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The Performance of University Science and Technology Innovation under the Dual Influence of Innovation Policy and Scientific Research Structure

Zhang Xichun,Zhu Shaotang,Li Shenghui

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 1-9. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021100602

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Since the implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy, deepening the reform of the S&T system and optimizing the structure of scientific research have become the essential links in the upgradation of China′s scientific and technological innovation system. However, there is a problem of incongruity between the S&T innovation policy and scientific research structure of universities, which directly inhibits the innovation performance of universities. Therefore, considering the timeliness of policy release and the cumulation of policy implementation, this paper attempts to measure the level of S&T innovation policies in Chinese universities,and analyze the relationship between S&T innovation policies, scientific research structure and innovation performance in universities. The efficient operation of achievement transformation provides a new chance to explores important paths of improving the innovation performance of universities.#br#Based on the provincial panel data of S&T innovation in universities from 2004 to 2019, this paper improves the measurement method of college innovation policy on the basis of literature review. Furthermore, this paper builds an index system based on the experience of existing research without making a clear division of patent types, so as to objectively express the influence relationship of innovation performance of various universities. Scientific research performance are conducted as a mediating variable in the models. The path model, quantile regression model and fixed effect model are used to analyze the impact of innovation policy and scientific research structure on the performance of S&T innovation in universities.#br#The results show that firstly the level of innovation policy in universities is in a relatively floating state from 2004 to 2019, which reflects the contradiction between the flexibility of policy implementation. Although governments have spared effort to create a good environment for universities′ innovation, the policy environment cannot keep stable for a long time. Secondly the S&T innovation policy and scientific research structure of universities generally have a positive effect on innovation performance. By combining the two stages of scientific research output and achievement transformation, S&T innovation policy significantly promotes the performance of scientific research output, while the impact on the achievement transformation performance shows a certain nonlinear characteristic. The direct effect of innovation policy on achievement transformation performance is negative, while scientific research output performance plays an intermediary role in stimulating achievement transformation between the two, indicating that there is a certain degree of implicit transformation of scientific research results. Thirdly there are differences in the role of scientific research structure in promoting the development of innovation performance. Its effects is concentrated in the stage of scientific research output, indicating that the consistency and competition between teaching and scientific research still exist.#br#Hence it is necessary for grass-roots government to strengthen the positive guidance of innovation policies on the goal of achievement transformation, and avoid the ineffective accumulation of scientific research output performance, and achieve high quality of scientific research output and high efficiency of achievement transformation.Moreover the government should appropriately support the fine-tuning of the ratio of scientific research and teaching personnel in universities, rationally allocate innovative elements of scientific research tasks and teaching tasks based on major national needs. It is important to encourage universities to make reform attempts at the structural level. What′s more from the perspective of the policy level, it is essential to pay attention to the implicit transformation of scientific research achievements, and strengthen the important role of scientific research structure in the transformation between scientific research direction and the allocation of innovation elements.#br#This paper uses the method of efficiency measurement to measure the policy effectiveness. It incorporates the scientific research structure into the relationship between S&T innovation policies and innovation performance in universities, and explores the special significance of scientific research tasks and teaching tasks in the high-quality development of S&T innovation capabilities in universities. It divides the different levels of innovation performance, and pays attention to the direction of innovation policies in different development stages of universities. Future research can carry out research from the individual level of colleges and universities, and provide more operational reference suggestions for the path optimization of scientific and technological innovation in colleges and universities. It′s also suggested to use the multi-layer model to compare the central and local policy effectiveness of scientific and technological innovation activities in colleges and universities.#br#

Zhang Xichun,Zhu Shaotang,Li Shenghui. The Performance of University Science and Technology Innovation under the Dual Influence of Innovation Policy and Scientific Research Structure[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 1-9., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021100602.

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The Characteristics of Funding in Chinese and American Disciplines and Their Interaction with Scientific Research Output

Tian Wencan,Wang Xianwen,Cai Ruonan,Hu Zhigang

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 10-20. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021110217

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Research funding has become an essential public finance spending for scientific development. It provides researchers with important financial support for equipment purchase, material needs and personnel training, and plays a vital role in promoting the emerging of frontier fields and enhancing a country′s scientific research competitiveness. However, due to the complexity of data processing, previous research lacked a full-disciplinary perspective to present the research funding situation in China. It was also insufficient by only using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis without in-depth research on the causal relationship or two-way interactive effect between research funding and scientific research output.#br#In this paper,the PVAR model is used to establish a dynamic analysis model based on the data of 5.45 million SCI papers published by both Chinese and American researchers in the past ten years, to explore the interactive effect between research funding and scientific research output from the perspective of endogenous dynamics. There are four questions in this research. (1) What the rates of research fundings in different disciplines in China and the USA? (2) Did the research funding of the two countries promote scientific research output? (3) Did the research fundings have the same effect to scientific research outputs in China and the USA? (4) Did the research funding rates have the same effects on scientific research output in different disciplines?#br#The research results show that the funding rate in China and the USA had maintained a steady growth trend, with an increase of 13 percentage points in the past ten years. Due to differences in resource endowments and development stages, China and the USA had great differences in scientific funding. China was concerned with earth sciences, education and agriculture, while the USA was more concerned with biomedicine, energy and materials. Regarding the interaction effect between the funding rate and scientific research output, the funding rate was the Granger cause of scientific research output, and there was only a one-way Granger causality between the two. However, the relationship between funding rate and scientific research output was not consistent in China and the USA. Research funding promote scientific research output in the USA while inhibited scientific research output in China. As for the specific discipline, the funding rate in engineering fields with a significant increase over the past decade had a significant positive effect on scientific research output. However, due to the relatively small funding in the field of medicine and pharmacy in China, its expected effect on the scientific research output cannot be observed. In the USA, the funding rate had significantly boosted research output primarily in computer science.#br#The research results can provide data support and policy inspiration for China to formulate scientific and reasonable disciplinary development plans, accelerate its construction into a technologically innovative country, and seize the first-mover advantage in the future international competition between China and the USA. By exploring interactive effect between the research funding and scientific research output in various disciplines, this study elaborates the situation and challenges of China's science and technology funding. This not only points out the direction for the development of various disciplines in China in the future, but also provides references for the formulation of China's fund policy by quantitative analysis with accurate data, which is of great significance for China to accelerate the construction of an innovative country. #br#Yet, due to data limitations, we could only measure the output of scientific research by the number of papers, ignoring the investigation of dimensions such as patents. In the follow-up, the output of papers and the number of patent applications can be combined to further study the dynamic interaction between the funding rate and scientific research output.#br#

Tian Wencan,Wang Xianwen,Cai Ruonan,Hu Zhigang. The Characteristics of Funding in Chinese and American Disciplines and Their Interaction with Scientific Research Output[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 10-20., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021110217.

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Causes and Effects of Organizational Routine Updating:the Perspective of Proactive Market Orientation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage

Deng Xincai,Chen Zinan,Lv Ping,Wu Liang

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 21-30. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021100117

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Black swan events, such as COVID-19 in 2020, not only significantly impact the economy, technology and politics, but also exert great influence on the external environment of enterprises. With increasing environmental uncertainty, it′s vital for the enterprises’ sustainable development to overcome organizational inertia and change routines. Updating organizational routines is key to understanding organizational change and thus the relationship between organizational routines and environmental adaptability has been focused by the academia.#br#From the perspective of the trigger factors of organizational routine updating, the leadership behavior and organizational learning orientation of internal enterprises are the main factorsaffecting organizational routine updating. Among the external factors of an enterprise, diversified and heterogeneous information brought about by environmental fluctuations and co-opetition also plays an important role in the transformation of enterprises. Additionally, strategic orientation, which reflects the broad strategy of a firm, is critical in guiding enterprises' strategic decisions and reforming routines. However, few scholars have studied the impact of strategic orientation on organizational routine updates. Therefore, this study attempts to examine how strategic orientation influences organizational routine updating. A proactive market orientation refers to enterprises that identify the additional needs of unaware customers and work closely with lead users to effectively extrapolate future market trends, overcome transition resistance, and adapt to environmental changes. With a proactive market orientation, the gap between a new context and existing routines can be discovered by carefully observing customer behaviors to promote organizational routine updating. Moreover, based on the theory of organizational learning, organizational learning requires enterprises to strengthen knowledge in certain ways, such as gathering and sharing knowledge. The essence of organizational routine updating is the process of gathering and absorbing internal and external knowledge. Thus, organizational learning is an important mechanism for updating an organizational routine through the internalization and combination of knowledge.#br#In another aspect, research on the consequences of organizational routine updating focuses on its effect on business process reengineering, business model innovation and the establishment of enterprise competitive advantage, ignoring the role of sustainable competitive advantage. In the context of VUCA(Volatile, Uncertain, Complex, Ambiguous) it has become a critical issue to explore how organizational routine updating integrates resources to facilitate rapid strategic change for firms and maintain competitive advantage. Furthermore, according to the dynamic capability theory, organizational routine updating is not only a process of reengineering routinebut also integrating resources and upgrading capabilities. Meanwhile, dynamic capability is an emerging and potentially integrative approach to understanding how organizational routine updating maintains enterprises’ sustainable competitive advantage. To sum up, it is important to study the triggers and impacts of organizational routine updating on the transformation process of enterprises. Therefore, based on the organizational learning and dynamic capabilities theories, this study proposes the research framework of proactive market orientation—organizational learning—organizational routine updating—dynamic capabilities—sustainable competitive advantage and discusses the triggers and consequences of organizational routine updating.#br#A large-scale questionnaire survey was administered to 300 technology enterprises located in Guizhou Province, Hubei Province, and valid data from 191 enterprises were obtained. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results show that proactive market orientation has a significant positive impact on organizational practice renewal. Organizational learning plays a partial intermediary role in the relationship between proactive market orientation and organizational routine updating. Organizational routine updating has a significant positive impact on the sustainable competitive advantage of enterprises. Additionally, dynamic capabilities play a complete intermediary role between organizational routine updating and sustainable competitive advantage.#br#Finally, this study proposes management solutions and suggestions. Enterprises are advised to invest in raising the level of their proactive market orientation to adapt to changes in the external environment. Furthermore, organizational learning promotes the full potential of proactive market orientation for enterprises, and it can maintain a diversity of knowledge for the search, mutation, and selection of organizational routines to promote the upgrading. Therefore, the key to improving dynamic capabilities is to organically combine the routines of the organization with the external environment. Enterprises should accelerate the formation of routines updating strategic recognition, further improve the tendency of organization and the understanding of the development, and actively implement organizational routine updating. Additionally, this study is an important extension of research on organizational routines. Ittheoretically enriches the research by referring to the theory of organizational learning and dynamic capabilities and provides a theoretical basis for enterprises to build a sustainable competitive advantage.#br#

Deng Xincai,Chen Zinan,Lv Ping,Wu Liang. Causes and Effects of Organizational Routine Updating:the Perspective of Proactive Market Orientation and Sustainable Competitive Advantage[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 21-30., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021100117.

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How Can the Science and Technology Service Industry Stimulate the Vitality Regional Innovation？An Analysis of fsQCA Based on 31 Provincial Regions in Mainland China

Chen Lei,Du Baogui

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 31-38. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021080043

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Science and technology service industry is an indispensable part of regional innovation system. With its strong advantages in knowledge, technology, talents, experience and information, it empowers regional scientific and technological progress and economic development, and becomes an important symbol to measure the innovation ability of a region and even a country in the era of knowledge economy. However, how can the science and technology service industry stimulate the vitality of regional innovation? How can science and technology service industry be promoted to better enhance regional innovation capability? These are important questions puzzling the academic and practical circles at present. It helps local governments by opening the "mechanism black box" of the interactive relationship between the development of science and technology service industry and the promotion of regional innovation capability so as to formulate and adjust the development strategy and incentive policies of science and technology service industry in the region more scientifically and rationally, and fully stimulate the vitality of regional innovation.#br#Researchers have been exploring how the development of science and technology service industry promotes the promotion of regional innovation capability. Research at home and abroad are mainly from two aspects: influencing path and influencing factors. Most of the existing literatures use the mathematical model of "one cause to one effect" or "multiple causes to one effect" for analysis, ignoring the interaction between antecedent variables. However its explanatory power is still not strong. QCA method can make up for the above defects by using configuration to express different combinations of dependent variables, and greatly improve the explanatory power of causality, which is more in line with the real face of reality. Therefore, from the perspective of configuration, this paper uses fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method to analyze the configuration of various elements, and studies the influence path of the development of science and technology service industry to promote the promotion of regional innovation capability in the hope of providing theoretical basis for further improving the regional innovation ecosystem of provinces and cities in China.#br#This paper takes 31 provinces (cities and districts) as samples, selects seven condition variables of technology, talents, capital, market, industry, infrastructure and policy, and draws the following conclusions. (1) Science and technology service industry can promote regional innovation ability through technology, talents, capital, market, industry, infrastructure, policies and other factors, but the results of fsQCA show that science and technology service industry cannot achieve the effect of promoting regional innovation ability through one of the single variables. Therefore, it is very necessary to explore the role of science and technology service industry in promoting regional innovation capability from the perspective of configuration. (2) Technology, market and industry are the core conditions to promote the promotion of regional innovation ability, and their changing combinations play a key role in different condition configurations. (3) Around the three core conditions of technology, market and industry, this paper sums up five paths for the development of science and technology service industry to promote regional innovation ability into four modes: technology + market + industry-driven, technology + industry-driven, market-driven, technology + market-driven.#br#Due to the different economic levels, geographical location, resource endowment, industrial bases, development opportunities and other factors in different regions, the development levels of science and technology service industry are various, which also makes the effect and path of science and technology service industry to enhance regional innovation capability different. Therefore, each region should first identify the blocking points and difficulties that plague the development of science and technology service industry according to the development status of the region's science and technology service industry. Then, according to the specific situation of the region, it is vital to choose and adjust the development mode of science and technology service industry, and give policy guidance and support from technology, market and industry, so as to continuously stimulate the vitality of regional innovation.#br#

Chen Lei,Du Baogui. How Can the Science and Technology Service Industry Stimulate the Vitality Regional Innovation？An Analysis of fsQCA Based on 31 Provincial Regions in Mainland China[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 31-38., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021080043.

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Can Urban Innovation Help the Development of Low Carbon Economy?Impact Assessment and Mechanism Analysis of Innovative City Pilot Policy on Carbon Intensity

Wang Yali,Hou Linqi,Zhu Jinhe

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 39-49. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.CZ202107033

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Developing a low-carbon economy is an important embodiment of China's commitment to global environmental responsibility and a strategic move to achieve the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. At present, the increasing greenhouse gas emissions have become a major threat to the sustainable development of society. China has long been committed to promoting a low-carbon economy by reducing carbon emission intensity. As the spatial carrier of innovation activities and the gathering highland of innovation elements, cities are indispensable responsibility subjects and operators in the development of low-carbon economy.#br#So, can urban innovation policies promote the development of low-carbon economy? At present, the academic circles mostly focus on the negative effect of low-carbon policy on technological innovation, and the existing research on low-carbon economy mostly is mainly from the perspective of R & D investment and the number of patents, and rarely explores the low-carbon economic effect of innovation policy with the participation of the government. In addition there is a lack of research on the path of innovation policies to promote the development of low-carbon economy.#br#In order to accurately evaluate the impact of urban innovation on the development of low-carbon economy, this paper takes the innovative city pilot as a quasi-natural experiment, and uses the multi-stage double difference method to carry out the research through the panel data of 275 cities in China from 2005 to 2018. It is found that (1) innovative city policies can promote the development of low-carbon economy on the basis of reducing carbon intensity, and the supporting use of policies such as smart city pilot, low-carbon city pilot, carbon emission trading pilot and key environmental monitoring pilot can strengthen the promotion effect of innovative city municipal policies on the development of low-carbon economy. (2) Innovative city policy can help the development of low-carbon economy through three paths: economies of scale effect, technological progress effect and structural transformation effect. (3) Different urban characteristics will affect the policy effect of innovative cities. The inhibitory effect of innovative urban policies on carbon intensity shows a geospatial differential order pattern increasing from east to west and a urban hierarchical differential order pattern decreasing from high to low. There is an inverted U-shaped relationship between population size and inhibitory effect, and the inhibitory effect of resource-based cities is better than that of non resource-based cities.#br#From the perspective of carbon, this study first explores the possible contribution of government participation to urban development, including the marginal impact of carbon on economic development. Then in terms of research mechanism, this study examines the intermediary role of economic agglomeration, total factor productivity and industrial structure in urban innovation promoting the development of low-carbon economy from three perspectives: economies of scale effect, technological progress effect and structural transformation effect, and systematically clarifies the path of innovation policies affecting the development of low-carbon economy. Thirdly, in terms of research depth, this study not only examines the role of innovative urban policies in promoting the development of low-carbon economy, but also compares and analyzes the impact of a series of policy shocks on low-carbon economic development, such as low-carbon cities, civilized cities, smart cities, carbon emission trading pilot and key environmental monitoring. It also discusses the heterogeneity of urban characteristics from geographical location, population size, administrative level and resource endowment.#br#The findings of this paper promote the deep integration of urban innovation and low-carbon economy, and improve the top-level design of innovative city pilot. The empirical results show that the innovative city policy helps to alleviate the carbon intensity. Therefore, governments at all levels need to make overall consideration in innovative city construction and give better play to the driving force of innovation for the development of low-carbon economy. Moreover technological progress promotes the upgrading of industrial structure, and economic agglomeration drives the intensification of economic development.Therefore, it is conducive to the development of low-carbon economy by improving the degree of economic agglomeration and the efficiency of all factor production and accelerating the upgrading of industrial structure. Last but not the least, it is particularly important to give play to the synergy of different policy tools and encourage the development of heterogeneous cities to adapt to local conditions.#br#

Wang Yali,Hou Linqi,Zhu Jinhe. Can Urban Innovation Help the Development of Low Carbon Economy?Impact Assessment and Mechanism Analysis of Innovative City Pilot Policy on Carbon Intensity[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 39-49., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.CZ202107033.

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The Internationalization Path of Digital Industry Technology Standards fromthe Perspective of Alliances:A Case Study of Signify

Xie Fang,Pan Jiadong,Bao Haibo

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 50-59. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040170

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The digital industry is cutting-edge, complex, and highly uncertain, and the internationalization of technical standards is an important measure that can help China's digital industry to maintain competitive advantages in the global market. The scope of standard competition has escalated from enterprise level to industry and national levels, and the close relationship between the digital industry and national security has further intensified standard competition. The issue of how to aspects grasp the evolution trend of the internationalization of technical standards is currentl a hot academic issue, and two areas calling for improvement have emerged. First, existing research is more concentrated in the information and communications technology (ICT) industry, but there is little research on case studies of successful enterprises in the field of intelligent manufacturing to summarize the traditional enterprises' experiences in business model transformation during their venture into digital industries. Second, existing research has rarely made an in-depth interpretation of the internationalization path of technical standards from multiple perspectives including alliances, standards, patents and certification testing.#br#This paper adopts the vertical single case study method to explore the internationalization path and mechanism of technical standards with the company Signify as the study object because of its great success in promoting internationalization of technical standards. Research findings include three main points. First, alliances play a vital role in the internationalization of technical standards. Signify's international standards are all transformed from and based on alliance standards. Signify continuously participates in or forms the alliances in promoting the internationalization of technical standards and guides the development of these alliances by holding important positions, thus providing a carrier and foundation for the internationalization of technical standards. Second, patents serve as the technological capital required to join an alliance. The internal embodiment of an alliance is essentially patent sharing and benefit distribution among core enterprises. Signify accumulates technological capital and leads the alliances through patent purchases and continuous research and developments. It thus promotes the formulation of standards, accepts certification testing, and finally builds a complete closed loop of internationalization of technical standards. Finally, the combination strategy of "alliance+standards+patents+certification testing" can help in achieving the goal of quick occupation of the global market. Using this combination strategy, Signify has rapidly increased its market share in the intelligent lighting field and other fields and thus maintained its leadership in the global market. In particular, the inclusion of certification testing has greatly extended the life cycle of technical standards in the international market and consolidated Signify's long-term leading position in the intelligent lighting industry.#br#This study makes the following theoretical contributions. First, from the perspective of alliances,it explores the internationalization of digital industry technical standards as well as the combination strategy of collaboratively promoting standards, patents, and certification testing in participating in or being the leading organization in alliances. Therefore, this study enriches the research on the internationalization of digital industry technical standards from the perspective of alliances. Second, it enriches the research on the digital transformation of traditional enterprises by making the case study of Signify to explore how the players in the digital industry maintain international leadership by formulating the standards. The research conclusions also provide management implications for further promoting the internationalization of China's digital industry technical the standards. Relevant enterprises can carry out corresponding certification testing based on standards, form a closed loop of "alliance+standards+patents+certification testing", and realize a virtuous cycle of "technology patenting—patent standardization—standard internationalization-market monopolization" so as to maintain their long-term competitive advantage. The key to the internationalization of technical standards is the establishment of alliances. China's digital industry may form open strategic alliances with stable core through the dual alliance strategy of "standard alliance+patent alliance" and build a symbiotic evolution ecosystem to promote the internationalization of technical standards.#br#

Xie Fang,Pan Jiadong,Bao Haibo. The Internationalization Path of Digital Industry Technology Standards fromthe Perspective of Alliances:A Case Study of Signify[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 50-59., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040170.

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The Additive Manufacturing Business Model Based on Customer Value Analysis

Sun Haoyu,Zhang Xia,Li Wei

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 60-66. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021060036

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In recent years, additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology has been widely used in aerospace, automotive and other fields because of its customization, low cost, rapid prototyping and other characteristics, and has broad development prospects. It is predicted that the global additive manufacturing industry will keep growing. The compound annual growth rate will reach at 26% in 2022, and the annual growth rate will reach at 19.63%. There are a large number of literatures in the academic field analyzing the problems existing in the application of additive manufacturing and its business model innovation, but the innovation discussion mainly focuses on the development of a single enterprise, and lacks a systematic analysis of how additive manufacturing enterprises use the supply chain to integrate upstream and downstream resources to form a functional complementary complex. The essence of the business model lies in value creation, centering around the value creation participants and activities. Customers are the value transmission node in the process of input, transformation and output. As theirdemand differentiation is constantly improving, it is difficult for traditional subtractivemanufacturing enterprises to reduce costs through economies of scale, that is, there is an essential conflict between meeting personalized needs and realizing scale economy. In addition, due to intensified market competition, customers can enjoy high-quality products and services at lower prices or even free of charge. Therefore, the traditionalsubtractivemanufacturing enterprises need to achieve breakthroughs on the basis of the original industry, and form a customer-centered business model for additive manufacturingmaterials.#br#This paper distinguishes the differences between traditional subtractive manufacturing and additive manufacturing industries in value creation activities. On the basis of the existing research results at home and abroad, this paper depicts customer value based on Kotler's "customer transfer value" and customer satisfaction, and traces the sources of customer value more thoroughly. The construction mechanism of additive manufacturing business model of value is based on the analysis of three dimensions of cost,personalized satisfactionand delivery time, and then seven business models are formed to build a relatively comprehensive additive manufacturing (3D printing) business model system. Owing to different emphasis and value proposition, the seven business models have brought various degrees of customer value perception. Based on the market status of "customer-centric" and the three technical characteristics of additive manufacturing, this study analyzes their internal logic to explore how to use the commercial characteristics of additive manufacturing to realize the upstream and downstream resource integration of the supply chainand find ways to enhance customer value. In the path analysis, since the degree of personalized satisfactioncan determine the potential value-added of additive manufacturing enterprises or industries, the degree of personalized satisfaction is regarded as the main component of customer value and the main source of value for the construction of the business model system. Therefore, based on the analysis of the business model dominated by interaction, this study further explores the business model in which the relevant technical characteristics in the additive manufacturing supply chain cooperate with the degree of personalized satisfaction. By analyzing its basic process, this study figures out the value promotion path of the additive manufacturing supply chain from the perspective of value proposition.#br#It is concluded that products or services of additive manufacturing enterprises (printers) provide should focus on customer value. Additive manufacturing enterprises should take the interactive platform as the core of the additive manufacturing supply chain structure, and take the third-party logistics as the key link of the additive manufacturing supply chain. The modular business model system is the development direction for additive manufacturing enterprises. Enterprises can not only promote their 3D products to consumers through the platform to stimulate consumers' desire, but also tap customers' potential and dynamic needs, by which enterprises can realize value creation. Meanwhileit is a new element to cross border in the business model. It does not only refer to cross-border collaboration to create greater value-added space, but also includes the need for enterprises to actively build customer interaction platforms from the perspective of their own innovation and development.#br#

Sun Haoyu,Zhang Xia,Li Wei. The Additive Manufacturing Business Model Based on Customer Value Analysis[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 60-66., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021060036.

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The Cross-layer Nested Structure and Collaborative Mechanism of Leading-edge Enterprises' Innovation Chain: A Case Study of Huawei

Shao Jiyou,Sheng Zhiyun

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 67-76. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040658

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As a rising power, China has gradually shifted its role from participating in the world economy to taking a lead in some fields.In the background of major changes in the global innovation landscape and profound adjustments in international economic and trade relations, it is a great mission for China to accelerate science and technology development andmodernization.As an important part of the national strategic scientific and technological force, leading-edge enterprises in science and technology have mastered core technologies and played a leading role in international industry competition. They shoulder the mission of speeding up the construction of an innovative country.Meanwhile, more than four decades of reform and opening-up experience also shown that leading-edge enterprises in science and technology have enhanced their competitiveness while driving the innovative development of China's economy.However, in the era of "Internet +" which emphasizes link and integration, the competition paradigm among leading-edge enterprises has undergone a huge change, from the competition among individual enterprises in the early stage to the competition among the embedded value chain constructed by leading-edge enterprises. The transformation of competition paradigm changes the innovation paradigm of leading-edge enterprises from independent innovation to collaborative innovation, and the corresponding functional structure also changes, from the earlier point-type innovation structure that relies on the firm's own resources to the chain innovation structure that takes the leading-edge enterprises as the core, and this is the innovation chain structure of leading-edge enterprises.#br#The innovation chain of leading-edge enterprises can be regarded as an industrial functional structure formed by the division of labor and cooperation of multiple entities of industry, university and research, with innovation as the common goal,andleading-edge enterprises as the dominant.There are limited studies which analyze the collaborative innovation concept and conflict resolution mechanism of innovation chain of leading-edge enterprises. The basic assumption embedded in these studies is that multiple types of entities are homogenous,which means leading firms are regarded as nodes that are homogenous with other entities. However, the development of information technology has pushed leading-edge enterprises to implement boundary changes in order to improve their environmental adaptability, thus emerging a new form of innovation chain in which both internal and external innovation participants of leading-edge enterprises are deeply integrated.At present, there is a lack of research to discuss the linkage relationship and coordination mechanism between internal and external innovation participants of leading-edge enterprises. #br#In order to enrich the existing theoretical research, this paper explores how leading-edge enterprises construct innovation chain. By using exploratory case study method, this study chooses Huawei as a typical case to analyze the unique structure and collaborative mechanism of innovation chain of leading-edge enterprises in the context of borderless organization. The findings are as below. Firstly, the innovation chain of leading-edge enterprises has a unique structure of internal and external nesting. Generally, leading-edge enterprises as a whole participate in the operation of the macro innovation chain. Meanwhile, leading-edge enterprises create an independent and complete micro-innovation chain system internally, and the business units within leading-edge enterprises lead and complete innovation activities at different stages of the innovation chain. By building a matching system of supply and demand of internal and external technical resources, leading-edge enterprises can ensure that they can precisely select external participants with specific resource endowments to join in and cooperate to complete various tasks.and thus the external participants show the characteristics of phased participation in the whole innovation chain. Generally speaking, scientific research entities such as universities and research institutes in academia are more involved in innovation activities in the stage of basic research, while commercial entities such as customers, competitors and suppliers in the industry are more involved in innovation activities in the stage of applied research and experimental development. The periodical participation of external participants in innovation activities of the innovation chain can ensure that all participants are deeply engaged in their own fields, which is conducive to giving full play to the resource endowment advantages of different participants and improving the overall technological capability of the innovation chain. Secondly, in order to achieve efficient collaboration among different types of entities in the innovation chain, leading-edge enterprises comprehensively adopt multiple synergy mechanisms, such as market contract constraint, social capital sharing, business interest bundling, internal market design and bureaucratic authority governance, to improve the overall synergy effect of the innovation chain.#br#

Shao Jiyou,Sheng Zhiyun. The Cross-layer Nested Structure and Collaborative Mechanism of Leading-edge Enterprises' Innovation Chain: A Case Study of Huawei[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 67-76., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040658.

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Control or Participate? State-owned Equity and Dual Innovation of Private Enterprises: The Perspective of Reverse Mixed-ownership Reform

Liu Ning,Zhang Honglie

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 77-87. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040585

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The reversal of state-owned capital into private enterprises is one of the ways to implement mixed-ownership reform in China, and it is an innovative way to change the state-owned capital supervision model from managing enterprises to managing capital. The goal of reverse mixed-ownership reform is to achieve long-term effective cooperation between state-owned and private enterprises rather than short-term opportunism. However, most of the private enterprises with state-owned equity have not shown great innovation dynamics and innovation performance. How state-owned equity affects the incremental and disruptive innovation ability of private firms remains a mystery. This paper is concerned with the question of whether and how state-owned equity which carries the genes of the administrative system, can achieve effective cooperation with private shareholders. The theoretical analysis reveals that the key to enhancing the innovation performance of reverse mixed-ownership reform lies in the reasonable control of the intervention degree of state-owned shareholders in the innovation management of private enterprises.#br#This paper empirically tests the regression model based on the data of private listed companies with state-owned capital. The results show that subordinate state-owned equity has a catalytic effect on both incremental and disruptive innovation capabilities of private firms. The innovation planning of private entrepreneurs follows a progressive process from innovation attempt (incremental) to innovation exploration (subversive). As long as the innovation willingness, vitality, and decision-making power of private entrepreneurs are not diluted, private entrepreneurs will not give up the started incremental innovation activities because of state-owned equity, instead they will continue to follow up the innovation input and extend the vertical innovation chain (incremental innovation). With the improvement of the innovation intensity that private enterprises can bear after the introduction of state-owned equity, private entrepreneurs may integrate superior resources to carry out horizontal innovation exploration (subversive innovation). Conversely, controlling state-owned equity hinders the improvement of dual innovation capacity in private enterprises. On the one hand, controlling state ownership interferes with private entrepreneurs' judgment of market innovation opportunities, breaks their innovation autonomy and independence, and thus hinders private enterprises' progressive innovation. On the other hand, controlling state ownership injects rigid organizational management elements and innovation inertia into private enterprises, which are not conducive to sustainable disruptive innovation. As a result, private entrepreneurs become dependent on the state capital andstagnant in innovation. Therefore, it is necessary to avoid the interference of state-owned equity in the innovation consciousness and self-confidence of private entrepreneurs, and ensure the autonomy and independence of private entrepreneurs in innovation management. Further study finds that the higher the level of marketization, the stronger the promoting effect of participatory state-owned equity on private firms' dual innovation, while the weaker the hindering effect of controlling state-owned equity on private firms' dual innovation capability. It can be seen that the level of marketization has weakened the negative effect of controlling state-owned equity while promoting the positive effect of subordinate state-owned equity on the dual innovation of private enterprises. Therefore, China needs to speed up the construction of a large unified national market with high efficiency, fair competition and full openness, so as to give full play to the innovative effect of state-owned equity.#br#The precondition of releasing the innovation promotion effect of state-owned equity is to avoid the interference of entrepreneurs' innovation consciousness and value judgment by the over-confident decision-making logic of administrative management. The contributions of this paper are as follows.First, the empirical results suggest that state-owned equity has two sides to private firms' incremental and disruptive innovations, namely, the positive innovation effect of subordinate state-owned equity and the negative innovation effect of controlling state-owned equity. This finding breaks with previous studies that simply emphasized the positive innovation effects of state equity. Second, by analyzing the mechanism of the influence of state-owned equity on private firms' incremental and disruptive innovation, this paper points out that the level of marketization has the effect of promoting the strengths and avoiding the weaknesses of state-owned equity, i.e., promoting the positive innovation effect of participatory state-owned equity and weakening the negative innovation effect of controlling state-owned equity. This finding provides evidence to clarify the management boundary of state-owned shareholders in private firms' innovation. Thirdly, the findings provide theoretical and empirical evidence for the construction of an efficient collaborative innovation mechanism for state-owned and private enterprises.#br#

Liu Ning,Zhang Honglie. Control or Participate? State-owned Equity and Dual Innovation of Private Enterprises: The Perspective of Reverse Mixed-ownership Reform[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 77-87., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040585.

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Do Chinese Companies' Cross-Border Merger and Acquisitions Promote the Acquirers' R&D Internationalization

Zhang Yu,Wu Xianming,Zhou Wei

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 88-98. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040295

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Over the past 40 years, China's economy has experienced constant and rapid growth. A growing number of researchers show great interest in China's high economic growth. It can be seen that the objective of cross-border M&As of Chinese companies involve multiple countries (regions), including both developed markets and emerging markets. As emerging economies rise, researchers are increasingly focusing on the relationship between cross-border M&As and the acquirer’s R&D in emerging markets. Some researchers think that cross-border M&As can provide the buyer with access to the foreign market, and provide both acquirers and target companies with opportunities for complementary resources on a larger scale. Some other scholars emphasize that cross-border M&As are a viable technology acquisition strategy, offering domestic firms the opportunity to circumvent the technological blockade of multinationals. In addition some papers argue that the buyer of cross-border investments will face the problem of double cultural adaptation and will have to assume more responsibility for the new entrants.#br#By analyzing the earlier literature, it is found that research findings on the relationship between cross-border M&As and enterprises’ R&D are not strong. Furthermore, there are two shortcomings in the existing paper. One is the lack of empirical research that reveals the internal mechanism of cross-border M&As and corporates’ R&D, and so it cannot open the black box of the relationship between them. Moreover the previous literature pays too much attention on the influence of the host country (region) institutional context, and the discussion of the home country (region) system is rare.#br#Based on the 2007—2020 data on the cross-border M&As of listed companies of Chinese industrial enterprises, this paper empirically demonstrates the relationship between the cross-border M&As and the acquirer's R&D internationalization. It is concluded at first, the scale and equity of cross-border merger and acquisitions have a significant positive impact on the acquirer’s R&D internationalization. The impact of cross-border M&As’ integration on the acquirer’s R&D internationalization is not stable. Second, a grouping test based on the heterogeneity of property rights shows that, the influence of the scale of the state-owned enterprises’ cross-border M&As on the acquirer’s R&D internationalization is stronger than that of private ones. Third, a grouping test based on the heterogeneity of the host country (region) shows that when the host country (region) is a developed country (region), the scale and equity of cross-border M&As have a significant positive impact on the acquirer's R&D internationalization; when the host country (region) is a developing country (region), the cross-border M&As does not have a significant impact on the acquirer’s R&D internationalization.#br#The contribution of this paper is as follows.First of all, the existing literature on the relationship between cross-border M&As and corporate’s R&D have not reached a logically consistent conclusion. Taking the listed companies of Chinese industrial enterprises as the sample, this paper analyzes the impact of cross-border M&As on the acquirer's R&D internationalization. Not only does it enrich the existing literature, it also brings new evidence in this area. Secondly, the previous literature, mainly focusing on the influence of the host country (region) institution, did not address the context of the country of origin (region) system. As opposed to cross-border M&As in developed markets, overseas M&As of Chinese industrial firms are special activities. For Chinese industrial enterprises which carry out cross-border M&As activities, they are not only affected by the host country (region) institution, but also by the home country (region) system. Therefore, this study integrates the heterogeneity of corporate property rights in the context of the home country (region) institution and the heterogeneity of the host country (region) in the host country (region) system, and analyzes its impact on the relationship between cross-border M&As and the enterprise’s R&D internationalization. It is a useful supplement to the existing paper. Finally, a combination of random effects models and 2SLS regressionare employed to control the endogenous problems, verifying the relationship between cross-border M&As and the acquirer’s R&D internationalization in multiple scenarios, and making the conclusion more reliable. The conclusions enrich the existing theoretical results, and provide reference for the practice of Chinese industrial enterprises' cross-border M&As.#br#

Zhang Yu,Wu Xianming,Zhou Wei. Do Chinese Companies' Cross-Border Merger and Acquisitions Promote the Acquirers' R&D Internationalization[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 88-98., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040295.

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Intelligent Transformation, Intelligent Capability and Manufacturing Enterprise Transformation Performance:The Moderating Effects of Strategic Alignment

Yonghua Zheng,Yanming Sun,Jianfeng Yin

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 99-109. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050227

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Nowadays, the major countries are developing intelligent manufacturing for international industrial leadership. The United States, China and the European countries have formulated several policies to promote the intelligent transformation of traditional manufacturing enterprises. Scholars have discussed the connotation of intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises from different angles, andanalyzed the process of intelligent transformation of manufacturing industry as well as the internal mechanism of intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises, but they have ignored the results of intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises and fail to answer the question of how manufacturing enterprises achieve better transformation performance through intelligent transformation. This question can be further divided into two questions: what the path mechanism of intelligent transformation on the transformation performance of manufacturing enterprises is and the adjustment effect of strategy matching. By constructing the adjustment mechanism of strategic matching, this paper aims to make a new theoretical explanation of the internal mechanism of intelligent transformation on intelligent ability and transformation performance.#br#This study selects industrial Internet pilot companies in 8 regions including Beijing, Guangdong, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Chongqing, and Guizhou from 2018 to 2021 as the research objects. Questionnaire surveys are conducted on the leaders or middle-level and senior managers of the intelligent project teams of these companies with a total of 234 valid questionnaires. #br#The structural equation model is used for the empirical research and it has the following findings. Firstly the intelligent transformation of manufacturing companies is positively affecting the transformation performance. Secondly there is significant moderating effect of equipment intelligence capabilities and management intelligence capabilities on the relationship between intelligent transformation and transformation performance; however, the moderating role of personnel intelligence capabilities in the relationship between intelligent transformation and transformation performance is not significant. Thirdly strategic alignment positively moderates the relationship between intelligent transformation and transformation performance, equipment intelligence capabilities, and management intelligence capabilities. Yet the moderating effect of strategic alignment in the relationship between intelligent transformation and personnel intelligent ability is not significant. Lastly strategic alignment positively moderates the promotion process of equipment intelligence capabilities and management intelligence capabilities to transformation performance. #br#The innovations of this study are as follows. (1) Based on the core theoretical basis of enterprise capability theory, the theoretical model of "Intelligent Transformation-Intelligent Capability-Transformation Performance" in which traditional manufacturing enterprises are embedded in the intelligent manufacturing context is constructed. It provides a new theoretical framework and subdivision changes for the research on the performance of the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises. (2) Through the introduction of the important variable of intelligent ability, it has proved that intelligent ability has a partial mediating effect on intelligent transformation and transformation performance, and demonstrated that equipment intelligent ability and management intelligent ability have a conductive effect between intelligent transformation and transformation performance, opening the "black box" in the path from intelligent transformation to transformation performance.(3) The study has discovered the positive moderating effect of strategic matching in the relationship between intelligent transformation and transformation performance, and verified the universality and particularity of intelligent transformation in promoting transformation performance of manufacturing enterprises from the perspective of corporate strategy. #br#To promote the intelligent transformation of Chinese manufacturing enterprises, this study provides specific suggestions for the implementation of intelligent transformation in terms of key equipment intelligence, personnel intelligence ability, management intelligence level, rapid response ability and performance level of the manufacturing system, etc. Future research can further explore the internal mechanism of intelligent transformation on transformation performance based on dynamic learning ability, data empowerment and other perspectives, so as to enrich research results in this field. The follow-up research can be further improved in combination with the financial statements to improve the reliability and validity of the research content.#br#

Yonghua Zheng,Yanming Sun,Jianfeng Yin. Intelligent Transformation, Intelligent Capability and Manufacturing Enterprise Transformation Performance:The Moderating Effects of Strategic Alignment[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 99-109., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050227.

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The Institutional Path of Ethical Review of Science and Technology from the Perspective of National Governance

Chen Shuquan,Wang Kaiyuan

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 110-120. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050129

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Modern science and its development have an increasingly far-reaching impact on human society and the future. While releasing technological dividends, it also brings unprecedented challenges to ethical and moral risks as well as scientific and technological governance. In order to deal with the ethical and moral problems that may arise from scientific research activities, China has established an ethical review system with the ethical review committee as the main body. From the perspective of the deep-seated structure and function of review power, ethical review shows a strong attribute of public power regulation, adjusting and restricting the social public interests closely related to scientific researchers, scientific and technological community and the public. The ethical challenges brought by unregulated scientific research may pose a major threat to human society. Therefore, ethical review must act as a "gatekeeper". However, the traditional ethical review mode follows the principle of damage prevention, which is a minimum prevention strategy based on the relatively determined relationship between damage risk and benefit ratio. The reviewers only consider the deterministic damage consequences and even ignore the unknown and potential risks. At the same time, the ethical review ability of the review organization is objectively constrained by the institutional mode of the filing and registration system of "one court and one committee", coupled with the insufficient restriction and incentive of the review and supervision responsibility, as well as the lag of the ethical review legislation, so that the ethical review may fail to achieve the expected risk prevention effect, and there might be academic scandals against ethics. In order to improve the ethical review system, it is urgent to improve the ethical review system.#br#The most important point is to establish the review principle with risk prevention as the core. Ethical review should not stop on the premise of proving the causal relationship between scientific research behavior and damage consequences with conclusive evidence, and should not ignore the personal risks of the subjects in order to expect social benefits, as long as there is the possibility of causing serious or irreversible risks, or the risk-benefit ratio in the trial period is difficult to predict. The development of scientific research activities should be limited based on the concept of potential risk prevention. The second point is to establish some regional ethics review committees. It is essential to gradually replace the review mode of "one academy and one committee" through regional centralized review, optimize the review process, enhance the ability of scientific review and risk benefit evaluation of scientific research schemes, and ensure the independence, scientificity and impartiality of ethical review of research projects. The third point is to strengthen the supervision and restriction of ethical review. On the one hand, the legislation should clarify the independent legal status of the regional ethics review committee to ensure that the legal responsibility for violation review can be traced back to the regional ethics review committee and its members; on the other hand, it is necessary to refine the procedural design of defense and relief to prevent the arbitrary exercise of the review power from indirectly causing damage to the legitimate and private interests of other individuals. The fourth is to speed up the integrated legislative process of scientific research ethics review, introduce a more specialized and more effective "scientific research ethics law", and build a reasonable and broader scientific research supervision framework with more authoritative and integrated legislation. In addition, it is important to improve regulatory incentives is also an important measure. The establishment of a special government financial subsidy mechanism and evaluation and reward system will help to improve the enthusiasm and initiative of staff.#br#To sum up, it is vital to maintain a cautious attitude, actively respond to the ethical challenges brought by the development of emerging technologies, and avoid differences between the instrumental rationality of science and technology and the ethics of human society with good values, so as to ensure that scientific research activities abide by the bottom line of ethics and morality. Ethical review must act as the driving and escort duty of the "gatekeeper" of scientific and technological ethics, and turn the basic theoretical topics of bioethics and human rights protection to how to shape a more efficient ethical review system and operation mechanism, so as to strenghthen the ethical "fence" for scientific and technological development and promote the "good" and benign development of science and technology.#br#

Chen Shuquan,Wang Kaiyuan. The Institutional Path of Ethical Review of Science and Technology from the Perspective of National Governance[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 110-120., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050129.

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Theoretical Regression and System Exploration of Patent Protection for AI-generated Invention: DABUS as an Example

Ji Dongmei

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 121-129. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030726

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Nowadays, artificial intelligence (referred as ‘AI’ thereafter) technology is integrated into finance, science, education and other fields, changing the mode and process of innovation and creation. AI becomes increasingly independent in innovation. Various forms of intelligent products appear, such as the artificial intelligence equipment represented by DABUS can automatically generate invention. But these products cannot constitute intellectual property subjects under current law system, which triggers controversy within academic and practical fields.#br#As to the problems of AI and intellectual property law, lots of discussions focused on the protection of copyright or patent of AI-generated inventions, but practice cases are seldom seen in the present study. Hence, this paper focuses on the core issues in the DABUS case and the basic theory of patent law, re-explains the value goals of patent law and analyzes whether it is necessary to protect AI-generated inventions through the patent system. It aims to explore the feasibility and rationality of the system design by combining the existing rules of patent law from the perspective of subject matter, right contents and right restrictions.#br#Combined with DABUS technology system analysis, this paper illustrates the challenge that the patent law faces in AI era. Firstly, the identity of the "inventor" of artificial intelligence cannot fit into the traditional understanding of "inventor". In the traditional concept, "inventor" refers to a person who has made creative contributions to the substantive features of an invention-creation. The formal requirements in the process of patent application and authorization are obstacles to obtain patent protection for AI-generated inventions. The source of the patent applicant's rights constitutes another question. Commonly, it is the subject who actually completed the invention has the right to file a patent application and obtain authorization. In the DABUS case, the identities of the applicant and the inventor appear to be separated, and the applicant Stephen's ability to claim the right to the invention automatically generated by the DABUS intelligent machine has become another focal issue.#br#To respond to the problems above, it is necessary to return to the theoretical background of patent system. The objectives of patent law can be divided into three levels: direct goal, indirect goal and ultimate goal. Combined with the development of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence, a new interpretation of the patent system should be made, with the focus on the needs of the era of social and economic development, and considering industrial policies, costs and benefits, etc.#br#As a basic theory tool, the labor value theory may expose its limitations when it is applied to current intellectual property. AI creation activities are separated from the traditional category of labour, and AI does not belong to the main category of laborers' human rights. In the era of artificial intelligence, the conception of invention in the patent law needs to be understood in a broader sense, both in the technical content and in the legal sense. When it comes to incentive theory, AI technology may get progress greatly if it is protected fully and timely. Some judicial precedents in China, in the face of the protection of AI-generated things, presents instrumentalism and consequentialism, and value choices and judgments are dependent on the subsequent results if artificial intelligence products are granted with intellectual property protection. As an institutional tool, the patent right should serve the policy development orientation in a specific period and in a specific environment, and the inventions and creations it protects should be beneficial to scientific and technological progress and economic and social development. #br#AI it can effectively promote the application and transformation of technology by empowering the "investment" subject of inventions generated,and it is also in line with the optimization of the economic effect of the patent system from the perspective of utilitarianism and incentive theory. While protecting private rights, it is necessary to establish a corresponding restriction and balance mechanism to avoid abusing the advantages of artificial intelligence technology to expand the scope of private rights. It is also essential to re-examine the criteria for creative judgment and give full play to the important function of the patent system in promoting scientific and technological progress and economic and social development.#br#

Ji Dongmei. Theoretical Regression and System Exploration of Patent Protection for AI-generated Invention: DABUS as an Example[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 121-129., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030726.

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The Impact of Multi-dimensional Employment Experience on the Performance of Technology Start-ups in Occupational Career Transition

Ren Ruobing,Wang Chengjun,Sun Xiaoming,Wang Yalan

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 130-140. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022030370

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Nowadays, China's economy has shifted from high-speed development to high-quality development, and the driving force lies in innovation. Since the "Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation" strategy was put forward, the technology-oriented enterprises have gained market support due to their unique technological advantages.Most of the investors will experience the career transition from technical employees to technical entrepreneurs, shift from working organizations to entrepreneurial organizations and realize the career mobility. According to the upper echelons theory, past experience, as a special background characteristics of this group, will influence the important strategic decisions and organizational activities of the enterprise through the formation of personal characteristics,and this is embodied in the differences of entrepreneurial achievement, namely the impact on performance. Scholars used to focus on the research of technical entrepreneurs in entrepreneurial activities, and ignored their mobility.In contrast the existing research on inventors' "mobility" mainly focuses on hired inventors, rather than entrepreneurial inventors. The latter have absolute control over the enterprise and the autonomy to choose major strategic activities, and their personal characteristics are bound to have a greater impact on the enterprise operation.To sum up, this paper integrates the above two levels and studies the impact of different dimensions of employment experience of technical entrepreneurs, including non-duty invention work experience, state-owned enterprises work experience and overseas work experience on entrepreneurial performance under the background of mobility. The reason why these three experiences are selected is that they represent three dimensions of cognitive social capital, including technical ability at the micro level, thinking mode at the medium level and vision at the macro level, as well as comprehensive analysis of whether the social capital structure continues the past pattern and its impact on performance.#br#In this paper, 253 enterprises founded by technical employees in the Second-board Market from 2009 to 2020 are selected as samples, and the multiple linear regression model is used to empirically test the impact of multi-dimensional employment experience of technical entrepreneurs before their mobility on entrepreneurial performance. In order to further explore the effectiveness of the duration of employment experience and structural social capital, this study adds age and social network related indicators to the original model to analyze the internal influence mechanism of previous experience. #br#The results show that technical entrepreneurs with non-duty invention work experience and overseas work and research experience have a significant positive impact on performance, while working experience in state-owned enterprises has a negative impact. Company age negatively moderated the utility of non-duty invention work experience. The mediating centrality of inventors cooperation network has positive and significant influence on entrepreneurial performance.#br#This paper centers around the technical entrepreneurs from the perspective of "mobility" background of career transition. It links the organizational experience before mobility with the performance after mobility, so as to trace the root of the existing characteristics of technical entrepreneurs. The conclusions enrich the understanding of the existing characteristics of technical entrepreneurs, as well as the research scope of social capital. The study provides reference for local technical entrepreneurs to use the social capital formed by the three experiences to promote entrepreneurial performance. Future research could focus on the "star scientists" who mostly cross the fields of science and technology with jobs both in enterprises and universities, and keep close contact with the two circles. Therefore their impact on innovation performance and the stages of impacts differ greatly from that of ordinary entrepreneurs, and it is believed to be worthy of study.#br#

Ren Ruobing,Wang Chengjun,Sun Xiaoming,Wang Yalan. The Impact of Multi-dimensional Employment Experience on the Performance of Technology Start-ups in Occupational Career Transition[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 130-140., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022030370.

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The Influence of Temporal Leadership on Employees′ Taking Charge Behavior from the Perspective of Proactive Motivation Model

Wei Yiyi,Ma Lu,Xie Peng

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 141-149. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020110525

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With greater uncertainty in today's dynamic and competitive business world, organizations seeking to gain a sustainable advantage over competitors are increasingly relying on their employees to take charge so as to build core competitiveness. Given the importance of employees taking charge, scholars and practitioners have wide discussion about the antecedents. There are mounting empirical studies regarding the impact of leadership on employees' taking charge behavior, such as empowering leadership, ethical leadership and participative leadership. However, little attention has so far been paid to the role of time in the leadership literature, as taking charge behaviors are often influenced by time. The behavior of taking charge is discretionary and requires time to initiate changes, and time pressure from the workplace may pose constraints on employee proactivity. Therefore, it is necessary to explore how managers orchestrate employees' daily work and improve their behavior of taking charge in response to such time-related challenges. Temporal leadership concerns a particular type of time management aiming to help employees organize their work tasks, such as defining clear schedules and reminding deadlines, synchronizing activities for employees. Such behaviors are expected to alleviate employees' time pressure, improve their working experience. According to the proactive motivation model, the positive emotional state is identified to be a key direct affective pathway to employee proactivity. In line with this reasoning, this study proposes that temporal leadership may promote employee taking charge behaviors.#br#The existing studies have yet to discuss the relationship between temporal leadership and employees' taking charge behavior. To unveil the underlying mechanism, this study draws on the proactive motivation model and takes positive emotion as mediating variable and employee mindfulness as moderating variable. It empirically examines the proposed model with 239 valid paired samples collected from a wide range of organizations in China. The results illustrate that temporal leadership can significantly promote employees' taking charge behavior, and positive emotion plays a partially mediating role in the relationship; employee mindfulness not only moderates the relationship between temporal leadership and positive emotion, but also moderates the mediating effect of positive emotion on the relationship between temporal leadership and employees' taking charge behavior. That is to say, the relationship of temporal leadership and positive emotion is relatively stronger when employee mindfulness is high, and the mediating effect is relatively stronger. #br#This study makes several important contributions to the existing literature. First, focusing on temporal leadership, the findings enriches the literature by identifying employee proactive behavior as an outcome of temporal leadership. It contributes to calls from previous scholars to include more nuanced leader behaviors when considering the impact of leadership on employee behaviors. Additionally, the study provides a novel insight to the extant literature regarding the antecedents of employees' taking charge behavior by incorporating the research field of temporal leadership, positive emotion, and employee mindfulness. Second, by building on the proactive motivation model, the study integrates positive emotion to unpack the ‘black box' of temporal leadership and employee taking charge behavior, which enriches the evidence for the motivational effects of temporal leadership on employees and organizations. It provides a more comprehensive understanding of how managers can motivate employee proactivity. Third, this study identifies employee mindfulness as a boundary condition of the relationship between temporal leadership and employees' taking charge behavior. The findings clarify the condition under which temporal leadership positively affects employee proactive behavior. This is also in response to previous calls for taking the role of employee mindfulness into account of leadership effectiveness. #br#Given that time is such a critical resource in the workplace, it provides important instructive implications by addressing the research gaps regarding the role of time in leadership for managerial practice. Considering the increased emphasis on employee proactivity, organizations need to realize the importance of temporal leadership in helping employees to work in an organized and rhythmic manner. Apart from leader behaviors, the results show that the positive effect of temporal leadership on employees' taking charge behavior is stronger with higher employee mindfulness. Organizations should therefore develop more training programs of mindfulness for employees to strengthen the effectiveness of temporal leadership.#br#

Wei Yiyi,Ma Lu,Xie Peng. The Influence of Temporal Leadership on Employees′ Taking Charge Behavior from the Perspective of Proactive Motivation Model[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 141-149., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020110525.

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The Developmental Logic of Knowledge Hiding: A Literature Review

Wen Zongchuan,Wang Hui,Wang Kewei,Cui MinJie

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(18): 150-160. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040168

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Knowledge hiding is a type of knowledge behavior activated by specific antecedent variables that threatens employees' work behavior, team performance and the long-term development of the organization. In order to further clarify the content, research scope and boundary of knowledge hiding theory, this study relies on the analysis framework of "trigger condition - influence mechanism-weakening mechanism" to take the domestic and foreign literature on knowledge hiding as the research object, and it conducts a review by the method of bibliometrics and induction. The study systematically combs the development logic of relevant literature on knowledge hiding at home and abroad, clarifies the keywords of literature retrieval, and retrieves the academic achievements published in relevant databases from 1986 to 2022 as the sample data. Based on the literature analysis, it attempts to clarify the research progress of the existing research on knowledge hiding at home and abroad, and predict future research trendsso as to provide theoretical reference forthe academic field.#br#Firstly, this paper explains the concept of knowledge hiding and clarifies the measurement methods and dimensions of knowledge hiding. This paper describes four key elements of knowledge hiding: binary interaction scenario， subjective behavior， awareness of protection and transmission of error sources. Secondly, although hiding knowledge is a typical counterproductive behavior in organizations, it still needs to be triggered by specific situations.Thus individual demand motivation is divided into internal and external parts to evaluate the relationship between demand motivation and knowledge hiding. From the perspective of internal motivation, the triggering behavior of employees' knowledge hiding may be influenced by personal values, cognitive differences, strong sense of psychological ownership and regional awareness of knowledge.Various individual characteristics also imply the decision-making influence of employees in knowledge flow. From the perspective of external incentives, knowledge hiding largely occurs in the context of employee power and knowledge asset protection. The important factors influencing this variable include organizational climate, leadership behavior, superior and subordinate relationships, interpersonal distrust and job characteristics. In addition knowledge hiding is also affected by the characteristics of knowledge itself, such as knowledge complexity and knowledge task relevance, and these characteristicstrigger knowledge hiding behavior. Thirdly, the influence mechanism of knowledge hiding on individual tasks and organizational performance is analyzed, and it is pointed out that knowledge hiding affects not only knowledge seekers, but also knowledge hiders themselves. At the same time, because leaders are used to have the final say over employees' task assignments, performance rewards and punishment evaluation and career development opportunities, knowledge hiding behavior in the relationship between superiors and subordinates has an important impact on employees' work attitude and behavior. Although most studies indicate that knowledge hiding has a certain negative impact on employees' innovative work behavior, under specific boundary conditions, knowledge hiding can also bring positive behavioral results through relevant mediation mechanisms. Finally, the paper combs throughthe foreign literature knowledge hidden weakening mechanism. Because knowledge hiding is an organizational phenomenon and knowledge management behavior based on specific antecedent negative emotions, knowledge management willintervene and controlthe recessive knowledge incentive methods such as performance, decrease or even eliminate negative reinforcement of tacit knowledge to reduce its negative effects on the individual, team and organizational level. In addition, as a unique mental model in China, the Doctrine of the Mean depicts the unique inhibitory effect of employees on team knowledge hiding behavior: "they want to fueling others' achievement while achieving their own success". The conservation theory and territorial behavior theory provide a new perspective for recognizing the inhibitory effect of the Doctrine of the Mean in knowledge hiding.#br#In order to provide theoretical reference and practical guidance for in-depth research on the related theory and empirical results of knowledge hiding in China, this paper proposes five development paths for the research of knowledge hiding in China: (1)consolidation the theoretical research on the dimension and measurement of knowledge hiding; (2)in-depth research on triggering conditions and influencing mechanism of knowledge hiding; (3)strengthening the research on the weakening mechanism of knowledge hiding; (4)deepening multi-level knowledge hiding category research; (5)enriching the research methods of knowledge hiding.#br#

Wen Zongchuan,Wang Hui,Wang Kewei,Cui MinJie. The Developmental Logic of Knowledge Hiding: A Literature Review[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(18): 150-160., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022040168.

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25 September 2022, Volume 39 Issue 18

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25 September 2022, Volume 39 Issue 18