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25 July 2022, Volume 39 Issue 14
    

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    Innovation in Science and Technology Management
  • The Impact of Technology Lock-in on Innovation Performance: The Moderating Role of Innovation Models
    Deng Feng,Wang Yifei
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050564
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    With the introduction of advanced technology from overseas, China has achieved economic growth and technology catch-up. But the heavy dependence on external imports has led to core technology bottlenecks. In the government work report in 2021, Premier Li Keqiang proposed "relying on innovation to promote the high-quality development of the real economy, cultivate and expand new momentum, promote the deep integration of scientific and technological innovation and the real economy, and give better play to the role of innovation driven development". In order to promote high-quality innovation and prevent major technological risks, it is essential to effectively identify the existence of technology lock-in effect and master its development and evolution process ; it is also of great guiding significance for the sound operation of technology market and high-quality economic development. To this end the following questions are raised: what effect will technology lock-in have at the macro level? How shoud we do to adjust the negative effect of technology lock-in? Is the technology lock-in effect various for different innovation subjects? By answering these questions, it is of great significance for the correct understanding of the effects of technology lock-in, the further regulation through the mechanism of technological innovation model and the improvement of innovation policies, as well as the further implementation of China's innovation driven development strategy.#br#The existing research mainly focuses on the negative impact of technology lock-in on industrial innovation performance and the theory teself. Among them, the empirical research mainly focuses on China's industries, including high-tech industries, international OEM enterprises, wine industry and carbon locking. It fails to deeply explore the relationship and unlocking mechanism between technology lock-in effect and innovation performance in China's provinces, and there are few empirical studies on unlocking technology locking effect at the macro level.#br#The conclusion of this paper supports the view that technology lock-in effect inhibits innovation performance. According to the adjustment mechanism test, it is found that foreign technology introduction and independent innovation investment in various provinces of China have played a substantive role, that is, technology introduction and independent innovation have significantly positive regulation of the negative effect of technology lock-in effect on innovation performance. In contrast, independent innovation can deeply alleviate the negative effect of technology lock-in. Fund digestion and absorption play a key pivotal role between technology introduction and independent innovation. The three innovation modes form an integrated innovation path and significantly positively regulate the inhibitory effect of technology lock-in on innovation performance. By giving play to the advantages of innovation mode integration, it actively unlocks the negative effect of technology lock-in. Based on the heterogeneity test, it is proved that there is no significant difference in the negative effects of technology lock-in for different subjects of innovation ability, and innovation ability does not significantly affect the inhibitory effect of technology lock-in on innovation performance.#br#By combing and summarizing the relevant literature, this paper finds that existing scholars generally believe that technology lock-in leads to low innovation efficiency. In addition, the existing literature lacks macro data in measuring the technology lock-in indicators of various provinces in China, and it can not reflect the overall technology lock-in effect in China. In contrast this paper makes innovation as follows. It firstly combines with China Statistical Yearbook and China Science and technology statistical yearbook from 2006 to 2019. By calculating the technology inefficiency rate of each province, it describes the technology locking effect of each province in China, and finds that the overall technology locking effect in China has been declining in recent years. Secondly based on the patent data of various provinces in China from 2005 to 2019, this paper examines the impact of technology locking effect on innovation performance of various provinces, and comes to the conclusion that technology locking effect will inhibit innovation performance. The main logic is consistent with the classical literature. Thirdly this paper further tests the technology lock-in heterogeneity effect of different innovation capabilities. Lastly based on the scholars' theoretical analysis of the technology lock-in and unlock mechanism, this paper introduces the technology lock-in adjustment mechanism of innovation mode to test the adjustment effects of technology introduction, digestion and absorption, independent innovation and their comprehensive indicators on the negative effects of technology lock-in.#br#

    Deng Feng,Wang Yifei. The Impact of Technology Lock-in on Innovation Performance: The Moderating Role of Innovation Models[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 1-11., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050564.

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  • Elite or Inclusive？The Impact of Selecting Incubating Enterprises Strictly on Incubation Performance
    Li Hao,Hu Haiqing
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 12-22. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021100227
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    At present, the main contradiction in the development of China's incubators is that the incubation capacity cannot meet the increasing demand for entrepreneurship. If we want to enhance the positive role of entrepreneurial services on the sustainable development of the national entrepreneurial economy, the innovation of the incubation mechanism is inseparable. In order to select more potential start-ups and projects, strict selection of incubating companies has laid a clear and more timely tone for the innovation of the incubation mechanism, and created an opportunity to improve the ability of start-ups to respond to market shocks and change the previous tendency with only focus on the incubation process of start-ups after incubation. In academia, most existing literature mainly test the efficiency of incubation resource allocation and incubation effect by incubating enterprises as a logical starting point, or take incubator role positioning as a representation of the organizational effectiveness of incubators in the process of mining the dual incubation process. While the performance of incubating enterprises has become the preferred explanatory variable by many scholars to demonstrate the above issues, they also ignore a key issue of the impact of the incubation mechanism on the incubation effect. In view of the research dilemma in the existing literature, this research takes strict incubation as the logical starting point for the innovation of the incubation mechanism, to examine its impact on incubation performance, and reveal the above-mentioned differences in economic consequences from the main body of incubator and the screening orientation. At the same time, with the help of entrepreneurial failure inhibition behavior, it clarifies the influence path and mechanism of strict selection of incubating companies. In this way, incubators are guided to strictly select incubating companies and to enhance the ability of start-ups to "turn crisis into opportunity".#br#Based on the above demands, this study adopts an empirical research method combining regression and quasi-natural experiments, revealing the mechanism of strict selection of incubating companies on incubation performance and the impact on institutional context. The empirical results show that firstly there is a nonlinear inverted U-shaped relationship between strict selection of incubating companies and incubation performance. After re-measuring incubation performance by using the total number of patent applied by incubated enterprises in the next incubator, it is confirmed that the research conclusion has good robustness, and there is no significant endogeneity, reverse causality and omitted variable issues. Secondly the interaction between incubator type and strict selection orientation has different effects on strict selection of incubating companies. Before reaching the threshold, in the face of the strict selection mechanism oriented by business model of startup business enterprises and the endowment of entrepreneurs, comprehensive incubators have a more significant promotion effect on incubation performance by improving the strictness of incubation, while professional incubators show a more efficient promotion effect on incubation performance in the strict selection mechanism oriented by technological innovation. Lastly strict selection of incubating companies can improve the impromptu level of startup enterprises while reducing the informal entrepreneurial behavior of startup enterprises. However, in the entrepreneurial failure inhibition behaviors, only entrepreneurial improvisation has a partial mediating effect on the path of strict selection of incubating companies affecting incubation performance. At the same time, after the reform of streamlining administration and delegating powers, the relationship between strict selection of incubating companies and entrepreneurship improvisation has been strengthened, and after the implementation of the punishment system for dishonesty, the relationship between strict selection of incubating companies and informal entrepreneurship has also been strengthened.#br#This stduty investigates the economic consequences of strict selection of incubating companies, expands innovative research on incubation mechanisms in the incubation process, and provides theoretical support for the implementation of the elite incubation concept. Moreover, the exploration of the value of strict selection orientation and incubator compatibility provides practical basis for the design of strict selection of incubating companies mechanism. Thirdly through the embedment of institutional context and the introduction of entrepreneurial failure inhibitory behavior, it reveals the influence path of strict incubation, and provides a new basis for judging the effectiveness of current policies. All in all, both the study and judgment of the economic consequences of strict selection of incubating companies and the excavation of its mechanism of action are a dialectical and attempt to prepare for the new development and new concept of entrepreneurial economy. The conclusion not only provides inspiration for the reform and transformation of incubators in the background of China's system and high-quality development strategy, but also provides a unique Chinese contribution to the integration of entrepreneurial failure theory and incubation mechanism.#br#

    Li Hao,Hu Haiqing. Elite or Inclusive？The Impact of Selecting Incubating Enterprises Strictly on Incubation Performance[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 12-22., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021100227.

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    • Regional Scientific Development
  • Evaluation on the Enterprise Transformation and Upgrading of National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone Based on RJVs: An Empirical Analysis of 1827 Listed Companies from 2016 to 2020
    Ma Zongguo,Fan Xueai
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 23-33. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021120051
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    Since Zhong Guancun was approved by the State Council to establish the first National Innovation Demonstration Zone（NIDZ）in 2009, after 13 years of development and construction, NIDZs have become the pioneer and experimental zones to drive the high-quality development of innovation in China. Enterprises in NIDZ are in the leading position of regional innovation development, and they are expected to take the lead in completing the transformation and upgrading.However, there are problems in the development of NIDZ, such as the low position of the innovation chain and the imperfect connection of the industrial chain. These problems seriously hinder the rapid development of enterprises in NIDZ, andthere is an urgent need of new development ideas. The collaborative paradigm of a research joint ventures (RJVs) with important features such as collaborative R&D, multi-dimensional competition, sharing of results and high matching has explored a new path to collaborative R&D and reduce the waste of resources for the transformation and upgrading of enterprises in NIDZ. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the transformation and upgrading capabilities of enterprises in NIDZ based on the perspective of RJVs.
    There are two research methods in this study. The first method of multi-case study is used to root out the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing enterprises in NIDZ to obtain the factors influencing the transformation and upgrading capacity of enterprises in NIDZ. Then on the basis of constructing an evaluation index system for the transformation and upgrading of enterprises in NIDZ from the perspective of RJVs, the AHP-entropy weight combination empowerment model is used to evaluate the 1 827 A-share manufacturing enterprises in NIDZ from 2016 to 2020 about the transformation and upgrading capabilities.
    Firstly, according to the CSMAR databasethe study obtains all A-share listed companies classified as manufacturing in the 2012 version of the China Securities Regulatory Commission from 2016 to 2020. Then it matches all enterprises with NIDZ one-to-one according to the registered address of the company through manual screening. Only the sample of listed companies within the required range was retained, companies with missing data of the main variables were excluded, and finally 1 827 listed companies in the A-share manufacturing industry were obtained as the research samples.
    The research conclusions of this paper are as follows. (1) The comprehensive index of enterprise transformation and upgrading in NIDZ is generally low. The level of enterprise transformation and upgrading has a large room for improvement.（2）There is still a big gap in the level of transformation, upgrading and development of enterprises in Eastern, Central and Western NIDZ, and the development gap is gradually widening. （3）There is no obvious difference in the level of enterprise transformation and upgrading between the northern and southern NIDZ. Due to the predominance of manufacturing industries, the southern NIDZ has a slightly higher level of transformation and upgrading of enterprises. （4）R&D innovation synergy is the main factor affecting the transformation of enterprises in NIDZ.
    This study makes the following innovations. （1）Based on the characteristics that RJVs can drive enterprises in NIDZ to develop upstream in the value chain, this study construct an evaluation system for the transformation and upgrading capabilities of enterprises in NIDZ from the perspective of RJVs.（2）By taking root in the cases of enterprises in the demonstration zone that have achieved good results in transformation and upgrading at the current stage, we can identify the influencing factors that affect the transformation and upgrading capabilities of enterprises in NIDZ. Based on the perspective of RJVs, a theoretical analysis framework for improving the transformation and upgrading capabilities of enterprises in NIDZ is constructed.This can not only enrich the research content of NIDZ, but also provide new theoretical support for the research on the transformation and upgrading of enterprises in NIDZ. （3）Using the AHP-entropy weight combination weighting model, we evaluate the transformation and upgrading capabilities of enterprises in NIDZ and propose targeted development countermeasures based on typical cases and domestic and foreign experience.

    Ma Zongguo,Fan Xueai. Evaluation on the Enterprise Transformation and Upgrading of National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone Based on RJVs: An Empirical Analysis of 1827 Listed Companies from 2016 to 2020[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 23-33., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021120051.

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  • Target Constraints of Local Scientific and Technological Innovation, Fiscal Scientific and Technological Expenditure and Urban Innovation
    Xu Jianbin,Li Ruixiao,Lan Weiqin
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 34-43. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021110722
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    Innovation is the first driving force for achieving high-quality economic development and sustainable growth. The city is the space carrier of innovation activities, and the urban innovation system is an important part of the national innovation system. Therefore, it will help to enhance the overall national innovation strength by improving the urban innovation ability.In the context of Chinese decentralization, local governments have full autonomy of fiscal expenditure. As an important subject in the construction of urban innovation system, local government is a key link to guide and support innovation activities. Fiscal expenditure on science and technology which can directly improve the innovation investment level of the whole society is the basic means for local governments to participate in the construction of urban innovation system. With the deepening and implementation of the innovation driven development strategy, the assessment contents of officials by the central government have also changed significantly. GDP and other indicators of economic development speed are gradually replaced by indicators reflecting the quality of development such as scientific and technological innovation. As a result, the competition for growth between local governments around economic development has gradually been changed into a competition for innovation around fiscal expenditure on science and technology. Local officials tend to set scientific and technological innovation goals to present positive ability signals andloyalty to their superiors. In view of this, this paper empirically examines the impact of local scientific and technological innovation goal constraints on urban innovation and its impact mechanism.#br#The study draws the following conclusions. Firstly among the three types of local scientific and technological innovation objectives, only the innovation input objective constraints can significantly promote the improvement of urban innovation level, and the impact of innovation output objective constraints and innovation enterprise objective constraints on urban innovation is not significant. Secondly the impact of local scientific and technological innovation target constraints on urban innovation is realized through fiscal expenditure on science and technology. It can significantly promote the improvement of fiscal expenditure on science and technology, and then promote the improvement of urban innovation level by setting innovation investment target constraints by local governments. Thirdly there is regional heterogeneity in the impact of local innovation investment target constraints on urban innovation. Specifically, in the eastern region, the target constraint of innovation investment significantly promotes the improvement of urban innovation level, but has no significant impact on the central and western regions. Lastly the impact of innovation investment intensity target on urban innovation has a threshold effect. When the target of innovation investment intensity is higher than 2.8%, it will significantly inhibit the improvement of urban innovation level.#br#The policy implications of this paper are as follows.(1) The local governments should give priority to setting innovation investment targets. According to the government work reports of 280 cities in 2019, there are 176 cities setting the goal of innovative enterprises, and it is far greater than the number of innovation investment goals. In order to improve the level of urban innovation, local governments should give priority to setting innovation investment targets.(2) When setting the goal of scientific and technological innovation, local governments should fully consider the geographical location. Specifically, local governments in the central and western regions still focus on "competition for growth", which is not suitable for setting innovation investment targets. The eastern region has regional advantages, stronger government innovation preference and richer financial resources, which is more suitable for setting innovation investment targets.（3）Local governments need to further increase the proportion of fiscal expenditure on science and technology. According to the statistical bulletin of national science and technology investment in 2019, China's R&D investment intensity is 2.23%. Although it has reached a record high, it still lags the scientific and technological powers such as the United States (2.83%) and Japan (3.26%). Therefore, it is necessary to continue to increase financial support and give full play to the promotion and guiding role of fiscal expenditure on the R & D investment of the whole society. (4) When setting specific innovation investment intensity targets, local governments should balance the relationship between scientific and technological innovation targets and other targets such as economic growth targets, residents' employment targets and residents' income targets, reasonably control financial resources, and then improve the use efficiency of financial resources.#br#

    Xu Jianbin,Li Ruixiao,Lan Weiqin. Target Constraints of Local Scientific and Technological Innovation, Fiscal Scientific and Technological Expenditure and Urban Innovation[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 34-43., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021110722.

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  • The Effect of Science and Technology Innovation and Government Collaborative Governance in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Science and Technology Parks
    Chen Xudong,Wang Yu,Li Simeng
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 44-51. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021110212
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    Reports of the 19th National Congress of CPC points out that China's economy has stepped into high-quality development from high-speed growth. Innovation serves as the driving force of high-quality development, in which we must give full play to the supporting and leading role of scientific and technological innovation. We should enrich and improve original development strategy, and emphasize the establishment of efficient mechanism for regional coordinated development while continuing to implement regional development strategy. Governments are seeking cross-regional collaborative governance, and the joint governance structure is gradually taking shape. Coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei has become a typical example of cooperative governance by local governments and a new growth for promoting regional development and innovating development mode. Cooperation of science and technology parks help to promote the sharing of science and technology resource and enhance their competitiveness. Since the synergy strategy was carried out, governments of the three places have strived to promote innovation and collaborative governance in terms of policy synergy, industrial cooperation and innovation synergy, valued scientific and technological cooperation and resource allocation among the three regions.#br#As a key part in collaborative governance, the government regulates collaborative governance through management and leadership to ensure its orderly operation. Therefore, collaborative governance ability of the government is one of the core issues concerned by current scholars. However, the problems revealed by Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei governments in the coordination process of science and technology parks, such as the rationality of innovation resources and talent allocation, innovation output, and the consistency of the flow and sharing of science and technology resources, which reflects the deficiencies in coordinated governance by the three local governments. Therefore, this paper focuses on the innovation synergy of science and technology parks of the three areas. By exploring the interaction mechanism between cross-regional governance and science and technology park synergy, this paper measures the innovation synergy of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei national science and technology parks from 2014 to 2019 by using synergetic degree model of composite system method from an empirical perspective, and looks for the problems existing in cooperative governance between governments in China.#br#The results show that from 2014 to 2019, the order degree and coordination degree of the innovation system in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei science and technology parks have been increasing on the whole, which proves that the order degree and coordination degree of innovation coordination in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei science and technology parks have been improving year by year. However, due to insufficient driving effect of Zhong Guan Cun science park, Beijing, serious administrative system barriers and differences in resource endowments among the three regions, it is difficult for industrial transfer being completed in the park with inadequte market vitality, which leads to the lack of medium and high coordination among the three regions.#br#In order to speed up the scientific and technological innovation and improve collaborative governance in the three regions, the governments need to abandon traditional administrative concept, and gradually adapt in the continuous cooperation. However, the change of ideology is the prerequisite for the realization of trans-regional cooperation. Meanwhile the government should give full play to the intermediary force, build and improve the coordination and linkage mechanism among the local governments. It is also vital to form trans-regional cooperative governance mode and benefit sharing mechanism, constantly improve the coordination and innovation capacity and form large-scale industrial clusters to enhance the supporting capacity of collaborative innovation. This paper constructs an evaluation index system for the innovation synergy system of science and technology parks in three regions, and provides feasible strategies for improving collaborative governance among Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei governments and promoting regional economic development, which will help to achieve the strategic goal of collaborative development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, continue to promote in depth the coordination of the three regions, and enrich researches on cross-regional governance in China.#br#

    Chen Xudong,Wang Yu,Li Simeng. The Effect of Science and Technology Innovation and Government Collaborative Governance in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Science and Technology Parks[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 44-51., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021110212.

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  • The Impact of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations on Green Technology Innovation Efficiency and Its Spatio-Temporal Transition in China
    Luo Qian,Zhuang Yuan,Gu Xiaoyan,Zhang Lina
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 52-62. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021080048
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    As an emerging field in the new round of industrial revolution and scientific competitiveness, green technological innovation is an important support for China's high-quality economic development. It is conducive to the sustainable economic and social development by guiding the environmental regulation policies to promote the green technology innovation efficiency (GTIE). Compared with the input indicators of labor, capital and material resources, heterogeneous environmental regulation policies are characterized by longer regulation cycle and greater difficulty. Therefore, this study regards heterogeneous environmental regulations comprised of command-and-control, market-based and voluntary as uncontrollable variables, and incorporates them into the theoretical framework of the input-output analysis. The study constructs a slack-based measure-data envelopment analysis (SBM-DEA) model with considering uncontrollable variables from a dynamic framework. It is used to measure the GTIE with /without considering the impact of environmental regulations. Furthermore, this paper reveals the spatio-temporal differences of the GTIE with/without considering environmental regulations by analyzing its dynamic evolution characteristics and spatio-temporal transition path of the GTIE.#br#The impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on the GTIE and its spatio-temporal transition in China from 2011 to 2018 by using a dynamic SBM-DEA model with considering uncontrollable variables are revealed as follows. (1) Heterogeneous environmental regulations have a positive impact on China's GTIE during 2001-2018, and there is regional heterogeneity in the impact degree. The regulation policy in the eastern region play a more effective role of market mechanism and public supervision. The regulation policy in the central and western regions play a better role of government regulation. Therefore, it is suggested to further strengthen the market-oriented allocation of factors for driving the improvement of the GTIE, eliminate the non-environmentally friendly factors in the process of factor allocation, and form a good internal and external environment for promoting the upgrading of green technology innovation ability. (2) In typical years comprised of 2001, 2005, 2006, 2010, 2011, 2015, 2016 and 2018, the spatio-temporal evolution of the GTIE with/without considering environmental regulations was characterized by the continuous optimization and the narrowing of spatial differences. This is why this paper suggests that the provincial and regional governments should continue to improve the construction of public participation in environmental protection systems, promote the long-term sustainability of the effectiveness of public participation in environmental regulation tools, such as regular disclosure of environmental information and the expanding of the scope of environmental litigation. (3) For improving the balanced and efficient development of green technological innovation in China, it is necessary to formulate relevant strategies to narrow the north-south regional differences of green innovation development. Therefore, policy makers should make reasonable use of the industrial development time difference between the eastern and western regions and between the northern and southern regions to promote green production transformation step by step. In this process, the central region should lead the urban agglomeration to carry out technological collaborative innovation, strengthen the whole process management, reduce pollutant emissions, promote green and clean production of enterprises ，the comprehensive collaborative green transformation ，upgrading of regional industrial structure.#br#The theoretical contribution of this paper is to regard heterogeneous environmental regulations as uncontrollable variables, and construct a dynamic SBM-DEA model with considering uncontrollable variables. The impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on the GTIE are highlighted. Meanwhile, the practical contribution is to reveal the spatial and temporal differences in the direction and degree of impact of heterogeneous environmental regulations on the GTIE in China. Based on this, the study puts forward the improvement strategy of differentiated technology innovation, environmental regulation strategy and industrial green development strategy. The only two flies in the ointment are that, from the perspective of measurement method, this paper does not open the black box of green technology innovation process; while from the perspective of quantization of measure indicators, some applicant data cannot be identified when using Python to identify and filter patent abstracts to classify them by year and region. Based on these deficiencies, a more in-depth study can be done to divide the process of green technology innovation into a three-stage series structure comprised of green technology development, green technology achievement transformation and environmental governance. Future efforts can be paid to construct a multi-stage dynamic SBM-DEA model with considering uncontrollable variables to improve the accuracy and richness of the measurement results. It is also suggested to make use of platforms to conduct in-depth identification and analysis of unidentifiable texts, such as Aiqicha, Tianyan and SiPO-Patent Search, so as to further improve the statistical quality of green patent data.#br#

    Luo Qian,Zhuang Yuan,Gu Xiaoyan,Zhang Lina. The Impact of Heterogeneous Environmental Regulations on Green Technology Innovation Efficiency and Its Spatio-Temporal Transition in China[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 52-62., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021080048.

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    • Industrial Technological Progress
  • Technological Demand and Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Innovation:the Oriented Empowerment Mechanism of Digital Economy
    Song Peng,Zeng Jingwei,Meng Fansheng
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 63-72. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010108
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    Intelligent manufacturing technological innovation is the key driving force to continuously promote the high-quality development of manufacturing industry. How to strengthen the intelligent manufacturing technological innovation is an essential theoretical problem to be solved urgently in industrial innovation policy formulation and the integration of digitization and intelligence. Based on the demand pull theory of technological innovation, this paper studies the relationship between the intelligent manufacturing technology demand and the different oriented technological innovation, and deeply analyzes the empowerment mechanism of digital economy on intelligent manufacturing technological innovation.
    Based on the classical demand pull theory of technological innovation, from the perspective of market orientation and non-market orientation, this paper discusses the impact mechanism of technology demand and digital economy on the input and output of intelligent manufacturing technological innovation under the non-market orientation and the market orientation. The technological demand of intelligent manufacturing is divided into labor substitution demand and efficiency improvement demand and the influence hypotheses of technological demand on input-output is put forward.In the input stage, the relationship between labor substitution demand and intelligent manufacturing technology innovation investment is inverted U-shaped, and the demand for efficiency improvement has a positive impact on the input level. In the output stage, the demand for labor substitution and efficiency improvement has an indirect impact on the output of market oriented and non-market oriented technological innovation by the mediating effect of input. Beside, digital economy has a positive regulatory effect on the influence path between input and market oriented and non-market oriented technological innovation output. Based on the research hypothesis, an input-output two-stage econometric model is constructed to verify the hypotheses. 282 valid samples were collected. The index data sources include public data such as China Labor Statistics Yearbook, China Industrial Statistics Yearbook and digital China Index report, as well as databases such as CSMAR, wind and EPS. The Stata 15.0 statistical analysis software is used to estimate the parameters of econometric model. After verifying the hypotheses, the samples were grouped according to property rights and tested for robustness of the models.
    The empirical study finds that the demand for efficiency improvement is positively correlated with the input level of intelligent manufacturing technological innovation. The impact of labor substitution demand input is related to government R&D subsidies. In the case of high subsidies, the impact of labor cost on enterprises’ input for intelligent manufacturing technological innovation is not significant. When the subsidies are low, the labor cost is inverted U related to the input for intelligent manufacturing technological innovation, that is, the excessive demand for labor substitution will have a crowding out effect on the input for intelligent manufacturing technology innovation. Between the two stages of input-output, the technological demand for intelligent manufacturing plays a driving role, which is mediated by the enterprises’ input for technological innovation, for the output of intelligent manufacturing technological innovation. Specifically, the hypotheses of mediating mechanism is partially established under the non-market orientation. As a complete mediator, the input of intelligent manufacturing technological innovation only forms the pulling mechanism of efficiency improvement demand on innovation output. However, technological input plays partial mediation under the market orientation. The technological demand for intelligent manufacturing, which includes labor substitution and efficiency improvement, not only forms a pulling effect on the economic benefits of enterprise technological innovation through the mediation of R&D input, but also can directly affect the economic benefits. The test of the moderated mediation model found that digital economy empowerment positively regulates the output of intelligent manufacturing technological innovation under market orientation, but it does not empower non-market oriented technological innovation. The robustness test found that in terms of intelligent manufacturing technological innovation, state-owned enterprises pay more attention to the output of patent achievements and assume more leading role in the development of intelligent manufacturing technology. The technological innovation of non-state-owned enterprises pays more attention to improving the economic benefits of innovation achievements according to the actual market demand of intelligent technology.
    This study provides theoretical support for policy-making by exploring the influence mechanism of technology demand on intelligent manufacturing technological innovation in the current situation of the relative lack of the intelligent manufacturing innovation policy in demand side. In addition, the orientation characteristics of the digital economy empowerment effect on intelligent manufacturing technological innovation refines the theoretical research on the innovation effect of digital economy.

    Song Peng,Zeng Jingwei,Meng Fansheng. Technological Demand and Intelligent Manufacturing Technology Innovation:the Oriented Empowerment Mechanism of Digital Economy[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 63-72., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2022010108.

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  • An Analysis of the Industrialization Path of Key Core Technologies of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Energy Conversion
    Sun Liwen,Li Shaoshuai,Sun Yang
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 73-82. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021080850
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    It is of strategic significance to explore the industrialization path of key core technologies of artificial intelligence for developing the digital economy, promoting digital transformation and building an innovative country in the background of new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial revolution. Artificial intelligence technology has made great progress and some key core technologies have gradually broken through application threshold and entered the stage of industrial application. However, industrialization of artificial intelligence technology is still in the early stage of development, so the industrialization path is not completely clear, and the commercial value of artificial intelligence is difficult to be fully released. The academic circles have conducted a series of discussions on technology industrialization using patent data, literature data, and R&D data from the perspective of technology transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements, but the existing research can′t meet the actual needs of the highly complex and interrelated artificial intelligence technology industrialization. This paper classifies the complex energy flow process of ecosystem operation from the perspective of energy conversion, hoping to provide new perspective for research on the industrialization path of key core technologies of artificial intelligence.#br#This paper selects data from 2000 to 2020, and a total of 7 811 patent documents related to artificial intelligence were retrieved and sorted out in the DII database. Based on the specific co-occurrence situation with reference to the standard system framework in the White Paper on Artificial Intelligence Standardization (2018), the 239 technical keywords of artificial intelligence are further extracted, which is adapted to the existing clustering results, and finally this paper draws the artificial intelligence core technology network map.#br#The results show that the industrialization path of artificial intelligence core technology has characteristics of energy conversion. Technological innovation energy, catalytic energy, commercial conversion energy and business shape energy constitute the core link of energy conversion, which determines specific process of the path of technology industrialization. The key core technologies of artificial intelligence include eight technical fields such as machine learning, computer vision, and natural language processing. The core technologies of different attributes constitutes the corresponding technology clusters, forming a technological industrialization path with the themes of "identification", "interaction" and "execution". The attribute of technology cluster is a key factor that affects the path of technology industrialization.#br#This paper reveals that the industrialization of artificial intelligence core technology is not equal to a simple technology transfer and routine replication, but a cumulative practice process of a series of complementary innovations and specialized technology systems, as well as a process of energy gathering and transformation. Managers should focus on technology clusters composed of multiple core technologies, and promote collaborative innovation among technologies by innovating R&D models and optimizing internal structures. It is necessary to keep exploring and cultivating powerful technological innovation energy, catalytic breeding energy, commercial transformation energy and business format shaping energy, so as to support the implementation of industrialization path of core artificial intelligence technologies. Managers should expand energy conversion channels from multiple perspectives to improve energy conversion efficiency. It is necessary to explore more novel and reasonable energy conversion methods such as technology incubation and technology empowerment from the perspective of technological innovation to maximize the overall value. It is also essential to improve the rationality of value matching and innovative human-machine collaboration methods from the perspective of scene application.#br#

    Sun Liwen,Li Shaoshuai,Sun Yang. An Analysis of the Industrialization Path of Key Core Technologies of Artificial Intelligence from the Perspective of Energy Conversion[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 73-82., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021080850.

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    • Enterprise Innovation Management
  • Firms' Innovation Tendency, Absorptive Capacity and Innovation Performance in Boundary-spanning Technological Mergers& Acquisitions:a Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis
    Wang Fang,Zhang Xiaotian,Wang Wanqiu,Gao Ya
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 83-93. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020470
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    In recent years, it has become increasingly common for enterprises to seek value breakthroughs by industrial integration or cross-border development in economy transformation and upgrading. Boundary-spanning technology M&A are effective means for enterprises to cross borders, and they have become a new feature of M&A. In boundary-spanning technology M&A, technology is usually an important focus for the host enterprise. Therefore, this study centers on the boundary-spanning technology M&A which is defined as a M&A of the principal merging party targeting a firm that spans its own technology or product area.
    The most important concern of boundary-spanning technology M&A is whether a company can promote innovation performance through M&A, and the key to innovation performance improvement lies in the integration of the resources acquired through M&A. Due to the cross-domain nature of outsourced technical knowledge, the integration of resources after boundary-spanning technology M&A is more uncontrollable than that in technology M&A, and the absorptive capacity of the host firm is also more demanding. In boundary-spanning technology M&A, the absorptive capacity of the host company plays a role in the interaction with the company's ambidextrous innovation tendency, the external technological environment and many other factors. The only way for an enterprise to effectively absorb and integrate knowledge from outside the "realm" and achieve leapfrogging of innovation activities is to consider the match between its context and its own absorptive capacity.This paper applies the absorption theory and proposes an integrated analytical framework for realizing the innovation performance of boundary-spanning technology M&A firms based on the external technological environment and the ambidextrous innovation tendency of the firms. It adopts the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) and takes the boundary-spanning technology mergers and acquisitions of listed companies in stock markets of Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2007 to 2015 as a sample to investigate what kind of absorptive capacity needs to be built to match a firm's innovation tendency in order to achieve high innovation performance in a complex external technological environment.
    Three high innovation performance constructs are found. First, in a situation with abundant external technological resources and a tendency to exploit innovation, if a firm has a high potential absorptive capacity, it can achieve high innovation performance without emphasizing real absorptive transformation capacity; if there is a shortage of potential absorptive capacity, it can compensate for the shortage of potential absorptive capacity by increasing real absorptive capacity to achieve high innovation performance. Second, under the circumstances of abundant external technological resources and exploratory innovation tendency, it is very important for boundary-spanning technology M&A firms to have a diversified technological base, and high innovation performance can be achieved even without high realistic absorption and conversion investment intensity. Third, under the situation where external technological resources are not abundant, the chances of achieving technological breakthroughs are small, and high innovation performance can only be achieved by strengthening the realistic absorptive capacity to digest external technologies under the exploitative innovation tendency. The results further confirm that in boundary-spanning technology M&A, there is a differential matching relationship between the external technological environment of the merging firms, the ambidextrous innovation tendency and the different dimensions of their absorptive capacity; there is a certain substitution between the potential absorptive capacity and the actual absorptive capacity; the breadth of technological base and the intensity of absorption investment are relatively important for improving innovation performance. In addition, in terms of the external environment, rich external technological resources are one of the important conditions for boundary-spanning technology M&A firms to produce high innovation performance; in terms of internal strategies, boundary-spanning technology M&A firms are more likely to adopt an exploitative innovation tendency to achieve high innovation performance.
    This study extends the absorptive capacity theory and provides an integrated verification of the absorptive capacity theory. The results further develop the research content related to the value realization of boundary-spanning technology M&A and enrich the empirical evidence in the field of boundary-spanning technology M&A. This study provides empirical evidence for enterprises to comprehensively examine the environment, formulate a reasonable innovation strategy and focus on developing absorptive capacity before boundary-spanning technology M&A to ensure the improvement of innovation performance. It also provides ideas for enterprises to fill in the gaps and provides a reference for enterprises with different characteristics to make boundary-spanning technology M&A decisions.

    Wang Fang,Zhang Xiaotian,Wang Wanqiu,Gao Ya. Firms' Innovation Tendency, Absorptive Capacity and Innovation Performance in Boundary-spanning Technological Mergers& Acquisitions:a Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 83-93., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020470.

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  • Policy Support, Entrepreneurial Passion and Success of Technological Entrepreneurship:The Moderating Effect of Policy Perception
    Xu Chenglei,Zhang Chao,Guo Kai,Liu Hongqin
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 94-104. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120499
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    In recent years, the impact of policy support on entrepreneurial outcomes has become an important and widely-concerned topic in entrepreneurial behavior research. However, the previous empirical results on the impact of policies on the success of technology entrepreneurship are relatively rare. Based on this, this study focuses on technology entrepreneurs, a special entrepreneurial group and the impact of policy support on the success of technology entrepreneurship. By analyzing the characteristics of technological entrepreneurial activities and the attributes of technological entrepreneurs, this study re-analyzes the success of technological entrepreneurial activities and its influencing factors. The constructed theoretical model systematically explores whether policy support affects, how it affects, and under what circumstances it will more significantly affect the success of technological entrepreneurship. It can further enrich and improve the research on the influence mechanism of policy support on entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial outcomes, and also provides a theoretical basis for the participation of stakeholders in technological entrepreneurship in decision-making. #br#Through empirical testing of 291 survey data of technological entrepreneurs, it is found that policy support enhances the possibility of technological entrepreneurship success through direct and indirect support; entrepreneurial passion take an intermediary role between policy support and technological entrepreneurship, that is, policy support activates technological entrepreneurs' entrepreneurial passion such as positive emotions and identity recognition, and the activated entrepreneurial passion will increase the probability of successful technological entrepreneurship; policy perception enhances the positive impact of policy support on the success of technological entrepreneurship, and at the same time strengthens the positive effect of policy support on entrepreneurial passion In this way, it adjusts the mediating role of entrepreneurial passion, and there are significant differences in the mediating role of entrepreneurial passion at different policy perception levels. When policy perception is high, the policy perception which refers to the mediating role of entrepreneurial passion for government support and the success of technological entrepreneurship, strengthens government support through the indirect influence of entrepreneurial passion on the success of technological entrepreneurship.#br#This study incorporates the emotional motivation of technological entrepreneurs into the measurement of technological entrepreneurship results, reveals the transfer process from emotional motivation to entrepreneurial results, and compensates for the current mainstream situation which uses objective indicators to evaluate technological entrepreneurial results while ignoring emotional motivation. By integrating three perspective factors of external environment, individual level, and organizational level, this study explores the relationship between policy support as an external environmental factor and technological entrepreneurial success as an organization-level outcome variable, and introduces entrepreneurial passion as an individual-level intermediary variable and policy perception as an organizational-level regulatory variable. The study breaks through the limitation of considering only a single-level variable factor in previous studies, and strengthens the scientific nature of the hypothetical model. #br#Meanwhile, there are some limitations on the questionnaire samples, for they are from technology start-ups in Yunnan Province, and the scope is relatively limited. Future research can expand the scope of sample collection to highlight the characteristics and commonalities of policy support and technology start-ups in different regions, and enhance the representativeness of research results. In addition, the role of policy support on entrepreneurial success has a certain time lag, and there are large dynamic changes in various variables. Therefore, future research can conduct a longitudinal survey to make timing analysis for each stage, so as to improve the reliability of research conclusions. Finally, the success of entrepreneurship is closely related to the status of enterprise resources. Due to the special identity of technology entrepreneurs, there are contradictions between local spillover and overall imbalance in entrepreneurial resources. Considering that the dynamic adjustment of resource integration is helpful to reconcile the above contradictions and improve entrepreneurial performance, future research can explore how the integration of Technology entrepreneurial resources affects entrepreneurial performance. Finally future research can explore the interaction and boundary conditions between the external policy support of enterprises and the renewal of internal organizational practices.#br#

    Xu Chenglei,Zhang Chao,Guo Kai,Liu Hongqin. Policy Support, Entrepreneurial Passion and Success of Technological Entrepreneurship:The Moderating Effect of Policy Perception[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 94-104., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120499.

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  • Network Embeddedness，Green Dynamic Ability and Green Innovation:based on the Moderating Effect of Environmental Regulation and Managers' Environmental Attention
    Xing Liyun,Yu Huixin,Ren Xiangwei
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 105-113. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010559
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    The problems of resource shortage, environmental deterioration and ecological imbalance caused by extensive economic development have been increasingly severe. It has become the basic requirement of social sustainable development to change the traditional mode of production with high energy consumption and high pollution and actively promoting low carbon, green and circular economy. It is inevitable for enterprises to obtain economic benefits and enhance competitive advantage. Green innovation introduces ecological ideas into technological innovative activities with the characteristics of systematic complexity and high situational dependence. Under the background of open economy, it is difficult to effectively carry out green innovation only by relying on the accumulation of the organization's own resources. Enterprises need to break through the organizational boundary to obtain the heterogeneous resources necessary for innovation. It can comprehensively improve the innovative ability of enterprises through efficient reconstruction and allocation. By this way, enterprises can realize the high-quality development in the benign interaction with cooperative members. Therefore, it has become an important way by embedding in external cooperation network for enterprises to obtain various innovative resources, enhance self-innovation ability andsuccessfully carry out green innovation. However, at present, scholars mainly focus on the effect of external environmental pressure, ignoring the impact of social cooperation network.
    Following the logical chain of “embeddedness-capability-behavior”, this paper integrates the theory of network embeddedness, resource base theory, higher order theory and institutional theory in order to explore the influence of network embeddedness on green innovation of enterprises and to further analyze its internal mechanism. And the mediating role of green dynamic ability and the moderating role of environmental regulation and managers' environmental attention are further investigated. This study uses questionnaire survey to obtain sample data. The research objects are manufacturing enterprises mainly from Shandong, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Tianjin, Hebei and other provinces and cities. The confidentiality and research purpose of the questionnaire are attached at the beginning of the questionnaire to ensure the reliability of the data. The survey time is from September to December 2019. Questionnaires with repeated options and more missing values are excluded. It took four months to distribute questionnaires to 939 enterprises, and 498 valid questionnaires are collected with effective rate of 53.03%. This paper uses the method of multiple regression analysis and structural equation model to test the hypotheses.
    The results show that structural embeddedness and relational embeddedness play a significant positive role in promoting green innovation. And green dynamic ability plays an intermediary role between structural embeddedness, relational embeddedness and green innovation. Furthermore, environmental regulation and managers' environmental attention positively moderate the relationship between green dynamic ability and green innovation respectively.
    The main contributions and conclusions of this paper are as follows. (1) Based on the perspective of social network, this paper expands the analysis boundary of green innovation by constructing theoretical model of network embeddedness on green innovation. In the era of knowledge economy, enterprises should make extensive contact with outside organizations, strive to occupy favorable position of social network, and establish reciprocal cooperating relations with partners. These are helpful for enterprises to obtain high-quality scarce resources, stimulate innovative thinking and carry out green innovation. (2) This paper explores the intermediary effect of green dynamic ability between network embeddedness and green innovation. It complements and perfects the existing research results of network theory. Structural embeddedness and relational embeddedness are important ways and sources to improve the ability of green resources acquisition and integration. They can create opportunities and conditions for enterprises to search, obtain, allocate and reorganize green resources, which is beneficial to adopt new environmental technologies and products. (3) This paper clarifies the boundary of the influence of dynamic ability on green innovation, and it expounds the applicable situation of dynamic ability theory. Situational variables are important factors for enterprises to make strategic behavior choices. When facing strict external environmental policies, enterprises with strong green dynamic ability are more likely to obtain scarce resources and realize technological innovation through optimization and reorganization. In addition, when managers pay more attention to environmental issues, they are more likely to perceive potential market opportunities and obtain relevant information. Therefore, enterprises with strong green dynamic ability are more likely to carry out green innovation.

    Xing Liyun,Yu Huixin,Ren Xiangwei. Network Embeddedness，Green Dynamic Ability and Green Innovation:based on the Moderating Effect of Environmental Regulation and Managers' Environmental Attention[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 105-113., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010559.

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    • Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
  • Scientific and Technological Governance in the Construction of Digital Society and Its Legal Guarantee
    Liu Hua,Liu Xiuhua,Yang Jiwen
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 114-121. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.C202106095
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    In recent years, scientific and technological governance in the construction of digital society has attracted the attention of many scholars, but most of them are relatively scattered when analyzing the problems and there is no systematic science and technology governance system. The construction of science and technology governance system and the improvement of science and technology governance ability are affected by various factors. China is in the process of building a digital society. The emergence of new technologies and new business modes such as big data, artificial intelligence and blockchain shows that there has been a qualitative leap in information science and technology development, and the resulting social contradictions are gradually diversified and complicated. Social governance are full of twists and turns, presenting the characteristics of complexity and modernity. In the era of digital age, it is the due meaning of realizing the modernization of national governance system and promoting governance ability by the innovative development of scientific and technological governance system. The construction of digital society is the inevitable requirement of the times, and the construction of scientific and technological governance system has become an urgent problem accordingly.#br#At the requirements of "responding to the rule of law" and the social demand for law, this paper re-examines the defects of the existing legal system. Aiming to realize the practice of science and technology governance by improving the relevant legislation of science and technology governance procedures and mechanisms, it analyzes a series of problems existing in science and technology governance in digital society construction of China at the present stage, such as the absence of scientific and technological governance supervision, the single scope of power subjects, the conflict with the protection of individual rights in scientific and technological innovation and development, and the unclear authority among various governance subjects. This paper puts forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions from four aspects: supervision, subject, right and power. On the regulatory level,the joint role of legal supervision and social supervision should be strengthened and the external regulatory role of news media, individual citizens and social organizations should be given full play. On the subject level, a collaborative governance model of all parties should be established and the two forms of "government rule" and "expert rule" in science and technology governance should be abandoned. A collaborative governance model of all parties could be built to encourage the public to participate in science and technology evaluation and decision-making, so as to make science and technology research and innovation move towards a new model of democratic governance. On the right level, the right attribute of personal data in the construction of digital society should be defined so that the conflicts between the development of scientific and technological innovation and the protection of personal rights can be solved. On the power level, the governance subjects should be empowered. If the division of power and responsibility among government departments, scientific research experts and the public in the practice of science and technology governance is clarified and the boundary of governance behavior authority between governance subjects is clear, excessive or inadequate government power can be avoided, which shall promote the realization of science and technology governance objectives.#br#Based on the concept of responsive rule of law, this paper realizes the construction of response rule of law system for science and technology governance in digital society. The research findings of this paper have guiding significance for the practice of rule of law in China. Firstly, the research on science and technology governance at present is still in an initial stage. The research countermeasures of this paper provides the direction for the systematic construction of science and technology governance. Secondly, it provides specific solutions for the practice of science and technology governance. With the innovation and development of science and technology, we need to constantly improve and adjust the governance system and science and technology governance measures, and finally achieve the goal of improving the overall governance efficiency.#br#

    Liu Hua,Liu Xiuhua,Yang Jiwen. Scientific and Technological Governance in the Construction of Digital Society and Its Legal Guarantee[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 114-121., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.C202106095.

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  • The Change and Prospect of China's Science and Technology Policy on Adaptation to Climate Change
    Wang Huachun,Wang Yingjie
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 122-131. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010467
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    The climate crisis is a major dilemma for global environmental governance, and since the 1990s, most countries have gradually realized the seriousness of climate change and started to take action. In the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), adaptation and mitigation are regarded as the two main pathways to address the issue of climate change. With the goal of reducing system vulnerability and improving climate risk prevention and control, climate change adaptation is gradually becoming the focus of attention across the world. Scientific and technological advances and applications are the cornerstones of all adaptation activities, and scientific research and technological innovation are necessary for understanding the facts and causes of climate change so as to take effective climate adaptation measures. Based on the classification of adaptation technologies, this paper defines science and technology policy for climate change adaptation as a general term for public policies formulated by the government to guide, regulate and constrain the development, application and industrialization of engineering measures, new technologies, nature-based solutions and soft technologies for climate change adaptation. It explores the evolutionary stages and trajectory of China's central science and technology policy for climate change adaptation, and makes suggestions for improving the science and technology policy system for climate change adaptation.#br#This paper is based on the climate change adaptation policies issued by the central government, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Science and Technology, the China Meteorological Administration, and the State Forestry and Grassland Administration since 2007, and collects relevant policy documents through the official government website and the database of Peking University. After eliminating the duplicate and irrelevant policy documents, this paper selects 212 central science and technology policy documents on climate change adaptation in China from 2007 to 2020, including laws, decisions, implementation measures, programs, plans and other government documents. It constructs theme words for each policy document, and chooses the high-frequency theme words according to the frequency of thematic words. The policy focus of different periods is determined through co-word and cluster analysis, and the logic of the evolution of the central science and technology policy for climate change adaptation is discovered.#br#From 2007 to 2010, the policy focus is on the projects in key areas of climate change adaptation, climate adaptation publicity, comprehensive observation capacity and data platform construction, financial support, as well as talent guarantee and technology development planning in key areas. The period of 2011-2015 is the policy deepening stage, the policy focus is on financial investment in adaptation projects, sponge city construction and its financial support, research and development of resilient species and intellectual property protection. The period of 2016-2020 is the mature evolutionary stage, and the focus of the policy is to provide financial support for pest control, transformation and promotion of resilient technologies and other technologies, demonstration of pioneering water conservancy technologies, R&D institutional innovation, and education and data management in key areas and so on.#br#By analyzing the policy focus of each phase, it can be concluded that, first, the trend of adaptation technology research and development, talent training has been a stable evolution; second, the theme of adaptation technology promotion and application is constantly changing; third, financial support for adaptation technology should be provided in more detailed fields, and the direction of capital investment should be more targeted; the fourth is to monitor emergency response capacity to ensure the development of more stable areas; taking water conservancy technology as the fifth, as an important technical area of climate change adaptation, the policy of safeguarding water technology has been changing.#br#Combined with the analysis of the previous policy transmutation trajectory, the following suggestions are made to improve the central science and technology policy for climate change adaptation in China. First, governments are advised to continue to play a policy-oriented role to help technology research and development; second, the policy coverage should be expanded to support the whole field of climate adaptation; third, the policy tools should be enriched to improve the technology-oriented system and lastlyspecial policies should be formulated to clarify the tasks of adaptation science and technology.#br#

    Wang Huachun,Wang Yingjie. The Change and Prospect of China's Science and Technology Policy on Adaptation to Climate Change[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 122-131., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010467.

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    • Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
  • The Impact of Entrepreneurial Team Heterogeneity on Entrepreneurial Performance:The Mediating Role of Team Governance
    Zeng Chuhong,Li Minyu
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 132-142. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020090108
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    Both theory and practice have shown that team entrepreneurship is the most important form of entrepreneurship at present. For the entrepreneurial team, its entrepreneurial ability is presented in the complementarity and synergy of the heterogeneous human capital of each member reflecting in the heterogeneous structure of the entrepreneurial team. The existing research points out that the relationship between the heterogeneous structure of entrepreneurial teams and their entrepreneurial performance is uncertain. The reason is that the heterogeneous structure may not only facilitate the complementarity and synergy of human capital to exert entrepreneurial ability, but may also counter-productively hinder the development of entrepreneurial ability. The focus of follow-up research should be shifted from results to process, and the factors to be investigated in the intermediate links need to be emphasized. #br#To this end, this study draws on the "Structure-Behavior-Performance" (SCP) model of industrial economics to construct a research framework of "Entrepreneurial Team Heterogeneity-Team Governance-Entrepreneurial Performance" from the perspective of human capital theory and transaction cost theory. It examines how entrepreneurial teams adopt corresponding governance mechanisms according to their heterogeneous structures to effectively motivate human capital investment and save coordination costs, thereby improving entrepreneurial performance. Accordingly, this paper proposes six theoretical hypotheses that need to be empirically tested.#br#The paper collects data by distributing questionnaires to MBA students who are participating in entrepreneurship and students of entrepreneurship training courses. The questionnaire design consists of four parts. The first part is a survey of the demographic characteristics of the respondents and the basic information of the entrepreneurial team, and the second to fourth parts are the measurement of related variables. The scales used in the measurement of each variable refer to previous studies, and have passed the test in terms of reliability and validity. The multivariate hierarchical regression analysis is made, and the least squares method for standardized estimation is employed to test each hypothesis. The three-step method of Baron and Kenny for judgment is used for the mediation effect test.#br#The empirical research results show that: (1) there is a significant positive correlation between entrepreneurial team experience heterogeneity and entrepreneurial performance; (2) the higher degree of entrepreneurial team experience heterogeneity, the more inclined the entrepreneurial teams to choose the contract governance model; (3) contract governance partially mediating the relationship between entrepreneurial team experience heterogeneity and entrepreneurial performance. Its practical guiding significance lies in that when forming an entrepreneurial team, it is necessary to consciously maintain the diversity and complementarity of members in terms of knowledge, skills, professional functions and other experiences, which is conducive to obtaining the human capital and social capital required for growth. At the same time, it is necessary to adopt a corresponding governance model in the process of team operation to control the resulting behavior inconsistency or even conflict, save the cost of communication and coordination, and improve the performance of entrepreneurial enterprises.#br#Compared with existing research, this paper makes a more comprehensive and profound analysis of the relationship between the heterogeneous structure of entrepreneurial teams, team governance and entrepreneurial performance. It is argued that the heterogeneous structure of entrepreneurial teams affects their governance. It is not homogeneous but heterogeneous. Therefore, the different heterogeneity structure dimensions of entrepreneurial teams influence the choice of governance model and ultimately affect entrepreneurial performance. The role paths are not consistent. This paper provides a more complete and accurate answer on this issue.#br#

    Zeng Chuhong,Li Minyu. The Impact of Entrepreneurial Team Heterogeneity on Entrepreneurial Performance:The Mediating Role of Team Governance[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 132-142., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020090108.

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  • The Influence Mechanism of Newness of Entrepreneurial Opportunity of Departed Employees in High-tech Enterprises：a Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on Configuration Perspective
    Zhu Xiaohong,Zhang Xin,Sun Chun
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 143-152. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020322
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    It is the core of sustainable growth to recognize and exploit the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity for the departed employees in high-tech enterprises. In the digital economy, it is a common phenomenon for the employees in high-tech enterprises quit to start their own businesses. As knowledge-equipped talents, employees in high-tech enterprises have a strong sense of innovation and are willing to handle challenging work. Meanwhile, they may realize the role transformation from migrant workers to entrepreneurs in a complex dynamic environment. Departed employees in high-tech enterprises hope to create value to achieve entrepreneurial success by pursuing new opportunities. However when confronted with high uncertainty and resource scarcity in practice, they tent to choose entrepreneurial opportunities with lower newness to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. Besides, existing researches mainly focus on why employees quit to entrepreneurship but ignore the results of quitting to launch a business. It has become a key issue for departed employees in high-tech enterprises to realize entrepreneurial opportunities with high newness.
    This paper centers around the entrepreneurial activities of departed employees in high-tech enterprises and adopts a cross-level analysis to explore the impact pathways of the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity. Focusing on the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity of departed employees, this paper takes 26 samples of departed entrepreneurs from Huawei as the research object. It applies configurational thinking and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis to integrate five factors including previous experience, relationship network, self-efficacy at the level of individual characteristics and masculinity, uncertainty avoidance at the level of cultural context and explore the complex interaction nature of multiple conditions behind the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity.
    This paper argues that the influence mechanism of the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity of departed employees in high-tech enterprises is a concurrent mechanism of multi-factorial combination, and the interactive matching of cultural context and individual characteristics influence the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity. It further emphasizes that the pathways of high and non-high-newness of entrepreneurial opportunities are different. The influence patterns of high newness of entrepreneurial opportunity are entrepreneurial confidence driven, knowledge and capability oriented, individual and organization collaborative. And the influence patterns of low newness of entrepreneurial opportunity are overconfidence triggered, entrepreneurial trait deficiency. It is worth noted that good individual characteristics appear in the three types of pathways with high newness of entrepreneurial opportunity, while the inhibition effect of poor individual characteristics on the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity is also significantly reflected. Therefore, as the core of the overall quality of the departed employees, individual characteristics affect the analysis of entrepreneurial environment and the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity. In addition, the paper suggests that there is a causal asymmetry in the driving mechanism for the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity of departed employees in high-tech enterprises, therefore the cause of non-high-newness of entrepreneurial opportunity cannot be directly deduced from the opposite of high newness of entrepreneurial opportunity.
    The theoretical value of this paper is reflected in three aspects. Firstly, it applies configurational thinking to integrate the factors of cultural context and individual characteristics and explores the complex interaction nature of multiple conditions behind the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity, which enriches the relevant research on the influence mechanism of entrepreneurial opportunity newness on departed employees in high-tech enterprises. Secondly, this paper expands the research on entrepreneurship of the departed employees by analyzing the influence mechanism of different levels of cultural context and the individual characteristics of entrepreneurial opportunity newness . Thirdly, from the configurational perspective, this paper applies the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method to find causal asymmetry in the driving mechanism for the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity, which fully demonstrates the advantage of the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis method in explaining the relationship between various elements in the configuration.
    The research results also have instructive significance for the departed employees and parent enterprises in practice. For the departed employees, they need to integrate the influencing factors at the level of cultural context and individual characteristics, comprehensively analyze various information and knowledge, evaluate the newness of entrepreneurial opportunity to obtain objective decision-making results; for the parent enterprises, they can create an amiable working atmosphere for the employees to ignite their passion for work.

    Zhu Xiaohong,Zhang Xin,Sun Chun. The Influence Mechanism of Newness of Entrepreneurial Opportunity of Departed Employees in High-tech Enterprises：a Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis Based on Configuration Perspective[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 143-152., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021020322.

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  • The Differentiation of Scientists' Role in the Era of Post-academic Science
    Xue Guibo,Liu Xue
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(14): 153-160. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010610
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    As a specialized and professional social role, scientists gradually appeared with the birth of modern science, and became mature and stable in the late 19th century. Scientists have not only made outstanding contributions to the promotion of knowledge and the dissemination of science, but also benefited the society with knowledge, and greatly promoted the development of human society. Since the middle and late 20th century, with the acceleration of the process of science and technology socialization, new trends and characteristics have emerged in the evolution of scientists' professional roles. Academic scientists have continuously differentiated into industrial and government departments, forming a general situation of coexistence and mutual transformation of multiple roles such as academic scientists, industry scientists and government scientists, which has greatly promoted the integration of industry, university and research and has improved the level of S&T innovation and social benefits. Based on the overall trend of the evolution of scientists' roles, the roles of scientists in the post-academic science era show a state of differentiation, transformation and intersection.#br#This paper argues that further study of the trend, motivation and social impact of the role differentiation of scientists in the context of the post-academic science can help us better understand the deep interaction between science and technology and society in the new technology era and provide valuable theoretical reference for further optimizing scientific and technological governance and promoting the construction of innovation system. It is pointed out in the paper that academic scientists nor only carry out basic research, but also rapid applied research and apply for patents under the pressure of competition and efficiency; industry scientists are mainly application-driven, and they can also be regarded as pioneers in basic research; government scientists are mainly funded by the government to research on public goods, but with the increase of government financial pressure, more and more government scientists seek financial support from other resources besides the government. The external driving force of social demand and the internal appeal of the scientific community are the fundamental reasons for the differentiation of scientists' roles. The sense of achievement and responsibility of scientists is an internal driving force to promote the expansion and differentiation of scientists' roles, and it is also the value basis of scientific sustainability.#br#This paper points out that the role differentiation of scientists in the background of post-academic science is the reasonable development of the logic of integration of science, technology and society, and scientists show a variety of differences and complexity in research types, dynamic mechanisms and achievement forms, which not only has a positive impact on society, but also brings many problems and challenges. Regarding the development advantages, it has accelerated the integration of science and society and made science better serve the public. Moreover it breaks through the linear model of the dichotomy between basic research and applied research, and greatly improves the efficiency and level of scientific and technological innovation. Thus it has promoted the interaction between science and politics and improved the level of science serving public utilities. Meanwhile in order to meet the challenges and make innovation better serve the public,we should promote the internal unity of scientific order and ethical order, keep the sound development of scientific community, maintain a balance between enterprise interests and social welfare, so as to build an organic boundary between science and politics, promote different types of scientific research and make scientists' roles develop and interact coordinately.#br#This paper emphasizes that it is of great significance to promote the construction of scientific and technological innovation system by correctly understanding the differentiation trend of scientists' roles and actively promoting the interactive cooperation and coordinated development of different scientific types andscientists' roles. The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stressed that scientific and technological innovation is the first driving force leading development, and a market-orientated scientific and technological innovation system with enterprises as the main body and deep integration of industry, university and research should be established. We are riding a new wave of scientific and technological revolution. In order to better grasp this strategic opportunity, we should carry out continuous dynamic observation and ethical examination on the differentiation of scientists' roles to further promote the coordinated interaction between scientific activities and social development.#br#

    Xue Guibo,Liu Xue. The Differentiation of Scientists' Role in the Era of Post-academic Science[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(14): 153-160., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010610.

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