelligence and economic "quality" development, which enriches the connotation of quality economic development. Secondly, this paper uses the business environment as a moderating variable to examine the impact of digital intelligence on high-quality economic development, and explores the possible paths for digital intelligence to influence economic high-quality development, which provides new ideas for the study of the relationship between digital intelligence and regional economic high-quality development. Thirdly, further research on regional variability shows that there is significant regional heterogeneity in the development of digital intelligence that influences high-quality economic development through the business environment, which provides some inspiration for the formulation of regional development policies for the business environment.

Luo Binyuan,Chen Yanxia. How Can Digital Intelligence Enable High-quality Economic Development: A Study on the Regulatory Role of Business Environment[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 61-71., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040437.

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Green Economic Effect and Spatial Spillover Effect of Eco-Collaborative Agglomeration

Li Shengting,Zhou Xiaowei,Wu Zenghai

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 72-82. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.CZ202107021

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Industrial agglomeration has gradually become a typical way of natural resources allocation and industrial spatial organization recently, meanwhile, it has been an important engine of China's economic and social development. At present, China's economy is upgrading from scale expansion characterized by "structural acceleration" to high-quality development characterized by "structural deceleration". The regional ecological problems are becoming more and more prominent,and that is caused by the pollutant discharge of the industrial agglomeration. Industrial development faces the dual pressure of industrial structural upgrading and ecological environment improvement.Therefore, it is a key issue related to high-quality development in the future of seeking a balance path between economic development and environmental improvement and enhancing the efficiency of green economy. As the main organization mode of industrial development at the present stage, collaborative agglomeration has many impacts on regional economy and ecology, which needs to be deeply analyzed.#br#The collaborative agglomeration between environmental protection industry(EPI) and manufacturing industry is a subdivision mode of industry heterogeneity. This paper named it eco-collaborative agglomeration according to its significant ecological closed-loop function and positive environmental externalities on the basis of comparing its cause, effect and correlation with general collaborative agglomeration. The eco-collaborative agglomeration index is measured based on location entropy, and the green economic effect and spatial spillover effect of eco-collaborative agglomeration are investigated using The Durbin model SDM, based on the short panel data from 2013 to 2019. Finally, the data were divided into coastal and inland groups, and the differences of the characteristics of the two groups are compared.#br#The results are presented as follows. The green economic efficiency is a comprehensive index to measure sustainable economic development essentially and has the obvious characteristics of path dependence. The level of the current green economy efficiency is greatly affected by the efficiency of the early stage, showing obvious positive feedback and dynamic accumulation effect in it's development process. The U-shaped feature is shown by the promoting effect of eco-collaborative agglomeration on green economic efficiency on a national scale, and there is significant spatial heterogeneity. The degree of eco-collaborative agglomeration is higher in coastal area, which has an effective promotion effect on the efficiency of green economy, while the degree is lower level in inland area, which shows an inhibition effect on the efficiency of green economy. The eco-collaborative agglomeration has a positive spatial spillover effect, and the eco-collaborative agglomeration in neighboring areas has a significant positive impact on the improvement of local green economic efficiency, however, the spillover effect in coastal areas is much greater than that in inland areas. The environmental regulation can promote the efficiency of green economy through ecological agglomeration. At present, the effect of environmental regulation in coastal areas shows postitive, while the effect in inland areas shows shading effect. In addition, the regulation spillover effect in coastal areas is significantly positive, while that in inland areas is significantly negative.#br#According to the conclusions, the corresponding policy suggestions are put forward as follows. It is necessary to form a linkage mechanism between ecological economic evaluation and regulation intensity adjustment, and to control the regulation level within a reasonable range based on the calculation of green economic efficiency index and other indicators according to local development situation. It is necessary to ensure the strong execution and level of regulations, and to promote the growth of EPI, which can expand the scale of terminal treatment of industrial pollution to improve the efficiency of the green economy. The governments in coastal area should further stabilize and gradually improve the level of environmental regulation to force the optimization of manufacturing structure and adoption of cleaner technology. The governments of inland areas should maintain a reasonable ecological regulatory bottom line to prevent "pollution paradise" phenomenon, meanwhile, the governments should start ecological index evaluation and multi-stage warning mechanism to adjust the regulation intensity according to the results of evaluation in time, in order to maintain the regional ecological environment quality. Only in this way can they get out of the trap of "sacrificing environment for economy". Finally, it is equally important to establish and improve the policy system of supporting EPI, to build a third-party network operation platform suitable for the development of EPI. It is very important to include regional ecological quality and social welfare evaluation indicators into the scope of inspection of local officials' achievements, and to formulate reasonable and appropriate development strategies in accordance with local conditions, so as to promote regional sustainable and high-quality coordinated development effectively. The conclusion can provide important reference for decision-making in how ecological agglomeration promotes regional green economy efficiency and high-quality development.#br#

Li Shengting,Zhou Xiaowei,Wu Zenghai. Green Economic Effect and Spatial Spillover Effect of Eco-Collaborative Agglomeration[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 72-82., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.CZ202107021.

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Ecosystem Construction of Industrial Clusterbased on Industrial Internet：A Qualitative Study with Text Mining

Zuo Wenming,Qiu Xinxin

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 83-93. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050747

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Industrial Internet plays an important role in the upgrading and revolution of manufacturing industry. Meanwhile, the practices on the industrial Internet platforms have become a boom, forming a platform-based industrial Internet ecology in China. However, prior research on industrial Internet mainly focused on identifying the connotation, exploring the application and analyzing the business model. As a virtual cluster system, the core components and system structure of industrial Internet industry cluster calls for further in-depth research. And how to promote the ecological development of the Industrial Internet is in urgent need of theoretical support. Ecological theory contributes to reveal the various elements and their interactions in organic systems, providing a theoretical support for the study of the ecological system of industrial Internet cluster. Therefore, this paper discusses the elements and the system structure of the industrial Internet cluster from the perspective of ecosystem. #br#We conduct qualitative research by using text mining technology. First, we collect textual data including the news and the policies regarding industrial Internet. We search the news of industrial Internet from five mainstream media websites and WeChat official accounts platform, and use the web crawler to access in total of 673 news from December 2009 to April 2020. To obtain useful data among Industrial Internet policies, we sort out 20 central policies and 14 local policies relevant to the industrial Internet from 2015 to 2020. After detailed screening, we select 8 policies from May 2015 to March 2020 as the materials for analysis, which were published by the State Council or the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China. We also preprocess the collected data to prepare the text for our further analysis, including removal of stop words and repetition, word segmentation and so on.#br#Then, we adopt TextRank algorithm to mine the keywords from industrial Internet news and policies. According to the results of topic mining of news and evolution analysis of policies, we identify the core elements in the field of industrial Internet, and explore the organizational mode and interaction path among these core elements. Further, we advance the understanding of these core elements of the industrial Internet and their correlation by reconstructing the industrial Internet cluster from an ecosystem perspective. We identify the internal and external components of the industrial Internet cluster ecosystem, and then build an industrial Internet cluster ecosystem model with a three-layer (platform as the core-chain cluster-network cluster) structure. Analyzing the operation mechanism and structural characteristics of industrial Internet cluster, we provide practical reference and theoretical support for the ecological development of the industrial Internet.#br#Our study primarily yields the following conclusions. First, industrial Internet platform is the core of building an industrial Internet ecosystem, which has catalyzed the development of industrial Internet cluster. In other words, the industrial Internet cluster ecosystem is essentially a platform-based ecosystem. Second, an industrial Internet cluster ecosystem mainly consists of four types of groups and two crucial external factors. The platform enterprises constitute the dominant group. Customer enterprises, competing enterprises and other related enterprises in the supply net form the key group. The government, universities and financial institutions mainly make up the supportive group, and a parasitic group that has not yet obviously formed a scale. Additionally, policies and technologies are the main external environmental factors of industrial Internet cluster ecosystem. Incentive policies are recently an important booster for the development of industrial Internet clusters, and information technology is the key to enhance data value and achieve servitization. Third, the industrial Internet cluster ecosystem has a three-layer structure. Core layer operates based on the platform, and the interaction between the dominant group and key group, such as information sharing, product/service transaction, etc., and provides the power source for the ecological development of the industrial Internet cluster. The core layer plus the supportive group forms a chain cluster. With the inclusion of the external environmental factors, the chain cluster evolves into network cluster.#br#This study contributes to the literature of industrial Internet by providing structural knowledge of industrial Internet cluster from an ecosystem perspective. It also has significant implications for practitioners in identifying and locating their roles in the industrial Internet cluster ecosystem. Nonetheless, our study has its limitations, which are directly derived from the nature of the collected data. News and policy data contain less comprehensive information than primary data obtained by interviews. And case studies on specific industrial Internet platforms benefit to validate our proposed model of industrial Internet cluster ecosystem or further advance our knowledge of industrial Internet cluster.#br#

Zuo Wenming,Qiu Xinxin. Ecosystem Construction of Industrial Clusterbased on Industrial Internet：A Qualitative Study with Text Mining[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 83-93., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050747.

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Self-interest or Synergy: How Non-state-owned Equity Participation Impacts Green Technological Innovation in State-owned Enterprises

Zhao Xin,Yang Mianzhi,Cao Xun

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 94-104. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020110643

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As China's economic development enters a new normal, the new concept of innovative, coordinated, green, open and shared development is becoming increasingly deeply rooted in the public. Green technological innovation is an important support for building an ecological civilization, and it is conducive to realizing the coordination and unity of sustainable development and environmental protection. Enterprises are the main body of green technological innovation, while state-owned enterprises are the most important part of the socialist economy with Chinese characteristics. Improving the green innovation level of state-owned enterprises is of great significance to promoting high-quality economic and social development. At present, Chinese state-owned enterprises are in the stage of deepening mixed-ownership reform and exploring high-quality development. The existing literature mainly focuses on the economic benefit performance of state-owned enterprises after the mixed-ownership reform, while the influence mechanism of non-state-owned equity participation on the green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises is rarely studied. External theory believes that the environmental spillover and knowledge spillover of green technological innovation will reduce the enthusiasm of enterprises for green innovation. In the background of mixed ownership, after the non-state-owned capital with significant profit-seeking attributes enters the state-owned enterprises, how to affect the green innovation level of enterprises and drive the sustainable development of state-owned enterprises has become an important problem to be solved urgently. In addition, the institutional theory shows that the external governance environment has a significant impact on the green innovation activities of enterprises, but the role of the institutional environment in the background of mixed ownership remains to be discussed. To sum up, this paper attempts to study the following issues. How does non-state-owned equity participation affect the green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises? Does the mixed ownership reform have a different role on the green innovation of enterprises on different subordinate levels and functional positioning? How can the external governance environment affect the relationship between the non-state equity participation and the green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises?#br#This paper combines the external theory and institutional theory, uses the green patent data of state-owned listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2013-2019, and constructs a panel Tobit model to investigate the influence of non-state-owned equity participation on the green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises from two dimensions of equity integration and equity heterogeneity, and investigates the regulatory effect of external governance environment on the relationship between the non-state equity participation and the green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises. #br#The results show that the non-state-owned equity participation has significantly promoted the green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises, the higher the degree of equity integration, the higher the level of green technological innovation. The participation of foreign investors is beneficial to the green technological innovation performance of state-owned enterprises, but the positive role institutional investors is less obvious. Furthmore, it is found that non-state-owned equity participation is more conducive to promoting green technological innovation of central state-owned enterprises and public-interest-oriented state-owned enterprises. With further investigation of the regulatory effect of external governance environment, environmental subsidies can enhance non-state-owned equity environment R&D incentives, analysts focus on helping to curb private equity shortsighted self-interest behavior, both positively regulate the impact of non-state-owned equity participation on green technological innovation in state-owned enterprises.#br#This paper enriches the research on the non-economic consequences of the mixed-ownership reform, while the existing literature mainly discusses the impact of mixed-ownership reform on the economic benefits of state-owned enterprises. From the perspective of green innovation and development, this paper empirically tests the role of non-state-owned equity participation in promoting the green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises, and analyzes the heterogeneous impact of non-state-owned equity participation on green technological innovation of state-owned enterprises with different subordinate and functional positioning. At the same time, previous studies have mostly examined the impact of mixed ownership on enterprise performance from a single perspective. This paper combines the external theory and institutional theory, examines the joint role of external governance environment and mixed ownership reform on enterprise green technological innovation, and shows that the supervision and governance function of perfect institutional environment can give full play to all the advantages of equity mixing, providing empirical evidence to strengthen the construction of supporting system and promote the sustainable development of mixed ownership enterprises.#br#

Zhao Xin,Yang Mianzhi,Cao Xun. Self-interest or Synergy: How Non-state-owned Equity Participation Impacts Green Technological Innovation in State-owned Enterprises[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 94-104., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020110643.

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Does the Heterogeneity of Institutional Investors Translate into the Dual Innovation Investment of Enterprises? From the Perspective of Attention-based View and Market Catering Theory

Shao Jianbing,Li Na

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 105-116. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021090128

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The fifth Plenary Session of the 19th CPC Central Committee emphasizes the central role of innovation in China's modernization, identifies self-reliance and self-improvement in science and technology as strategic support for China's development, and outlines the blueprint of the 14th Five-Year Plan and 2035 vision. At present, China's innovation development is characterized by "emphasizing quantity over quality", the overall efficiency of innovation activities is not high, and most enterprises focus on single exploratory innovation or development innovation. In addition, western countries led by the United States block China's key technologies under the pretext of national security threats, and China's high-tech industry is facing threats and challenges to climb to the high end of the global value chain. Therefore, Chinese enterprises need to further promote independent innovation, balance their own "dual" capabilities, and get rid of excessive dependence on foreign advanced technology. Institutional investors have good advantages in information integration, professional knowledge and relevant experience, and their dual roles of "internal important shareholders" and "external supervisors" are becoming increasingly obvious. The role of institutional investors in enterprise innovation has attracted the attention of practical and academic fields. Based on shareholder activism and principal-agent theory, some researches focus on the impact of shareholder activism on homogeneous innovation investment, but lack of discussions on the relationship between institutional investors and dual innovation investment.#br#This paper takes Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share high-tech enterprises from 2011 to 2020 as the research samples. Firstly, according to The Administrative Measures for the Recognition of High-Tech Enterprises, industries with low scientific and technological level are eliminated. Secondly, this paper matches the eight industries involved in the identification management measures with the industry standards of the CSRC, and finally it selects ten industries including pharmaceutical manufacturing industry, general equipment manufacturing industry, automobile manufacturing industry, computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing industry,etc. with a total of 8 598 samples to conduct empirical analysis on heterogeneous institutional investors and dual innovation investment. The variables of this paper include institutional investors' shareholding, dual innovation investment, stock mispricing, management performance pressure and external supervision pressure. Taking into account the enterprises' financial situation, ownership structure, government subsidies and other factors, this paper also sets up some control variables covering Capital structure, tangible assets and equity concentration and so on. The research conclusions are drawn as bellows. #br#Firstly, heterogeneous institutional investors have a differentiated impact on dual innovation investment, and focused institutional investors are more favorable to dual innovation investment than temporary institutional investors. Secondly, focused institutional investors influence the allocation of decision-makers' attention resources and they should pay more attention to exploratory innovation investment. However, temporary institutional investors act on developmental innovation investment based on market catering motivation, and the greater the management performance pressure and external regulatory pressure, the more obvious the catering motivation. Thirdly, in terms of the mechanism of action, focused institutional investors play an important role in dual-innovation investment of enterprises through supervision, incentive of management, and improvement of enterprise risk taking level. However, the effect of temporary institutional investors on development innovation investment through enhancing investor sentiment has not been verified. These results indicate that the participation of focused institutional investors in enterprise innovation decisions is the result of profit maximization after the game with management, and the difference of attention allocation has a differentiated effect on dual innovation investment. Temporary institutional investors' motivation to cater for development innovation is verified, but it is not obvious in the capital market. Fourthly, industrial policy can not only enhance the influence of focused institutional investors on policy makers' attention, but also make them focus more on exploratory innovation investment. Industrial policy also helps to enhance the development innovation of temporary institutional investors to meet the investment motivation. The conclusions also verify the micro-policy effects of the 12th Five-Year Plan and 13th Five-Year Plan, that is, the formulation and implementation of external industrial policies play an "accelerator" role in the participation of institutional investors in enterprise innovation decisions.#br#Compared with previous studies, this study has the following the marginal contribution. Firstly, this paper constructs a behavioral governance framework of heterogeneous institutional investors' role in dual-innovation investment. Existing scholars mostly carry out researches based on the effect of heterogeneous institutional investors on the overall innovation of enterprises. The dynamic changes of governance roles when heterogeneous institutional investors participate in dual innovation investment activities are ignored. This paper finds that institutional investors make discretionary decisions in the process of governance participation, and their motivation of differentiated behaviors is to maximize the interests after considering the organizational situation and the game with the management. Secondly, the attention base view and market catering theory are introduced to explain the differential behavior logic of heterogeneous institutional investors' participation in dual-innovation investment. In view of the different governance roles of heterogeneous institutional investors, there are different behavioral logics for dual innovation activities, which cannot be generalized. Finally, this article digs into the heterogeneity of institutional investors on the dual path the influence of innovation investment, and considers the heterogeneous industrial policy and the influence of the dual innovation investment institutions, with a view to more accurately understanding of China's actual situation referring to how institutional investors participate in enterprise innovation and governance behavior. This study provides a logical explanation for the different behaviors of institutional investors, and provides a reference for the innovation practice effect at the micro level of industrial policy enterprises, as well as for the government and enterprises.#br#

Shao Jianbing,Li Na. Does the Heterogeneity of Institutional Investors Translate into the Dual Innovation Investment of Enterprises? From the Perspective of Attention-based View and Market Catering Theory[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 105-116., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021090128.

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Formation Path of Firm's Digital Innovation Based on Grounded Theory: a Multi-case Study

Li Xiaoqing,Li Binglian,He Weixuan,Zhou Jian

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 117-126. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120848

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In the era of digital economy, digital innovation has becomes an important engine for enterprises to cultivate new impetus and an important measure to promote the high-quality development of traditional industries. The Fifth Plenum of the 19th CPC Central Committee proposed to adhere to the core position of innovation in the overall situation of China's modernization. The plan of "Made in China 2025" emphasizes to promote the digitization, networking and intelligence of manufacturing industry and take the path of innovation-driven development. At present, digitization has penetrated into all fields of social and economic life. Facing the impact of digitization, enterprises are under great pressure to change their business models through digital innovation. The outbreak of COVID-19 has prompted many enterprises to seek digital innovation and development mode to grasp new market opportunities. In addition, the existing research on digital innovation mostly focuses on the connotation, dimension composition, basic characteristics and management framework of digital innovation. There is a lack of research on the formation path of digital innovation. Moreover, digital innovation is different from traditional innovation and poses a challenge to the traditional innovation theory. In the background of open innovation and digital economy, there is an urgent need of theoretical response of how to grasp the formation path of digital innovation . Therefore, based on the multi-case exploratory research of grounded theory, this paper deeply excavates and expounds the formation path of digital innovation.#br#This paper selects Contec Medical Systems Co. Ltd, Bank of Guangzhou and Nobel Ceramic Tile as research cases. The research data come from interviewing relevant personnel of the enterprise, studying the internal materials of the enterprise, and retrieving the materials related to the digital innovation of the case enterprise in the online newspapers and periodicals. Finally, based on the concept and characteristics of digital innovation, 45 valid texts are retained after excluding the invalid texts. Thus, a theoretical model of the formation path of enterprise digital innovation is constructed with details as follows. (1) Digital technology and market demand are the driving factors of digital innovation. (2) Internal environment and external environment are the boundary conditions of digital innovation. (3) Identification, initiation, exploration and utilization are the key activities for enterprises to implement digital innovation. (4) Digital product, service, process and business model innovation are the manifestations of digital innovation.#br#The results show that from the perspective of digital innovation generation, market demand and digital technology are the starting point and driving factors of enterprise digital innovation. From the perspective of digital innovation situation, in the context of open innovation, digital innovation is no longer limited to the interior of the enterprise organization, emphasizing the interaction between the organization and the internal and external environment. From the perspective of digital innovation process, the characteristic of self-growth of digital technology shapes the dynamic evolution of digital innovation. From the perspective of digital innovation results, this study breaks through the limitations of interpreting digital innovation based on results orientation, and it points out that digital innovation is not only the innovation of final products and services, but also the innovation of process and business model.#br#This study constructs a theoretical model of the formation path of enterprise digital innovation, enriches the connotation of digital innovation, expands the cognitive boundary of digital innovation, and promotes the theoretical research of digital innovation in the local context. Different from previous studies, this study analyzes the digital innovation activities of case enterprises based on grounded theory. Five main categories including driving factors, external environment, internal environment, key activities, and digital innovation are extracted, which enriches the connotation of digital innovation. Based on the understanding of digital innovation and the analysis of the digital innovation practice of case enterprises, this paper constructs the formation path of enterprise digital innovation. The research results have certain guiding significance for the digital innovation practice of enterprises. Firstly, this study can provide a basis for enterprises to analyze the conditions and resources to support digital innovation. Secondly, the research results provide support for Chinese enterprises to build a digital innovation path from the overall level. Finally, it provides inspiration for enterprises how to make better use of the external environment to promote digital innovation.#br#

Li Xiaoqing,Li Binglian,He Weixuan,Zhou Jian. Formation Path of Firm's Digital Innovation Based on Grounded Theory: a Multi-case Study[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 117-126., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120848.

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Technological Diversity, Substantive Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Innovation Diffusion

Ding Yan,Miao Zhongzhen,Ji Huanyong,Wan Jun

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 127-135. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040200

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The widespread diffusion of technological innovation is an important manifestation for firms to obtain values and enhance their competitive advantages. Firms need to keep investment in innovation to maintain their competitive position in the rapidly changing market. It has become the focus of enterprises' technology strategy practice to break through the technological boundaries to carry out diversified R&D layouts, and obtain heterogeneous resources from different technical fields to enhance innovation capabilities and promote the level of innovation diffusion.#br#There is a paradox in existing research on the relationship between firms' technology diversity and innovation diffusion. Researches based on the perspective of strategic management believe that firms' technology diversity can help improve its innovation quality and economic value, and therefore, compared to organizations focusing on a single technology field, it can gain the recognition and adoption of its technology by different industry organizations. On the contrary, researches based on the perspective of institutional theory believe that market adopters often evaluate organizations or technologies based on established field categories, and it will cause information asymmetry between the firms and market adopters if firms investing in multiple technology fields, which in turn leads to the underestimation of firms' innovation value, and there is a risk of illegal discounts, which is not conducive to the widespread diffusion of technology. Studies have shown that both start-ups and incumbents will face the risk of illegal discounts when implementing their technology diversity strategy. The above-mentioned paradox hinders the theoretical cognition of the impact mechanism of innovation diffusion based on the perspective of a firm's innovation subject. We analyze the differences between the characteristic elements of technological diversity and corporate organizational factors to reveal the reasons for the existence of the paradox, and then conduct an in-depth discussion on the relationship between firms' technological diversity and innovation diffusion.#br#According to the characteristic element difference, the firms' technology diversity can be divided into related technological diversity and unrelated technological diversity. The former refers to the diversification of the firm's technology distribution in related fields; the latter refers to the diversification of the firm's technology distribution in unrelated fields. Although the unrelated technological diversity can promote the improvement of firm's innovation level, it also increases the cost of R&D and operation management, and further makes it difficult for market adopters to effectively identify and evaluate the value of the firms. However, the existing literature on innovation diffusion usually takes technological diversity as a whole concept to explore its impact on innovation diffusion. It is not conducive to analyzing the complex relationship between technological diversity and innovation diffusion, which may be an important reason for the aforementioned paradox.#br#Based on the analysis of contingency theory, the relationship between corporate technological diversity and innovation diffusion may be affected by internal and external factors within the organization. Recent studies on innovation diffusion point out that information asymmetry usually occur in innovation diffusion, especially in emerging markets, and corporate signaling is an effective means to deal with this problem. According to the signaling theory, signal transmission can reduce the information asymmetry between firms and market adopters because of technological diversity, thereby promoting the diffusion of innovation, but the relationship is not discussed in depth.#br#〖HJ*2/7〗This article first measures the related and unrelated technological diversity based on existing research, and explores their heterogeneous impact on innovation diffusion. It further combines recent research with signal transmission theory, takes the substantive corporate social responsibility disclosure as a typical organization signal transmission and explores its moderating effect on the above-mentioned relationships. Drawing on R&D-intensive firms listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2008 to 2017, it shows that(1) related technological diversity positively affects innovation diffusion; (2) the impact of unrelated technological diversity on innovation diffusion has a lagging effect; (3) substantive corporate social responsibility disclosure positively moderates the relationship between unrelated technological diversity and innovation diffusion.#br#This study uses the difference analysis method to distinguish and test the differential influence mechanism of the two types of firm's technological diversity on innovation diffusion. It further integrates signal transmission theory into innovation diffusion research and enriches theoretical research on the impact mechanism of innovation diffusion, and provides empirical basis for firms' innovation practice.#br#

Ding Yan,Miao Zhongzhen,Ji Huanyong,Wan Jun. Technological Diversity, Substantive Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure and Innovation Diffusion[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 127-135., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040200.

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Research on the Perfection of Improved Technology Protection Path of Basic Patent: from the Perspective of Establishing the Reverse Doctrine of Equivalents

Zhang Er'han

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 136-142. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030216

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The development of science and technology is inseparable from technology improvement. Any pioneering inventions can be regarded as the improved versions of existing technology. At present, China is a major force shifting from introducing intellectual property rights to creating intellectual property rights, and the work on intellectual property is focusing on quality improvement instead of quantity pursuit, which requires the effective protection of improved technology. However, the implementation of the improved technology face many obstacles. Firstly, in the context of China's patent system, the improved technology of basic patent has dependency. Without the permission of the basic patentee or the compulsory license issued by the State Intellectual Property Office, when the improver implements the improved technology of the basic patent, he is likely to infringe the basic patent. Secondly, based on the pursuit of maximum interests and other reasons, it is difficult to reach the license agreement of basic patents in reality. Finally, since China's patent law has strict provisions on the conditions for the issuance of compulsory licenses for basic patents, the State Intellectual Property Office has not issued such compulsory licenses so far.#br#The difficulty of how to implement the improved technology of basic patent in China hinders the popularization and application of the improved technology. In the judicial practice of the United States, the reverse doctrine of equivalents created by judges is of great significance for China to solve this dilemma. In Boyden Power-Brake Co. v. Westinghouse, the United States Supreme Court held that the patentee could sue the alleged infringer within the scope of his claims. However, if the alleged infringer has changed the principle of the device literally determined in the patent claims so that the claims cannot represent the actual invention of the alleged infringer, it is almost impossible to judge the patent infringement even if the alleged infringing device falls within the literal scope of the patent claims. Then, in Graver Tank & Mfg. Co. v. Linde Air Prods. Co., the Supreme Court reaffirmed the applicability of the reverse doctrine of equivalents by clarifying the dual function of the doctrine of equivalents. The case of applying the reverse doctrine of equivalents in American courts shows that in the face of substantive technological progress, the court may apply the reverse doctrine of equivalents to limit the scope of the literal meaning of the claims of the basic patent.#br#This paper makes a normative analysis on the system function and theoretical basis of the reverse doctrine of equivalents, which aims to explore the applicability in China. The conclusion is that the reverse doctrine of equivalents can not only limit the patent literal infringement, balance the interests between the patentee and the improver, but can also be used as a patent policy lever to regulate the technology of different industries protected by patent law on the micro level. The establishment of the reverse doctrine of equivalents is in line with the requirements of patent contract theory for fairness, as well as the proposition of intellectual property tool theory. In order to ensure the effective implementation of the reverse doctrine of equivalents in the context of China's patent system, this paper puts forward suggestions on how to regulate the content of the reverse doctrine of equivalents and how to judge the constitutive requirements of the reverse doctrine of equivalents. The research results of the article have important practical significance for properly protecting improved technology and accurately encouraging innovators to engage in improved innovation. Due to the insufficient research on the reverse doctrine of equivalents in China's academic circles, there is a lack of in-depth analysis of the system function and theoretical basis of the doctrine, and it is rare of reasonable and effective countermeasures and suggestions on how to construct and apply the reverse doctrine of equivalents in China. Therefore, this paper effectively fills the gap of existing research in China.#br#

Zhang Er'han. Research on the Perfection of Improved Technology Protection Path of Basic Patent: from the Perspective of Establishing the Reverse Doctrine of Equivalents[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 136-142., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030216.

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Research on Influence Mechanism of Patent Law Revision of the Lower Limit of Statutory Compensation on Enterprise Innovation

Deng Yuting,Li Liming

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 143-151. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120071

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The fourth revision of the Patent Law can be described as twists and turns in the process of revising the lower limit of statutory compensation. The legislature has successively formulated two revision plans for the lower limit of statutory compensation, 100,000 yuan and cancellation, in the first two "Drafts of Patent Law Amendments". However, in the Patent Law approved on October 17 2021, the Article 71 finally stipulated the statutory compensation clause with a minimum limit of 30 000 yuan. The reason for the controversy in the revised Patent Law is that the statutory compensation clause, i.e. an alternative clause at the system design level, has been applied too overwhelming in judicial practice in recent years. Once the effectiveness of revised statutory compensation reduces patentee's expectation of its legal monopoly benefits, it will affect the innovation function of patent system. As the main carrier of technological innovation, patents have the economic attributes of public goods. Their externalities inevitably lead to the dissipation of corporate innovation revenues. In order to reduce the negative impact of patent infringement on innovation revenues, companies have to monitor infringements by expending additional costs. However, in reality the patentees are often unable to acquire adequate benefit from the compensation. In addition, China′s judgment documents for applying statutory compensation are not explicit about the calculation process of compensation, so the public questions the actual effect of judicial remedies for patent infringement compensation. Therefore, it is essential to strengthen patent protection and improve the accuracy of remedies, and also the institutional demand to ensure continuous innovation.#br#Relevant studies mainly focus on the effect of rights relief in patent system and pay more attention to the incentive effect of traditional patent infringement compensation rules on enterprise innovation, leaving the function of statutory compensation to stimulate innovation in China rarely touched. As a special part of patent infringement relief system, statutory compensation system should ensure the effectiveness of rights relief while promoting innovation. Furthermore, although the fourth revision of the Patent Law has been settled, does the approved version of statutory compensation clause adhere to the value orientation of patent system to encourage innovation? What are the impacts of the revised clauses on enterprise innovation about the lower limit of statutory compensation? These are still worthy of detailed analysis.#br#B〖HJ*2/7〗ased on the analysis methods of law and economics, this paper respectively constructs the Judicial Relief Social Cost model (JRSC model) and the Enterprise Innovation Cost model (EIC model) from the macro and micro levels, and theoretically analyzes the influence mechanism of revision of the lower limit of statutory compensation on enterprise innovation. In the JRSC model, this paper compares the infringer′s infringement income with the patentee′s actual loss, and discusses the macroscopic impacts of revision of the lower limit of statutory compensation on enterprise innovation in two circumstances. In the EIC model, based on the theory of infringement deterrence, the company expected innovation cost in patent system is characterized by the lowest level of attention of infringing patent in enterprise innovation activities. Then the paper compares the company expected innovation cost with the lower limit of legal compensation, and analyzes the micro-impacts of revision of the lower limit of statutory compensation on enterprise innovation.#br#This paper constructs a social cost model of judicial relief, which fills the research gap of macro-level analysis of the impacts of statutory compensation on enterprise innovation. The minimum level of attention to patent infringement is used in the EIC model to quantify expected innovation cost of enterprise, enriching the research perspective of enterprise innovation analysis. This paper organically integrates legal theory with management and economic theory, which is a useful attempt of patent research as an interdisciplinary subject.#br#The results of this paper show that(1)it can encourage companies to carry out breakthrough innovations significantly increasing the lower limit of statutory compensation, but it will produce excessive deterrence against patent infringements, and lead to enormous judicial rent seeking space; (2) cancelling the lower limit of statutory compensation will reduce patent system′s incentives for cumulative innovation and increase judicial cost; (3)the lower limit of 30 000 yuan can provide incentives for enterprises to carry out cumulative innovation. However, the resulting judicial rent seeking space will cause low quality patent infringement disputes to squeeze judicial resources and reduce the judicial efficiency.#br#

Deng Yuting,Li Liming. Research on Influence Mechanism of Patent Law Revision of the Lower Limit of Statutory Compensation on Enterprise Innovation[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 143-151., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120071.

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Application Control and Interpretation of the Constituent Elements of Patent Punitive Damages

Zhou Wenkang,Fei Yanying

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(5): 152-160. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021060135

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There has been a long-standing debate about the right and wrong of patent pinitive damages. The system of punitive damages in the modern sense originated from the development of the case law practice of common law. It began in the United States after the British case law and made great progress. Among them, based on the "high value" attribute of patent and the bottleneck of patent rights protection which is difficult to break, the system and practice of patent punitive compensation is particularly noticeable. From the perspective of legal technology and legal norms, domestic academic circles have fully demonstrated the institutional advantages, institutional tension and institutional function of patent punitive damages.The amended Patent Law of China which came into force on June1, 2021, officially introduced the punitive damages system. After the establishment of the patent punitive damages system, it should focus on solving the advanced problems in judicial application within the framework determined by the civil code and patent law, and promoting the implementation of the system in the interpretation of legal doctrines.#br#This paper mainly compares the judicial experience, proof standards and identification factors of the United States, starting from the judicial practice in China, uses a variety of legal methods to explain the subjective elements characterized by "intention" and refine the behavioral elements characterized by "seriousness". As for the judicial determination of the amount of patent punitive damages, this paper focuses on the different methods of base calculation by combining with the actual loss, infringement profit and the multiple of license fee, analyzes the practical elements of multiple determination, and defines the applicable relationship between punitive damages and statutory damages.#br#The results show that in terms of the identification of subjective and objective conditions, based on the consideration of interest measurement, the subjective state should be limited to "intention" and reasonable explanation should be made. The difficulty in practice often lies in the rejection of its identification factors. When considering the determination of intention, we can consider "analogical application" as appropriate. Due to the similar nature of rights, the relevant provisions of the trademark law can be applied in the patent field by analogy On the one hand, FTO should be used to limit the scope of application of "intention" and effectively avoid the risk of patent infringement. On the other hand, the government can establish a patent litigation risk analysis system to assist both parties in estimating the risk of patent litigation, strengthen the internal system design of patent risk identification and control, and guide enterprises to establish an integrated patent risk early warning mechanism. In addition, on the premise of distinguishing the identification elements and compensation elements, we make an overall judgment on the "seriousness", pay attention to the organic combination of "intention" and "seriousness", and jointly limit their scope of application according to their combination. As for the judicial determination of the amount of patent punitive damages, we compare from the perspective of the amount of compensation with the actual profits method which is used more frequently in judicial practice, although the amount calculated by the differential profits method will be less than that calculated according to the actual profits method. This method will significantly improve the infringer's willingness to actively prove the difference. Therefore, when calculating the base, we should reasonably consider the applicable space of the differential profits method, consider the practical factors both subjectively and objectively when determining the multiple, and position the legal compensation as pure compensatory compensation.#br#Based on the two-way perspective inside and outside the domain, this paper no longer focuses on the pros and cons of legislation. On the contrary, based on the legislation and judicial practice inside and outside the domain, this paper carries out the path innovation of interpretation theory, focuses on the standardization of judicial application and interpretation path, and grasps the dynamics and continuity of the change of constituent element standards as a whole. As for the different methods of base calculation, this paper advocates that the application possibility of differential profits method should be accepted in order to better balance the legitimate interests of obligees and infringers in case identification. At the same time, it considers the practical factors of multiple determination and straightens out the applicable relationship between punitive damages and statutory damages. The above points of view are not only conducive to reasonably avoiding the judicial abuse of system practice, but also helpful to realize the rational allocation of judicial resources. In short, the application control of constituent elements with interpretative theory should adhere to the positive and prudent judicial principle, timely adjust the interactive relationship between judicial practice and patent policy, and realize the functional separation and legal unity between constituent elements.#br#

Zhou Wenkang,Fei Yanying. Application Control and Interpretation of the Constituent Elements of Patent Punitive Damages[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(5): 152-160., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021060135.

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10 March 2022, Volume 39 Issue 5

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10 March 2022, Volume 39 Issue 5