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| Study of Spread Effects of Primate City′s Propulsive Industries: Empirical Study on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei City Cluster |
| Lang Yu1,2,Sun Quan3,Shi Yunian4,Luo Shixing1 |
| （1.Chinese Academy of Natural Resources Economics,Beijing 101149,China;2.Harvard University,Cambridge 02138,United States of America；3.The RUC Leading Group Office for Talents,Remin University of China,Beijing100872,China; 4.School of Public Administration and Policy,Remin University of China,Beijing100872,China） |
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Abstract In recent decades, China's provinces and regions have built the Growth Pole development model, which is trying to spread economic development to the vast hinterland. However, urban systems with highly concentrated resources will develop into primate city-centered structures. This phenomenon is particularly obvious in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster. In 2018, Beijing's GDP accounted for 37 percent of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cluster, while Shanghai's accounted for only 18 percent of the Yangtze River Delta cluster and Shenzhen's 27 percent of the Pearl River Delta cluster. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster takes the lead in becoming the primary city pattern, which should be related to its obvious difference from the general city cluster. In addition to the public input of the municipality directly under the Central government, Beijing also functions as the central government, which is very attractive to the region and even the whole country. In fact, it is hard to avoid the pattern of primary city development. This is because the development of "Propulsive Industries" in central cities will inevitably form "Growth poles" in urban regions. The "Propulsive Industries" will form a "Trickling-down Effect" or a "Polarized Effect" on the surrounding cities, so the industrial division of city cluster will accelerate the formation of primate cities. Quantitative analysis of the industrial division of labor between Beijing and other cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster is an important case for insight into the industrial cooperation relationship between the major cities and the surrounding cities in China. This study can provide inspiration for the coordinated governance of industrial development in city clusters and serve as an important reference for putting forward corresponding industrial and public policies.#br#Based on previous studies, there is still no conclusion on whether the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster belongs to single core or double core. The empirical model of this paper is divided into single core setting and double core setting. In terms of research arrangement, it is necessary to establish the method of evaluating the propulsive industries in Beijing and Tianjin first. Secondly, the spread effects function of propulsive industries is derived. Thirdly, econometric models of the spread and backflow of the propulsive industries in Beijing and Tianjin to the surrounding cities is constructed. Based on the past literature and Chinese characteristics, this paper constructs the evaluation standard of propulsive industry. These criteria include high GDP, high GDP growth rate, high location quotient, high sensitivity and influence coefficient. Through the derivation of the spread effects function of propulsive industries, the empirical models of five single core cities and four double core cities are constructed. The static GMM model was used as the empirical method. Eight cities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster were studied during the period from 2005 to 2019.#br#The empirical results show that the propulsive industry in Beijing is computer, communication equipment and the other electronic equipment manufacturing industry. The propulsive industry in Tianjin is metal refining and rolling processing products manufacturing industry. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster presents a pattern of two core cities spreading and supporting each other. Beijing is still in the transition stage from backflow to spread. The aforementioned situation may be related to the fact that the propulsive industry is relatively high-end and the it is not easy for the surrounding cities to undertake. The technological level of Tianjin's propulsive industry is close to that of other cities, so it mainly plays the role of industrial spread in city cluster. In conclusion, (1) Beijing's propulsive industry have a backflow effect on the highest output value industries in peripheral cities. (2) The propulsive industry in Tianjin has a spread effect on the highest output value industries in peripheral cities. (3) The development of the highest output value industries in peripheral cities is mainly influenced by the development and spread of the same industries in Beijing and Tianjin. The above conclusion also shows that the "trickle-down effect" and "polarization effect" of Beijing on its surrounding cities coexist. Tianjin mainly has a "trickle-down effect" on its surrounding cities.#br#Based on the research conclusions, this paper puts forward the following four policy suggestions :(1) peripheral cities should improve their own public services and infrastructure, so as to improve the ability to undertake high-end manufacturing related to core cities. (2) Beijing should devolve manufacturing functions to peripheral cities. (3) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster should strengthen the intermediary function of the second largest city. This process will form the industrial development gradient of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster. (4) Industrial policy should be oriented to encourage diversified development of local industries. The supporting system of the main industries in the peripheral cities can be improved to form an independent and complete industrial cluster. Finally, a multi-cluster industrial system of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster will be formed.#br#
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Received: 06 July 2021
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