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10 February 2022, Volume 39 Issue 3
    

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    Innovation in Science and Technology Management
  • Analysis of Disruptive Technology Evolution Characteristics Based on Cross-case Research
    Cao Yangchun,Zhang Guangyu,Dai Haiwen,Ou Chunyao
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 1-10. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040361
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    With the rapid development of information technology and the accelerated evolution of a new round of industrial revolution, disruptive technology has sped up the decline or extinction of traditional technology, and introduced the establishment of a new competitive paradigm, which has become an important strategic direction for countries all over the world to seize the commanding heights of economy and science. However, it is still difficult to identify and cultivate disruptive technology. The first problem is about how to identify it.The evolution characteristics and internal mechanism of disruptive technology are very complex, especially the "tipping point" and "critical state" when disruption occurs. It is difficult to accurately identify and grasp its evolution law. The second is about timing. Although the evolution process of disruptive technology is complex, once it is mature, it can quickly occupy the market, impact the mainstream technology and break the existing order. It is often only afterwards that we realize the seriousness of the problem and miss the time for identification and cultivation, risk prevention and active response. Therefore, exploring the evolution characteristics and internal mechanism of disruptive technology is in line with the practical needs of the state to scientifically understand, cultivate and develop disruptive technology and seize the initiative of future competitive strategy.#br#There are still some deficiencies in the existing research. In terms of research perspective, most of them put forward the paradigm of disruptive technology characteristics from the overall macro perspective. There is less analysis of the evolution characteristics of disruptive technology in different stages based on the whole process perspective. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the understanding of the evolution characteristics of the whole process. In terms of research objects, scholars focus on the evolution characteristics of traditional low-end disruptive technologies, and there is little research on the evolution characteristics of high-end disruptive technologies, especially the comparative analysis of the evolution characteristics of low-end and high-end disruptive technologies.#br#Through the cross-case study paradigm, this paper follows the research idea of "Literature reading and combing——Feature category extraction——Case correction and integration——Core feature refinement", selects four different types of disruptive technologies such as electric bicycle for confirmatory case analysis, and then it modifies, supplements and integrates the category of disruptive technology characteristics according to the replication method, and obtains 12 low-end disruptive technology evolution characteristics and 13 high-end disruptive technology evolution characteristics respectively. On this basis, two disruptive technology evolution feature models are constructed from the perspective of the whole process.#br#It is found that the two disruptive technology evolution feature models have the common characteristics of creativity, deviance and iteration, both have new functional characteristics and performance, originate from the new technological track, and show greater creativity and iteration in value transmission. At the same time, different disruptive technology evolution feature models also have different characteristics, such as different value propositions, value routes and value standards. Among them, low-end disruptive technologies impact the mainstream market from the low-end market through price advantage, and realize market subversion when the technical performance reaches the mainstream technical standards; while the high-end disruptive technology launches an attack from the high-end market to the mainstream market through technical advantages, and realizes market subversion when the price level reaches the level acceptable to the public.#br#This study has certain theoretical significance for supplementing and developing the existing disruptive innovation theory, and can provide practical guidance for the government and enterprises to formulate disruptive technology development strategy. In the future, we can further enrich the case selection objects, and discuss the dynamic role of the subject of the evolution characteristics of disruptive technology from a micro perspective in combination with typical disruptive technology representative enterprises. In addition, one or several typical enterprises can also be selected from the subversive technology community for rooted analysis to explore the evolution mechanism of different subversive technology innovation modes in the Chinese context.#br#

    Cao Yangchun,Zhang Guangyu,Dai Haiwen,Ou Chunyao. Analysis of Disruptive Technology Evolution Characteristics Based on Cross-case Research[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 1-10., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040361.

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  • A Study about the Value-relevance of R&D Investment: Base on the Interfering Factor of Innovation
    Zheng Chunmei,Wu Dongsheng
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 11-20. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050803
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    Since the US-China trade war, foreign countries have restricted Chinese companies' access to some key technologies that are important to the development of China's manufacturing sector. Increasing R&D input has become an inevitable choice for Chinese enterprises to accelerate technological innovation and acquire key technologies. In addition of the political environment, institutional investors in the Chinese capital market are increasingly paying attention to companies' R&D capability, and try to reflect the R&D capability in the evaluation process. Many researchers have studied the relevance between the R&D capability and the market value, and abundant results have been found with different assumptions. However, the correlativity between the R&D capability and the market value doesn't mean that the R&D capability can affect the market value. For example, a highly profitable company can invest a lot of money to improve its R&D capability, and highly profitable company usually has a high market value. Obviously, there is a correlation between this company's R&D capability and market value, but it is the company's profitability that makes both the R&D capability and the market value high, the R&D capability doesn't make the market value higher directly. That's why this article focuses on the value-relevance between R&D input and the market value, not the relevance. The value-relevance exists only if the capital market can identify the improvement of R&D capability, while the improvement is a complex process that is difficult for the investors to observe. Considering this problem, this paper also focuses on the effect of interfering factor of innovation. Strategic investors focus on long-term investment returns, so they keep eyes on the company's R&D capability. With strategic investor's supervision and support, companies can carry out innovation activities more smoothly. Then the investors in the capital market can observe the company's R&D capability more easily by researching the strategic investor. Besides, some top managements may take R&D manipulation decisions to maintain the market value, and this behavior will reduce the reliability of the company's R&D input data. It will be hard for the investor to infer the company's R&D capability from its R&D input, if the top managements have manipulated the R&D input. To research the incremental information provided by R&D input directly, we design a RR&Dsurp variable to exclude the effect of profitability.#br#This paper selects the high-tech enterprises listed as the initial sample, and collect data from 2008 to 2020. We removed the financial sector sample, the ST/*ST sample and the incomplete sample, and finally obtained 15,022 data to carry out the research. We verify the hypothesis by defining variables and constructing the multiple linear regression model. To make the research more rigorous, we winsorized all continuous variables by 1%, and controlled robust standard error and individual clustering standard error in all models. We use Stata 15.1 to treat and analyze the data.#br#The results show that RR&D surp has a significant positive correlation with the market value, which means that the R&D input provided incremental value-relevance information that was irrelevant to earnings. Moreover, we find that strategic investor can strengthen the value-relevance of R&D input, while the R&D manipulation will reduce the value-relevance of R&D input. However, it's hard for the capital market to perceive the R&D manipulation. The value-relevance's reduction only happens when the investors can notice the top managements' manipulation.#br#This paper focuses on the formation mechanism of the value-relevance between R&D input and the market value, and enriches the research on the relationship between R&D input and the market value. The research results of the article also have deepened the research related to strategic investors, and pioneered the research on the R&D manipulation caused by the motivation to maintain the market value. Finally, this paper's conclusions suggest that government departments should introduce more new policies to attract strategic investors to participate in corporate governance, so as to guide enterprises to adjust their innovation strategies and improve enterprise innovation ability and enterprise market performance.#br#

    Zheng Chunmei,Wu Dongsheng. A Study about the Value-relevance of R&D Investment: Base on the Interfering Factor of Innovation[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 11-20., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050803.

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  • Research on the Influence Mechanism of Technology Integration Capability on Complex Product Innovation Performance
    Lu Yanqiu,Shi Changming,Wang Xiangyang
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 21-29. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050375
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    Complex products are large and important products related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, and their innovation ability has become an important indicator to measure a country's competitiveness. Complex products have the characteristics of high degree of system integration, high degree of coupling and complex structure. They can not rely on the independent innovation of a single enterprise resource. They need the collaborative innovation of core enterprises and many supplier enterprises to carry out cross domain, interdisciplinary and cross professional integration. At this time, as an important capability of complex product technology management, technology integration capability is widely used. On the one hand, it can help enterprises realize the matching between resource supply and make up for the shortage of internal resources; On the other hand, it can help enterprises integrate scattered external resources into enterprise competitive advantage, and then obtain value-added. However, in reality, different complex product enterprises that also adopt the technology integration mode show significantly different innovation performance. This difference stems from that many enterprises have not clarified the growth law and construction path of technology integration capability in the process of complex product R & D, nor their role law on innovation performance, resulting in superficial practice and falling into the "black box" of technology integration capability growth, Thus affecting the independent innovation of complex products. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the structural relationship of technology integration capability of complex product enterprises and its impact on innovation performance. Existing studies show that technology integration capability plays an important role in innovation performance, but there is no in-depth analysis of the structural relationship between the constituent dimensions of technology integration capability and its cultivation path. In addition, few studies combined with the specific situation of complex products to explore the structural relationship between the dimensions of technology integration capability and its mechanism on the innovation performance of complex products from more perspectives.#br#Using the survey data of complex product enterprises and hierarchical regression method, this paper discusses the impact mechanism of technology integration capability on complex product innovation performance. Due to the significant impact on the national economy and the people's livelihood, the production process of complex products has strong confidentiality, and it is difficult to obtain the data of production enterprises. This paper uses the following channels to collect data: first, obtain the consent of enterprises through e-mail, and collect data in the form of field questionnaires; Second, collect data through on-site meetings attended by enterprises. The confidentiality and research purpose of the questionnaire are attached at the beginning of the questionnaire to ensure the reliability of the data. The survey time is from September to December 2020. A total of 382 questionnaires were collected from Jiangsu, Shanghai, Changchun and other provinces and cities. 29 questionnaires with repeated options and more missing values were excluded, and 353 valid questionnaires were finally obtained.#br#The results show that the three dimensions of technology integration capability have sequential effects on the innovation performance of complex products; There is a significant correlation between product construction ability and complex product innovation performance; Resource acquisition ability and technology integration ability play a chain intermediary role between product construction ability and complex product innovation performance. The conclusion reveals that only when the product construction ability is integrated with resources and technology can the conceptual design play a role, so as to provide a continuous driving force for complex product innovation.#br#The research conclusion of this paper effectively bridges and extends the modular theory and resource-based theory to the field of complex products, makes a certain contribution to broaden the research scope of complex product innovation in China, and can bring enlightenment to later researchers. The sub dimension of technology integration capability, product construction capability, as the dynamic capability of the core enterprise as a whole, is of strategic significance to complex product innovation. Therefore, in practice, we can find ways to improve the performance of complex product innovation from the perspective of product construction ability. In addition, by exploring the chain intermediary path, this paper finds the methods to improve the innovation performance of complex product enterprises. On the one hand, enterprises can formulate appropriate management measures and create a cross organizational resource acquisition environment to improve enterprise innovation performance. On the other hand, enterprises can improve their technology integration level by managing the integration steps of complex product systems. The research conclusion can provide reference for the innovation of complex product enterprises.#br#

    Lu Yanqiu,Shi Changming,Wang Xiangyang. Research on the Influence Mechanism of Technology Integration Capability on Complex Product Innovation Performance[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 21-29., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050375.

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  • Research on the Impact of Perceived Entrepreneurial Obstacles on Entrepreneurial Behavior Tendency：the Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurship Education
    Liu Xinmin,Zhang Yanan,Fan Liu
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 30-39. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030621
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    Entrepreneurship activities can stimulate innovation vitality and effectively promote economic growth and industrial transformation. However, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) report shows that the total early-stage entrepreneurship activity (TEA) of China has shown a significant decline since 2015. Especially, China’s 2019 TEA index was only 8.7 which was far below the efficiency-driven countries’ TEA such as Brazil (23.3). Thus, exploring the reasons for the decline of entrepreneurial activity and analyzing effective methods to solve this problem have become a hot issue in the entrepreneurial study.#br#Theoretically, having high level of entrepreneurial intention is the prerequisite for individuals to take entrepreneurial behavior. In fact, entrepreneurial intention is composed of entrepreneurial conviction and entrepreneurial behavior tendency. Some studies point out that entrepreneurial behavior tendency is a more reliable predictor of personal entrepreneurial behavior. However, existing studies mostly use entrepreneurial conviction to predict individual entrepreneurial behavior instead of entrepreneurial behavior tendency. In addition, there is a growing body of literature that concerns the positive inducing factors of individual entrepreneurial intention, far too little attention has been paid to the hindering factors on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, failing to explain why Chinese entrepreneurial activities have fallen into a downturn. Lastly, entrepreneurship education can help individuals overcome hindering factors including entrepreneurship obstacles at the macro-environmental level and fear of failure at the individual level. However, there are few studies on whether entrepreneurship education can reduce the adverse effect of these inhibitive factors on individual entrepreneurship, which can not provide the systematically understanding of the implementation effect of entrepreneurship education. Thus, this study aims to (1) explore the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles and fear of failure on individual entrepreneurial behavior, with the purpose of revealing the reasons for the low entrepreneurial activity in China; (2) and examine the moderating role of entrepreneurial education in this mechanism, clarifying its implementation effect from the perspective of reducing the decisive impact of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, so as to provide reference for the government to effectively resolve the macro and individual entrepreneurial obstacles faced by individuals and promote the entrepreneurial activity of China ultimately.#br#The first question this study tries to address is why Chinese entrepreneurial activity has fallen into the recession. With this regard, a research model which investigates the effect of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles including perceived loss of financial resources, perceived loss of market demand and perceived loss of social support on entrepreneurial behavior tendency through fear of failure is developed based on SSO framework. A questionnaire is designed and data is collected form 259 Chinese makers who are achieving their innovative ideas in makerspaces. The reason why this study takes makers as the research object is that makers can incubate their own ideas with the help of the shared resources provided by the makerspace, and then turn innovative ideas into substantive products. During the creative incubation process, the maker group carries out a series of activities under the leadership of innovation consciousness, such as forming a project team with like-minded makers, participating in relevant technical training, developing and testing new products, etc. After the creative incubation stage, the entrepreneurial awareness of the makers gradually takes the leading position and guides them to commercialize projects with good market value. Therefore, the makers not only has the characteristics of significant entrepreneurial behavior tendency, but also can effectively activate the entrepreneurial activity. Hence, it is reasonable to select the makers as the research object in this study. Structural equation modeling is then adopted to analyze the data. The results indicate that among the three aspects of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles, perceived loss of financial resources has the strongest impact on fear of failure, followed by perceived loss of social support. However, the effect of perceived loss of market demand on fear of failure is not significant. Fear of failure has a direct negative impact on entrepreneurial behavior tendency.#br#The second question this study tries to address is that whether entrepreneurship education can reduce the adverse effect of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency. In this sense, the sample is divided into two sub-sample groups that one group has received entrepreneurship education and the other has not. The implementation effect of entrepreneurship education is clarified by comparing the differences in the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency between these two sub-samples. The empirical results show that compared with the group without entrepreneurship education, the perceived loss of financial resources and perceived social support of the group with entrepreneurship education has a smaller positive impact on the fear of failure, and the negative impact of the fear of failure on the entrepreneurial behavior tendency is also weaker. This results indicates that entrepreneurship education plays a significant moderating role in the influence mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavioral tendency, that is, entrepreneurship education can weaken the positive impact of key entrepreneurial obstacles (perceived loss of financial resources and perceived loss of social support) on fear of failure, and reduce the negative impact of fear of failure on entrepreneurial behavioral tendency.#br#In sum, this paper contributes the existing entrepreneurship literature in two ways. First, this study analyzes the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on individual entrepreneurial behavioral tendency through fear of failure. Existing research on entrepreneurial intention mostly use entrepreneurial conviction to represent entrepreneurial intention, and focuses on analyzing the impact of positive inducing factors on individual entrepreneurial intention, which cannot fully explain the phenomenon that entrepreneurial activity has fallen into a slump in China. Therefore, this study takes entrepreneurial behavior tendency as a reliable predictor of individual entrepreneurial behavior, and constructs a research model to empirically analyze the effect of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles and fear of failure on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, thereby further enriching the research on the influencing factors of individual entrepreneurial decision-making. Second, this study clarifies the effect of entrepreneurship education from the perspective of reducing the adverse effects of entrepreneurial obstacles on individual entrepreneurial behavior tendency. The current empirical research on entrepreneurship education in China focuses on the cultivation of positive psychology of individuals through entrepreneurship education, which may lead to one-sided research conclusions. This study, therefore, empirically analyzes the moderating role of entrepreneurship education in the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, and finds that entrepreneurial education can weaken the adverse effect of entrepreneurial obstacles and fear of failure on individual entrepreneurial behavior tendency. This conclusion provide a new perspective for empirical research on the effect of entrepreneurship education. #br#In addition, this study also provides suggestions for local governments and related departments on how to improve entrepreneurial activity, including improving the entrepreneurial environment to reduce entrepreneurial obstacles, taking corresponding measures to reduce the negative impact of entrepreneurial failure on potential entrepreneurs, and implementing entrepreneurship education to improve the ability and confidence of potential entrepreneurs to deal with entrepreneurial obstacles.#br#

    Liu Xinmin,Zhang Yanan,Fan Liu. Research on the Impact of Perceived Entrepreneurial Obstacles on Entrepreneurial Behavior Tendency：the Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurship Education[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 30-39., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030621.

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    • Regional Scientific Development
  • Resilience Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Collaborative Innovation Network in the Yangtze River Delta
    Xu Weixiang,Zhou Jianping,Zhou Mengyao,Zheng Jinhui,Liu Chengjun
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 40-49. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030414
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    As the Yangtze River Delta regional integration strategy is elevated to a national strategy, the development of the Yangtze River Delta is becoming increasingly important. As a concentration area of innovation resources and high-tech industries in China, the Yangtze River Delta needs to play a leading role in unblocking the new double-circulation pattern, bridging national innovation factors and promoting higher levels of collaborative and original innovation. Against this background, this study aims to investigate the spatial evolution of innovation network resilience and the driving mechanism of the Yangtze River Delta city cluster.#br#This study identifies domestic and international research on network resilience, and finds that the existing research on network resilience has been relatively comprehensive and in-depth, but the research on innovation network resilience is still insufficient with a lack of a comprehensive and systematic way to measure innovation network resilience, and there is relatively little analysis of the driving mechanism of innovation network resilience. Therefore, based on the patent cooperation data among cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2010 to 2018, this study firstly constructs an innovation network node resilience measurement system from four perspectives: resistance and recovery ability, adaptation and adjustment ability, control and transformation ability, and local knowledge base. Secondly, this study uses network modal to analyse the structural resilience of innovation network resilience. Then, this study employs the random walk algorithm to analyse the innovation network resilience cluster resilience. Finally, this study uses the ERGM model to analyse the driving mechanism of innovation network resilience formation.#br#The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. (1) The resilience pattern of innovative network nodes presents dynamic evolution characteristics. In 2010, the resilience pattern of network nodes was formed with “Shanghai-Nanjing” as the core. By 2014, the resilience pattern of network nodes “Shanghai-Suzhou-Wuxi” is the core of strength and resilience. By 2018, the resilience pattern of network nodes was formed with “Shanghai-Nanjing-Suzhou-Hangzhou” as the core. (2) In the innovation network, the structure formed by the radiation of core nodes and the strong interaction structure is the key to the formation of the structural resilience of the innovation network. Specifically, the structure of the phantom with a strong interaction relationship presents a fluctuating area, and the network connection of balance and coordination continues to increase. On the other hand, the overall structural toughness of the innovation network shows a tortuous upward trend, and the strengthening of the structural toughness improves the resilience of the innovative network. (3) The innovation network community is gradually declining and the innovation network aggregation index continues to rise. This shows that the degree of integration of innovation in the Yangtze River Delta continues to deepen, and the ability to withstand external shocks is strengthened. (4) The self-organization effect of the network shows that the reciprocity and interactivity of innovation cooperation have gradually become the driving factors for strengthening the resilience of innovation networks. Among the effects of individual attributes, the driving role of industrial structure and opening to the outside world is more obvious. The role played by government supply has become more prominent over time. However, technological services and education investment have not shown a positive effect on the resilience of innovation networks, which suggests the conversion from positive drive to negative drive. In the exogenous network effect, the role of geographic distance is weakened, but the role of spatial adjacency in improving innovation resilience is gradually increasing, and the resilience of innovation networks is strongly dependent on the information distance network.#br#The innovations in this paper are as follows. (1) This study considers that if the role of inter-regional linkages is neglected, the measurement of regional resilience will be biased and it is difficult to understand the formation mechanism of regional resilience in depth, therefore, the theory of relational economic geography is introduced into resilience research to explain the variability of regional resilience in a network perspective, and in the context of the transformation of economic geography research from a "local view" to a "network view", a shift in the research perspective of resilience is achieved. In the context of the shift from the "local view" to the "network view" of economic geography research, the research perspective of resilience has been transformed. (2) The study enriches the study of innovation networks from the perspective of resilience, and constructs an innovation network resilience evaluation system based on node resilience, structural resilience and community resilience, which can capture the evolutionary patterns of different elements in innovation networks, and has important theoretical significance for the accurate development of innovation network resilience analysis. (3) This study introduces node toughness into innovation networks, constructs dependent variables for innovation network toughness analysis, and explores the influence of network self-organization effect, individual attribute effect and exogenous network effect on innovation network toughness based on ERGM model. This study enriches the research content of toughness driving mechanism exploration and expands the application field of ERGM model, which provides an important reference for subsequent studies.#br#

    Xu Weixiang,Zhou Jianping,Zhou Mengyao,Zheng Jinhui,Liu Chengjun. Resilience Evolution and Driving Mechanism of Collaborative Innovation Network in the Yangtze River Delta[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 40-49., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021030414.

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  • Characteristics, Evolution and Enlightenment of Patent Technology Bidirectional Flow Network in Chengdu-Chongqing Region
    Zeng Longji,Qin Ying,Deng Yajuan,Wang Yuandi
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 50-58. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040401
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    The essence of realizing the strategic goal of Chengdu Chongqing region becoming an important growth pole and a new power source for national high-quality development is to firmly establish the concept of "one game of chess", implement the concept of integrated development, and promote the rational flow and effective aggregation of various production factors. Technological factors are the core components of various production factors. Patent technology, as an output of innovation activities, can fully grasp the operation situation of the existing innovation system by analyzing the bidirectional flow of patent technology knowledge among regions, so as to provide enlightenment for talent flow and innovation cooperation. At present, China is facing great changes rarely seen in a century. As an important part of the new development pattern of "dual circulation", the construction of Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle in the western region is deeply concerned by the central and local government. For a long time, China's eastern, central and western regions have certain differences in economic development and marketization level, product and factor market development degree, intellectual property system and so on. Chengdu-Chongqing region is in the western region with relatively backward intellectual property protection, realizing the integrated development of the Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle and representing a model of high-level integrated development in inland regions, it is very important to analyze the characteristics, current situation and evolution law of technology bidirectional flow network in Chengdu-Chongqing region. #br#By reviewing the literature, it is found that most research on technology flow network is based on the one-way innovation cooperation perspective of patent cooperation data or paper co-authorship, and there is little analysis from the perspective of bidirectional technology flow, and subject to the availability of data, the domestic research on the innovation cooperation of Chengdu-Chongqing economic circle only subdivides the region to the provincial and municipal level, not to the district and county level. In this paper, 15 cities in Sichuan Province and 4 districts in Chongqing are included in the research scope to build a bidirectional flow network of patent technology in Chengdu-Chongqing region. Liangjiang New Area in Chongqing is a national new area and does not belong to Chongqing, but it plays an important role as the strategic engine of the economic circle. Therefore, it is retained and classified into the main urban area of Chongqing for analysis. Patent is the core presentation form of a technology. As an important way of technology flow, its licensing and trading both play a great role in the bidirectional flow network of patent technology. In general, invention patents are considered to be the highest technical content, the most economic and innovative value patents, and their signal effect is also more significant than other patents, while the patent licensing data has only been filed in the State Intellectual Property Office since 2002. Therefore, this paper selects the invention patent licensing and trading data in Chengdu-Chongqing region from 2002 to 2019 to build a bidirectional flow network of patent technology. The patent data comes from the official website of the State Intellectual Property Office. Based on the topology and spatial correlation effect, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis on the characteristics and evolution law of the bidirectional flow network of patent technology. #br#In this paper, UCINET software is mainly used to construct the technology bidirectional flow network in Chengdu-Chongqing region from 2002 to 2019, and draw the social network association diagram. Further analysis is made on the density, centrality, cohesive subgroup and intermediary role of the technology bidirectional flow network, and the following conclusions are drawn. Firstly, the technology bidirectional flow network in Chengdu-Chongqing region is becoming more and more complex, but it presents a "dual core" structure as a whole, Chengdu and the main urban areas of Chongqing are at the core of the social network. The phased evolution trend shows that the bidirectional technology flow network is becoming more and more complex, but it has always maintained the "dual core" node structure. Generally speaking, the bidirectional flow of technology mostly occurs in their respective administrative regions; Secondly, the overall density of technology bidirectional flow network in Chengdu-Chongqing region is at a low level, the density and quantity scale of each subgroup are quite different, along with the integration between subgroups is poor. Thirdly, the bidirectional flow of technology in different regions within the social network of Chengdu-Chongqing region is unevenly distributed. There are members in different regions in the subgroup of the bidirectional flow of technology network, playing different intermediary roles, and regions with more innovation resources and higher innovation ability are better at obtaining innovation benefits from other regions, which has a small radiation and driving effect on other regions.#br#

    Zeng Longji,Qin Ying,Deng Yajuan,Wang Yuandi. Characteristics, Evolution and Enlightenment of Patent Technology Bidirectional Flow Network in Chengdu-Chongqing Region[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 50-58., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040401.

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    • Industrial Technological Progress
  • Spatial Correlation, Innovation Ecological Environment and Efficiency of Industry Innovation Ecosystem：an Empirical Study based on High-tech Industrial of 23 Provinces in China
    Fang Yingying,Liu Jiejiao,Feng Xueyan
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 59-68. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040545
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    The high-tech industry is the embodiment of a country's international core competitiveness, and it is in the leading position of the overall economic development strategy. At present, under the guidance of the concept of innovation and development, China's high-tech industry and technological innovation have achieved leap-forward development. However, it is also an indisputable fact that the original innovation ability is insufficient and the key core technologies have not yet made a breakthrough. Especially, the current situation of globally spread of the COVID-19 epidemic, the rise of trade protectionism, and the security risks in the industrial chain supply chain pose great challenges to China's high-tech industry. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Communist Party of China Central Committee proposed the statement that "enterprises and all subjects should integrate innovation ... to form a good innovation ecosystem with the proper place, mutual cooperation, and mutual support". Therefore, it is urgent to carry out in-depth research on the innovation ecosystem of high-tech industries under the new development pattern.#br#The previous studies only focus on the whole innovation ecosystem, ignoring the correlation of the internal elements of the system, especially the lack of research on high-tech industries. Based on the new era background of building the new development paradigm, this paper focuses on the interior of the innovation ecosystem of high-tech industries and examines the relationship between innovation environment and innovation efficiency within the system from the perspective of open innovation. A comprehensive and scientific evaluation system of innovation efficiency index based on the perspective of innovation ecological environment is constructed. At the same time, the geospatial perspective is introduced to comprehensively investigate the correlation in between. Studying the influence mechanism of innovation ecological environment in high-tech industrial innovation system on innovation efficiency can provide theoretical support for the study of system operation mechanism, and at the same time provide solutions for better playing the overall role of the system, improving the development quality of high-tech industries, coping with the complex environment and risk challenges at home and abroad and realizing high-quality economic development. #br#Based on the input-output index data of 23 major cities in China from 2003 to 2018, this paper constructs a two-stage shared additional input correlation DEA model to quantitatively measure the innovation efficiency of China's high-tech industry innovation ecosystem and makes a comparative analysis from the perspectives of time, region and value chain. Based on the measurement results of innovation efficiency, this paper constructs an index system of influencing factors of innovation efficiency based on innovation ecological environment, establishes panel Tobit model and spatial Tobit model respectively to quantitatively analyze the influencing factors of overall and two-stage innovation efficiency, analyzes their spatial correlation through Moran'I index of each variable, comprehensively analyzes and compares the above two empirical methods, and sums up the empirical analysis results. Finally, based on the above conclusions and combined with the new era background, the paper puts forward some policy implications to improve the innovation efficiency of China's high-tech industry innovation ecosystem from the following aspects: laying out high-level innovation infrastructure, creating a good environment for innovation and entrepreneurship, strengthening the optimization and integration of regional high-tech industries, establishing a high-level collaborative innovation system, insisting on the combination of innovation and independent innovation, realizing a higher level of opening to the outside world, giving full play to the advantages of the new national system, realizing the synergy between government guidance and market leadership, paying attention to original innovation and application transformation of achievements, and promoting the coordinated development of industrial chain innovation chain.#br#The findings are as follows. (1) The measurement results of innovation efficiency show that the overall innovation efficiency and innovation R&D efficiency of China's high-tech industry innovation ecosystem are at a medium level from 2004 to 2018, while the efficiency of achievement transformation is low. Among them, the change of overall innovation efficiency and achievement transformation efficiency is consistent-both show an M-shaped change trend, and the innovation R&D efficiency shows a W-shaped change. It can be seen that the efficiency of achievement transformation dominates the overall innovation efficiency. (2) The provinces with relatively high innovation efficiency in China's high-tech industry innovation ecosystem as a whole and in two stages are mainly concentrated in first-tier cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangdong, and coastal provinces such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, and Shandong. In the four major regions of China, the overall stage efficiency shows a decreasing distribution trend from east to west. (3) By constructing the two-dimensional distribution map of innovation R&D efficiency and achievement transformation efficiency, it is found that the provinces that fall into areas with low innovation efficiency in a certain stage can improve their overall and two-stage efficiency through a breakthrough way of " shore up our weak spots"; however, for the areas with low efficiency in both stages, we can adopt theway of "making up for each other's weaknesses" to promote the path gradually. (4) The regression results of comprehensive panel Tobit and spatial Tobit show that spatial correlation significantly inhibits the improvement of innovation R&D efficiency of the high-tech industry innovation ecosystem, but it has a strong positive spatial spillover effect on achievement transformation efficiency, and the overall innovation efficiency is unbalanced in regions; Labor quality, market structure, and government support are the strong influencing factors to explain the overall efficiency. Per capita GDP, innovation infrastructure, and the level of opening to the outside world are the strong influencing factors to explain the efficiency of innovation R&D; Per capita GDP, innovative infrastructure, entrepreneurial environment, opening-up level, and market structure are the strong influencing factors in the stage of achievement transformation.#br#

    Fang Yingying,Liu Jiejiao,Feng Xueyan. Spatial Correlation, Innovation Ecological Environment and Efficiency of Industry Innovation Ecosystem：an Empirical Study based on High-tech Industrial of 23 Provinces in China[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 59-68., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021040545.

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  • Difficulty and Approach of Patent Value Realization in International Competition of Traditional Chinese Medicine：Regarding Corona Virus Disease 2019, Sino-US Trade Conflicts and High Valuable Domestic Demand as New Opportunities〖ST〗
    Xie Wei
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 69-76. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050387
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    As the global COVID-19 epidemic is moving toward a more complex and uncertain stage, TCM, represented by "Three medicines, Three prescription", has played an effective role in China's fight against the epidemic.It is time for TCM to step into the international market.Patent value is the core factor of TCM commodity premium and the best tool for private ownership of TCM innovation technology.Therefore, in the context of the global COVID-19 epidemic, the contents of the China-US trade agreement on the realization of strong value of drug patents, as well as the introduction of intensive policies and opinions on the development of high-quality domestic demand for TCM, it provides a new opportunity to realize patent value in the international competition of TCM.#br#Based on the comparative perspective of western medicine, this paper points out the philosophical foundation of the original existence of Traditional Chinese medicine, and gives a new interpretation to the latest development theory of traditional Chinese medicine of "inheriting essence, keeping integrity and innovating".In short, both Chinese medicine and western medicine come from their own philosophical thoughts.The root of TCM treatment lies in harmony and balance, holding the black-box theory as the theme.The essence of western medicine lies in confrontation, elimination and adherence to the white box rule.To be specific, the realization of TCM patent value should be based on the inheritance and innovation of objective laws, and the existing rights should be objective laws suitable for the innovation and development of TCM, and the compromise and application under the rigid and mechanical international patent system should be eliminated.#br#Since traditional Chinese medicine originated in China, the combination of modern patent system and foreign innovative technology is a practical consensus to promote the international development of high-quality traditional Chinese medicine industry.Only by solving the problems related to the value of Chinese patent and the domain of traditional Chinese medicine innovation, it may provide a way to implement the localized Chinese model for constructing the value of traditional Chinese medicine patent in international competition.Therefore, this paper points out that the fundamental dilemma of patent value realization in the international competition of TCM lies in the disconnection between innovative technology and patent value.Combined with the industrialization practice of traditional Chinese medicine, the practical difficulties in the international competition of traditional Chinese medicine are embodied in the following aspects.The innovation technology of traditional Chinese medicine is difficult to apply the current patent examination and evaluation rules, the patent value of traditional Chinese medicine is maliciously utilized by the system defects, and the patent value of traditional Chinese medicine is extended in a hidden way, and the characteristics of low quality and low level are prominent.#br#In the commentary on the normalization of the COVID-19 epidemic, the global joint response has become an indisputable starting point.This paper points out that the basic purpose of patent value realization in the international competition of Chinese medicine is to trace the origin and seek the source, and to promote the healthy development of traditional Chinese medicine from the aspects of policy formulation, patent application and protection,etc.Specifically, it can be started from coping with the transition period from weak patent protection to strong patent protection, constructing internal and external corresponding high-value model of TCM patent, enhancing the subjective initiative of TCM innovation subjects to realize patent value in international competition and so on.Especially for the construction of high value of Chinese medicine patent, Chinese medicine should combine the characteristic theory and technology of Chinese pharmacology prescription medicine, holistic dialectics and international evaluation rules of patent creativity on the basis of integrating western medicine patent and innovation rules, so as to promote the formation of a coordination mechanism suitable for innovation technology of Chinese medicine, patent review and patent value.In summary, the approach proposed in this paper to build the realization of patent value in the international competition of traditional Chinese medicine with Chinese characteristics is expected to provide rights protection for traditional Chinese medicine to continuously benefit human life and health.#br#

    Xie Wei. Difficulty and Approach of Patent Value Realization in International Competition of Traditional Chinese Medicine：Regarding Corona Virus Disease 2019, Sino-US Trade Conflicts and High Valuable Domestic Demand as New Opportunities〖ST〗[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 69-76., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021050387.

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    • Enterprise Innovation Management
  • The Impact of Chairman-CEO Alumni Relation on Corporate Innovation Investment:based on the Moderating Effects of Internal Control and Institutional Investors Shareholding
    Yan Ruosen,Guo Junyi
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 77-86. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120133
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    In the era of knowledge economy, the economic development model supported by traditional production factors has gradually got stuck in a development bottleneck, developing new knowledge and technologies is playing an increasingly important role in companies' lifetime. Companies obtain new knowledge and technologies by engaging in innovative activities such as developing unique products and services to ultimately gain a competitive advantage and increase market share, thereby promoting the improvement of operating performance. Although many literature papers conduct in-depth analysis of the company's innovation level, they are based on the economic man hypothesis, ignoring individual subjective factors. In fact, as a social person with emotions, reason, and social needs, managers are affected by various psychological factors.#br#On the one hand, the alumni relation is a social relationship based on academic relationships and has certain cultural specificities, because each university has its own unique culture and historical precipitation, on the other hand, school choice is a subjective choice and has the same educational background, alumni have similar cultural literacy and values, as well as rich professional knowledge. The alumni relationship can better meet the requirements of innovative activities, which is different from the fellow villager relationship and colleague relationship. In capital market, alumni relations have gradually condensed into various alumni circles, which have a huge impact on capital operations. At the same time, the chairman of corporation and the CEO are both the main body of corporate governance, and the social relationship between the two may affect the company's investment in innovation. In view of this, this paper studies the influence of the chairman-general manager alumni relation on the company's innovation investment in order to put forward valuable suggestions.#br#Taking the A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2012 to 2017 as samples, this paper uses the fixed effect model and selects possible factors from corporate finance, corporate governance and CEO personal characteristics as control variables to explore the impact of the chairman CEO alumni relationship on enterprise innovation investment. The results show that: #br#(1)Chairman-CEO alumni relation can significantly promote corporate innovation investment, means the social relationships of managers are playing increasingly important roles in the development of the company. They can restrain the behavior of the chairman and CEO through reputation and social capital, and play part of the corporate governance role. Under the current corporate governance framework, the principal-agent problem has become a constraint to the increase in the company's investment in innovation. If the chairman and general manager have an alumni relation, the above problems can be alleviated to a certain extent. #br#(2) Stronger internal control can significantly strengthen the positive impact between chairman-CEO alumni relation and corporate innovation investment, and more institutional investor shareholding can significantly strengthen the positive impact between chairman-CEO alumni relation and corporate innovation investment, which means companies can suppress the negative impact of the alumni relation by strengthening the company's internal governance mechanisms and improving the company's internal and external governance through market supervision.#br#(3)The positive impact between chairman-CEO alumni relation and corporate innovation investment will be different due to the heterogeneity of ownership and industry, which is stronger in non-state-owned enterprises and high-tech corporations, but the heterogeneity of regional marketization degree doesn't show a significant difference.#br#This paper takes chairman-CEO alumni relation and corporate innovation investment as the research objects, enriching the research on the relationship between this two aspects in particular field. Different from previous literature, this paper innovatively proves that informal relations and social capital have an important influence on individual decision-making, and extends relevant research. The empirical analysis supports the conclusion of the paper and strengthens the empirical research foundation of social capital theory. The research results also have instructive significance for the entrepreneurial activities. Corporations don't have to deliberately avoid this relationship when selecting managers, instead, corporations can use alumni status to enhance top managers' cultural identity and finally obtain more social resources. At the same time, corporations still need to establish and improve theirs' internal control system and improve the external supervision and restraint mechanisms to reduce the adverse effects of alumni relations.#br#

    Yan Ruosen,Guo Junyi. The Impact of Chairman-CEO Alumni Relation on Corporate Innovation Investment:based on the Moderating Effects of Internal Control and Institutional Investors Shareholding[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 77-86., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120133.

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  • Research on the Impact of Informatization Strategic Recognition and Construction Behavior on Intelligent Transformation of Manufacturing Enterprises
    Wang Xueyuan,He Meixin
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 87-95. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020100448
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    The continuous integration of informatization and industrialization has brought a new strategic direction for manufacturing enterprises. China has put forward the development goal of initially realizing the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises by 2025. Intelligent transformation has become the developing focus for manufacturing enterprises in recent years. Informatization is the basis of intelligence, and the level of enterprise informatization affects its intelligent transformation process. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the impact of informatization on the intelligent transformation process of manufacturing enterprises.#br#The implementation of enterprise strategy is affected by organizational recognition and organizational behavior, but at present most of related studies are about the impact of informatization on the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises from the behavioral level. Scholars propose that the informatization construction behaviors such as information equipment investment will promote the intelligent development of manufacturing enterprises, ignoring the role of enterprise recognition. Moreover, many scholars have proposed that technology, knowledge and talents are the main factors affecting the development of intelligence, and they play an important role in intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises. Therefore, differing from the previous researches which are from the perspective of single behavior, this paper starts from the dual perspectives of informatization strategic recognition and construction behavior, and comprehensively considers the impact of informatization, knowledge, technology and talents on intelligent transformation, and meanwhile brings knowledge preference, technological innovation and technical talents into one analysis framework, and according establishes the theoretical hypothesis model, so as to reveal the black box of informatization influence on intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises.#br#This paper puts forward 10 research hypotheses, selects 202 manufacturing enterprises as research samples, and uses the method of regression analysis to calculate the model. Taking founding time of enterprise, personnel scale and asset scale as control variables, knowledge preference and technological innovation as mediating variables and technical talents as adjustment variable, a linear regression model is established to test the relationship between informatization strategic recognition, construction behavior and intelligent transformation. Among the 10 hypotheses, 9 of them are valid. The research shows that the informatization strategy recognition and construction behavior have a positive impact on intelligent transformation, and the promotion of construction behavior is more significant. And informatization does not directly promote the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises. Knowledge preference and technological innovation play a mediating role. Technical talents play a positive adjustment role in informatization construction behavior and technological innovation. From the dual perspective, the informatization strategic recognition and construction behavior indirectly affect the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises through positive influence on knowledge preference and technological innovation。 The effect of informatization construction behavior on technological innovation is more obvious under the high level of technical talents. In addition, in view of different characteristics of enterprise, we make the comparison between mechanical equipment manufacturing and information & electronic equipment manufacturing. We use the method of sample grouping regression to analyze the two types of manufacturing enterprises respectively and group the sample data for robustness test. On the one hand, it confirms the reliability of the conclusion. On the other hand, it also shows that compared with information and electronic equipment manufacturing enterprises, the technological innovation of mechanical equipment manufacturing enterprises has a greater impact on intelligent transformation.#br#Therefore, the key to promoting intelligent transformation is to organically combine the informatization of manufacturing enterprises with knowledge and technical activities. Based on informatization, manufacturing enterprises should pay full attention to the role of knowledge preference and technological innovation in the process of intelligent transformation, and form a knowledge preference and technological innovation system for intelligent transformation. From the cognitive logic level, enterprises should accelerate the formation of a unified informatization strategic recognition, further improve the tendency of employees to actively participate in knowledge activities, and form the knowledge preference of manufacturing enterprises, and then provide sufficient knowledge reserves for the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises. At the behavioral logic level, manufacturing enterprises should accelerate the investment in information construction to improve the quality of technological innovation through rapid and comprehensive information analysis. Based on the achievements of intelligent technology innovation,the intelligent transformation of enterprises should be accelerated. This study reveals the influence process of informatization on the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises from two perspectives, which has important theoretical value and practical guiding significance for the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises.#br#

    Wang Xueyuan,He Meixin. Research on the Impact of Informatization Strategic Recognition and Construction Behavior on Intelligent Transformation of Manufacturing Enterprises[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 87-95., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020100448.

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  • The Influence Mechanism and Empirical Research of Internet on Innovation of Manufacturing Enterprises
    Luo Chaoping,Hu Meng
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 96-106. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120632
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    China's economy is in a critical period of transformation from high-speed growth to high-quality development. Realizing the transformation and upgrading of manufacturing industry, development model innovation and format innovation is of great significance to enhance the development vitality, innovation and competitiveness of China's manufacturing industry and promote the high-quality development of China's manufacturing industry. To this end, in recent years, China has deeply implemented the innovation driven development strategy, promoted the deep integration of the Internet domestic manufacturing industry, promoted the innovative development of manufacturing enterprises, and continued to promote the leap of China's manufacturing industry from "made in China" to "created in China". #br#However, as major countries in the world have promoted the integrated development of Internet technology and manufacturing. In the context of the Internet, global technological and industrial changes will not only reshape the global economic structure, but also subvert the business model and value creation mode of enterprises, and become an important driving force for the innovation and development of enterprises. It has become a widespread concern of all sectors of society if Chinese manufacturing enterprises can seize the opportunity of Internet development, break through bottlenecks, actively innovate and achieve high-quality development . Then, can the integrated development of the Internet and manufacturing enterprises significantly promote the innovation of manufacturing enterprises? What is the mechanism for the Internet to promote the innovation of manufacturing enterprises? In order to answer these questions, this paper constructs the theoretical analysis framework of Internet promoting manufacturing enterprises' innovation, and uses the mediation effect model to reveal the mechanism of Internet promoting manufacturing enterprises' innovation. Specifically, this paper combines the Internet with the micro factors of cost and human capital that affect enterprise innovation to empirically test the impact of the Internet on manufacturing enterprise innovation. Further, the mediation effect model is used to analyze the internal mechanism of Internet promoting manufacturing enterprises' innovation through reducing transaction cost, agency cost, governance cost and accelerating human capital accumulation, namely, reducing cost and accelerating human capital accumulation are important mediating variables of Internet promoting manufacturing enterprises' innovation.#br#This paper selects Chinese listed manufacturing companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2015 to 2018 as the research object. In order to make the research results more robust, in the empirical analysis, this paper excludes the data of overseas stocks, Hong Kong stocks, incomplete data and non-manufacturing listed companies, and finally obtains the panel data of 163 listed manufacturing companies in 4 years. It finds that firstly the Internet has a significant role in promoting the innovation of manufacturing enterprises. Secondly, the mechanism test shows that the Internet can promote the innovation of manufacturing enterprises through the intermediary variables of cost and human capital, that is, the Internet can become an important driving force for the innovation of manufacturing enterprises by accelerating the accumulation of human capital and reducing transaction costs, agency and governance costs; Third, in the expansionary analysis, the financing constraints faced by manufacturing enterprises and traditional corporate governance significantly negatively regulate the promoting effect of the Internet on the innovation of manufacturing enterprises. This paper explains how the Internet stimulates the innovation vitality of manufacturing enterprises from two aspects of reducing costs and accelerating the accumulation of human capital, which provides a new perspective for analyzing the "black box" of Internet promoting innovation mechanism of manufacturing enterprises, and also provides a theoretical reference for manufacturing enterprises how to efficiently use the Internet. At the same time, the financing constraints faced by manufacturing enterprises and traditional corporate governance significantly negatively moderated the promotion effect of Internet on manufacturing enterprises' innovation, highlighting the timeliness and importance of the Chinese government's measures to actively promote financial support for the development of real economy and deepen organizational reform and innovation of enterprises.#br#

    Luo Chaoping,Hu Meng. The Influence Mechanism and Empirical Research of Internet on Innovation of Manufacturing Enterprises[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 96-106., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120632.

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  • Innovation Effect of Enterprise Development Expectation:Empirical Study Based on Text Mining of Annual Reports of Listed Companies
    Yang Bing,Yang Yang,Du Jian
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 107-117. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010172
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    Innovation is the source of economic growth and the main driving force for sustained economic growth, and the decisive factor in promoting the high-quality development of China's economy. It also plays a vital role in the development of enterprises. However, innovation has the characteristics of high risk, large investment and long cycle, so that innovation are easily affected by inexclusiveness, indivisibility and uncertainty. Therefore, how to improve innovation output has always been the foundation of an enterprise in a highly competitive market environment. How to improve the innovation level of the enterprise, seize market resources has been the focus of the enterprise management. Starting from the development of the enterprise itself, this paper changes the traditional portrayal of the influencing factors of innovation. Based on the annual report text of the listed enterprises in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2010 to 2018, we use computer text mining technology with sentiment analysis to measure the enterprise development expectation index, study the impact of enterprise development expectations on enterprise innovation and examine the innovation effect of enterprise development expectations under the financial stimulus mechanism and financing constraint mechanism. From the perspectives of industry heterogeneity, equity heterogeneity and economic development level heterogeneity,we study the innovative effects of enterprise development expectations in different industries, equity and economic development levels, the research results show that：(1) Enterprise development opportunity expectations, prospect expectations, and plan expectations all have a positive driving effect on corporate innovation, and the increase in risk expectations inhibits innovation output, but there is no evidence to support the impact of funding expectations on innovation. (2) The test results based on the fiscal stimulus mechanism showed that tax incentives did not significantly amplify the promotion effect of enterprise development opportunities and prospects on innovation, nor did it alleviate the inhibitory effect of risk expectations on innovation, but magnified plan expectations and funding expectations’ promotion effect of innovation; government subsidies are conducive to amplifying the promotion effect of enterprise opportunity expectations, prospect expectations, plan expectations and funding expectations on innovation, but it does not alleviate the inhibitory effect of risk expectations on innovation. (3) Financing constraints inhibited the promotion of innovation by enterprise development opportunity expectations, plan expectations, and funding expectations, but did not amplify the inhibitory effect of risk expectations on innovation. (4) There are differences in the impact of enterprise development expectations on innovation under the nature of different industries and the nature of equity.#br#Based on the conclusions, this article has the following enlightenment. (1) Enterprise development expectations are conducive to promoting enterprise innovation. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the company's future development opportunity expectations, prospects, plan expectations and funding expectations, while reducing enterprise development risk expectations. The government should actively improve the market environment and create a fairer market business environment, and clarify the government and market boundaries, create a fair and orderly market environment, ensure the rights of entrepreneurs, and enhance the company’s expectations for future development, to promote enterprise innovation. (2) Expanding tax incentives and government subsidies can promote enterprise innovation. The government implements preferential tax policies and government subsidy policies (fiscal stimulus) to further amplify the innovative effects of enterprise development expectations, so fiscal stimulus should continue to be implemented. However, in the process of implementing fiscal stimulus for enterprise innovation, it is necessary to increase the identification of enterprises with innovative capabilities to prevent excessive fiscal stimulus from causing enterprises to produce technological innovation inertia. (3) It is necessary to solve the problem of "difficult and expensive financing" for enterprises, broaden corporate financing channels and ease corporate financing constraints. On the one hand, companies should actively expand existing financing channels to solve the problem, the single source of corporate financing. On the other hand, enterprises should strengthen financial supervision, plan on the use of financing funds, encourage financing funds to enter enterprises in the R&D stage and promote enterprise innovation.#br#The research helps to clarify the effect and mechanism of enterprise development expectations on enterprise innovation, and provides an important theoretical reference for improving the innovation capabilities of Chinese enterprises.#br#Meanwhile there are some points to be improved in this paper. The Bert model with the highest classification accuracy is used to classify the information of the enterprises' future outlook in the annual message, divide the enterprise development expectation into five types and calculate the enterprise development expectation index combined with emotion analysis. Before text analysis, the text of the enterprise development of the annual report needs to be extracted and screened, but there may be deviations in the screening process. What' more, the annual reports of enterprises in this paper are mainly collected manually. The selected samples are listed enterprises before 2010, which means the listed enterprises after 2010 are not considered. #br#From the perspective of innovation, this paper studies the impact of enterprise development expectation on innovation, but the following problems need to be further explored. What factors affect enterprise development expectation? Do enterprises enjoy special policies and can micro factors such as entrepreneur management ability and entrepreneur self-confidence reverse affect enterprise development expectation? From the actual situation, at present, most Chinese enterprises have the problem of "disenchantment from reality to emptiness". Is such a trend related to enterprise development expectation? Can high-risk expectations affect enterprise investment bias, and is the preference of enterprise management for physical investment and financial investment different under different enterprise development risk expectation? The above problems are the direction of future research.#br#

    Yang Bing,Yang Yang,Du Jian. Innovation Effect of Enterprise Development Expectation:Empirical Study Based on Text Mining of Annual Reports of Listed Companies[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 107-117., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010172.

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    • Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
  • Is there two Sides to R&D Incentive Industrial Policy：Empirical Evidence from the Deduction Policy for R&D Expenses
    Su Lizhong,Zhang Runda,Wang Jingyu
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 118-128. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070075
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    There are two different views on the effectiveness of R & D incentive industrial policies. One side believes that it is helpful to promote enterprise technological progress and improve enterprise innovation level, while the other side believes that in the case of asymmetric information, it is difficult for the government to determine the real needs of incentive enterprises, and enterprises may take strategic response to seek resources. As a result, the incentive effect of industrial policy is weakened. The above two views are the theoretical origin of "industrial policy debate".However, compared with the debate over whether industrial policy is effective, this paper focuses more on the issue of how the government can better implement industrial policy. As a representative R&D incentive industrial policy with both benefits and preferential intensity, the policy of additional deduction for R&D expenses has repeatedly appeared in the 2021 Government Work Report and other relevant policy documents. It is an important link in the integrated policy chain of financial subsidies, tax incentives, scientific and technological financial support and accelerated transformation of achievements constructed by the state to support enterprises' scientific and technological innovation, and is the focus of this paper. Existing studies have found that policy can help to stimulate enterprises' R&D behavior and enhance their independent innovation ability, but also that policy can encourage enterprises' strategic response motivation and increase their R&D manipulation behavior. Therefore, it is of great significance to implement the national innovation development strategy and promote high-quality economic development how to improve the R&D additional deduction policy, so as to suppress the negative effects of the policy and give better play to its positive effects.#br#This paper takes China's A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2019 as the research object. Firstly, it analyzes the implementation effect of the policy, and then examines the interaction between the policy effects. On this basis, it discusses the direction of policy improvement in the future. It is found that there are both positive and negative effects in the process of policy implementation, and the negative effects will replace the positive effects. However, improving the effectiveness of internal control can suppress the negative effects of policies and amplify the positive effects of policies. Further research shows that the reason for the negative effects of policies is that enterprises carry out R&D manipulation with the help of policies, which improves short-term financial performance and short-term market performance. The study conclusion shows that the policy has two sides. On the one hand, it will encourage enterprises to increase R&D resource allocation, cultivate competitive advantages and promote the long-term value of the enterprise. On the other hand, it will also encourage enterprises' R&D manipulation such as strategic R&D or inflated R&D investment, resulting in a waste of policy resources. And R&d manipulation will undermine the long-term value of the enterprise. Therefore, it is urgent for the government to take reasonable countermeasures, timely detect and correct the R&D manipulation of beneficiary enterprises, strengthen tax incentives and weaken tax distortions, foster advantages and avoid disadvantages, and realize the optimization of policy resource allocation.#br#The potential marginal contribution of this paper is as follows. First, we propose that the policy has both positive and negative effects, which makes up for the deficiency of existing studies that only evaluate the economic consequences of the policy from a single aspect, and opens the "black box" of economic effects behind industrial policies. It not only coordinates the views of both sides in the "industrial policy debate", but also systematically answers the questions about the effectiveness of industrial policies. Second, we select the long-term value of enterprises instead of R&D investment as the evaluation index of the positive effect of the policy, which reasonably excludes the influence of R&D manipulation and overcomes the limitations of previous studies that take R&D investment as the evaluation index of policy effects. Third, previous studies focused on distinguishing the economic consequences of real high-tech enterprises and fake high-tech enterprises against high-tech enterprise certification policy, while we pay more attention on how to restrain the conditions and motivations of R&D manipulation by strengthening internal control of enterprises. Fourth, in consideration of the fact that the existing internal control index evaluation system has been relatively mature, we propose to add enterprises' internal control index as an evaluation factor in the future policy improvement and tax supervision, systematically answering the practical problem of how to better implement industrial policy, which is a beneficial exploration for China's current fiscal and tax reform.#br#At the same time, this paper also has some limitations. First of all, the statistical method adopted in this paper is not accurate enough to determine whether a specific enterprise enjoys the policy of additional deduction for R&D expenses, which may lead to measurement errors to a certain extent. Secondly, although theoretically we believe that taking the long-term value of enterprises as R&D investment can eliminate the interference of R&D manipulation to a certain extent, considering that there are many factors influencing the long-term value of enterprises. Therefore, there may be some noise when we take it as an evaluation indicator of the positive effect of policies, and the causality chain is longer. More reasonable and effective evaluation methods need to be developed in the future study. In addition, due to space constraints, we fail to show the moderating effects of different property rights, marketization degree, political connection and other factors on the research question, but focus on the innovative governance function of internal control. Finally, the latest policy of additional deduction for R&D expenses was jointly promulgated by the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation in April 2021 and implemented in January. The new policy especially increases the proportion of additional deduction for manufacturing enterprises, which is undoubtedly a significant positive news for R&D activities of manufacturing enterprises, and further research can be carried out based on this policy in the future.#br#

    Su Lizhong,Zhang Runda,Wang Jingyu. Is there two Sides to R&D Incentive Industrial Policy：Empirical Evidence from the Deduction Policy for R&D Expenses[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 118-128., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070075.

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  • On the Normative Expression and Improvement Measures of Mixed Ownership of On-duty Scientific and Technological Achievements
    Ma Bo
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 129-136. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120360
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    Southwest Jiaotong University has started the reform of mixed ownership of scientific and technological achievements, which has aroused fierce debate in the academic circles. From the perspective of operation mechanism, mixed ownership of scientific and technological achievements has changed the relationship between public institutions and researchers from administrative management to civil legal relationship by joint-ownership. The reform has greatly adjusted the original scientific and technological achievements management system of universities and scientific research institutions. In order to ensure the stability and order of the reform, the document makes macro provisions on the scope of scientific and technological achievements, operation processes and management responsibilities and so on. Although these provisions play a certain role, but from a normative perspective there are three problems. #br#First, the scope of the object is not clear. The reform involves patent,computer software,layout-design of integrated circuits，new plant variety，new varieties of biomedicine and technical secret of universities and scientific research institutions. The question is how to coordinate the relationship with the article 20 of Law of Science and Technology Progress(2007). According to the article 20 of Law of Science and Technology Progress(2007), universities and scientific research institutions only own the invention patent，computer software，layout-design of integrated circuits and new plant variety, the rest of achievements shall be owned by the state, such as technical secret. Therefore, it needs to explain the difference between the article 20 of Law of Science and Technology Progress (2007) and the document.#br#Second, the subject of rights contained research team is incompatible with law. Researchers contented individuals and research teams by the document. Civil subjects involve individuals,corporate bodies and unincorporated organizations in Civil Cord, so research teams aren't civil subjects that can't enjoy rights and undertake obligations. The contracts between research teams and universities restrain individuals instead of research teams. It can easily lead to non-standard measures that should to be solved.#br#Third, there is no normative construction of the rules for the exercise of joint-ownership. The document provides the frame on the process of conclusion of the contract,the rule of income distribution,decision mechanism,cost sharing mechanism and so on, but these provisions that reflect the ideas of policy makers are too macro to be operable. What we have to face is how to coordinate the relationship between policy and law to make the policy stable and flexible. To be more specific, how to structure the legal expression of policy that enable the public to obtain stable institutional expectations;how to improve the joint-ownership of intellectual property that reflect the objectives and value pursuit of policy. Joint-ownership of intellectual property depends on the legitimacy of the object, the validity of the subject and the rationality of the rules. Therefore, the above three problems directly affect the practical effect of the mixed ownership of scientific and technological achievements. #br#The article focuses on themixed ownership of scientific and technological achievements from three aspects. Firstly, we analyze problems and causes of the document under law. The cause of problems is that the document focused on administration ignoring the guidance of law.Secondly, we explore the negative influence of the problems of reform in practice. The practice of Southwest Jiaotong University have proved that these problems hinder the transformation, but relative research does not provide clear solutions for universities and scientific research institutions.#br#From the perspective of interaction between policy and law, based on the three elements of joint-ownership of intellectual property, combined with legal provisions and objectives of policy, the article presents three opinions. The first is to expand the scope of objects by amending the article 20 of Law of Science and Technology Progress(2007) to enable universities and scientific research institutions own all intellectual property rights in state-funded projects; The second is to establish the subject of rights that contain individuals and corporate bodies, and exclude the research team. This measure enables participants to comply with the subject of rights of civil law; The last is to construct the rules of the joint-ownership adjust to the policy objective, , build the basic legal framework of reform with the joint-ownership of intellectual property, and replace administrative relations with private legal relations between the individuals and universities or scientific research institutions. For example, the proportion of joint ownership is determined according to the principle of will autonomy. In addition，the management responsibilities of universities andscientific research institutions need to be become the rights and obligations relationship by the contracts. At same time, because researchers own the intellectual property by the document, so they can exercise rights according to their will and should not bear the obligation of diligence. To implement policy objectives of the document should change the joint-ownership of intellectual property. For example, in order to ensure the transformation activities, the transfer of rights by the righter needs to be restricted by three conditions(Term limit，limitation of transformation process and identity restriction of transferee). The universities and scientific research institutions have three voting rights at least to perform management responsibilities: the right of the first transformation region,right to provide information on the transformation and supervisory right.#br#There are some deficiencies in this article. The article only analyzes the relevant problems of the document from the normative perspective, lack of enough practical data. In the future, the author will conduct practical research, obtain corresponding data and conduct in-depth analysis.#br#

    Ma Bo. On the Normative Expression and Improvement Measures of Mixed Ownership of On-duty Scientific and Technological Achievements[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 129-136., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2020120360.

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    • Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
  • Constructive Supervisor Feedback and Subordinate Innovative Behavior：the Roles of Chronic Regulatory Focus and Job Involvement
    Su Weilin,Lin Xinqi
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 137-144. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010042
    Abstract ( ) Download PDF ( ) HTML   Knowledge map   Save
    In order to realize the self-reliance and self-perfection of science and technology in China, enterprises must be regarded as the main body of scientific and technological innovation and strive to improve the innovation ability. As the most valuable resources of enterprises, employees and their innovative behaviors in the process of work have become important factors affecting enterprise innovation and play a crucial role in enterprise innovation and development. In other words, how to effectively stimulate the innovative behavior of employees in the new situation has become particularly important. Constructive supervisor feedback, as a form of supportive and positive supervisor feedback, is easier for subordinates to understand and accept, and can bring real help to subordinates who are more likely to show more innovative behaviors, thus benefiting their supervisors and the organization. Therefore, based on social exchange theory, this paper attempts to discuss the influence of constructive supervisor feedback on subordinate innovative behavior, and introduces job involvement as a mediator and chronic regulatory focus as a moderator to interpret the internal influence mechanism and boundary conditions. #br#The sample data for this paper are collected from a financial company and two industrial companies in Sichuan and Chongqing Province. To control for Common Method Variance, this paper collected the data from employees and their direct supervisors at three different times. Time 1, we asked the employees to fill in the questionnaire, including their perceptions of constructive supervisor feedback and demographic information (e.g., gender, age, education level, and work tenure with their direct supervisor). One month later (Time 2), the employees were requested to assess their chronic regulatory focus and job involvement. Another month later (Time 3), the direct supervisors were invited to evaluate the innovative behavior of their subordinates. After cleaning up and matching the responses from the employees and their direct supervisors, this paper got the final sample included 365 employees and 99 supervisors. #br#Then, this paper used SPSS 22.0 and Mplus 7.0 software to analyze the final sample data. Specifically, this paper firstly employed the CFAs to evaluate the convergent and discriminant validity of four main variables. Secondly, the descriptive and correlation analyses were performed to describe the participants’ demographic characteristics and initially test the relationship among main variables. Thirdly, this paper adopted the multiple linear regression to test the hypotheses, and Bootstrap analyses to further verify the mediating effect of job involvement and the moderating effect of chronic regulatory focus. The results confirm that constructive supervisor feedback has a significant positive correlation with subordinate job involvement and innovative behavior. Job involvement partly mediates the influence of constructive supervisor feedback on subordinate innovative behavior. The chronic regulatory focus of subordinates not only moderates the direct influence of constructive supervisor feedback on job involvement, but also moderates the mediating effect of job involvement between them. In other words, for employees with promotion regulatory focus, constructive supervisor feedback may generate more power to promote subordinate job involvement, thus showing more innovative behavior.#br#As investigated so far, this paper is the first to explore the influence of constructive supervisor feedback on subordinate innovative behavior with a sample of Chinese companies, so it enriches the existing literatures on feedback and innovation and further verifies the applicability of constructive supervisor feedback in the Chinese context. Besides, the mediating role of job involvement not only expands the research on the internal mechanism of constructive supervisor feedback and its incentive effect on subordinate innovation, but also enriches the research on the positive effect of job involvement and its relationship with individual innovative behavior. Finally, the moderating role of chronic regulatory focus provides one possible boundary condition for the relationships among constructive supervisor feedback, subordinate job involvement and innovative behavior. Taken together, all conclusions from the analyses above respond to the appeals by many previous scholars to explore the role of constructive supervisor feedback and regulatory focus theory in the Eastern context.#br#From a practical perspective, this paper has several implications for organizational managers. First, supervisor need to be fully aware of the importance of constructive feedback. In daily work, they should not only provide targeted and personalized feedback information based on the actual working conditions of each subordinate, but also give feedback to subordinates for the first time, timely find possible shortcomings of subordinates in the process of work, and point out the direction of their future development. Second, organizations should take multiple measures to enhance subordinates' work involvement, for example, to create a harmonious working atmosphere, provide a stable, comfortable, smooth working environment for the members of the organization, and so on. Third, the individual’s chronic regulatory focus should be taken into account in the recruitment, reward and promotion of employee, especially considering those with promotion regulatory focus. For the subordinates of prevention regulatory focus, managers should attach importance to the role of negative incentives from the perspective of punishment measures and mechanisms to promote their innovative behavior.#br#

    Su Weilin,Lin Xinqi. Constructive Supervisor Feedback and Subordinate Innovative Behavior：the Roles of Chronic Regulatory Focus and Job Involvement[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 137-144., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021010042.

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  • Research on the Impact Mechanism of Organizational Innovative Climate on Employee Radical Innovation
    Jia Jianfeng,Li Huixia,Liu Zhi,Liu Qiuyu
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 145-152. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.CQ202109001
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    In March 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping published an important article titled "Endeavoring to Become the World's Major Science Center and Innovation Heights" on Qiushi Magazine, emphasizing that "scientific and technological innovation has never had such a profound impact on China's future and people's well-being as it does today. We must firmly grasp this critical juncture in history and fundamentally improve China's scientific and technological innovation capacity". Correspondingly, the nation has carried out a series of innovation policies. Besides, as an important subject of the national innovation system, enterprises undertake the task of fundamental innovation, which puts forward higher radical innovation requirements for employees responsible for implementing this task. However, the theoretical researches on the antecedent mechanism of employee-level radical innovation is still in its infancy. Meanwhile, previous researches on the antecedents of employee's radical innovation mainly focus on the products of rigid organizational design such as work characteristics and organizational management practices. Therefore, it is urgent to expand the current theoretical reference frame to guide the management practice of employee radical innovation. With the advent of the era of knowledge economy, more and more enterprises emphasize flexible management and situational guidance. Inspired by this, the research mainly studies the influence of the flexible element—organizational innovative climate in the process of activating employees' radical innovation by introducing harmonious innovation passion as a mediator, and uncertainty avoidance as a moderator in order to comprehensively construct the internal mechanism and boundary conditions of the influence of organizational innovative climate on employees' radical innovation under the guidance of self-determination theory.#br#To test the theoretical model, we entrusted several human resource managers in enterprises as the key contact person, and collected the questionnaires from more than 300 full-time employees ranging from junior employees to senior executives of enterprises in many industries such as service industry, construction industry, manufacturing industry, Internet industry and so on. These enterprises are located in Liaoning, Jilin, Shanghai, Henan and other provinces in China. After matching the three-wave data, 172 valid questionnaires were obtained for hypothesis testing. Based on above survey data, structural equation model, Bootstrap and other methods were utilized to test the hypotheses. The results are as follows. Firstly, organizational innovative climate has a significant positive impact on employees' harmonious innovation passion. Secondly, the harmonious innovation passion of employees has a significant positive impact on their radical innovation. Thirdly, the harmonious innovation passion of employees plays a significant mediating role between organizational innovative climate and radical innovation. Finally, employee uncertainty avoidance has a significant negative moderating effect on the relationship between organizational innovative climate and harmonious innovation passion.#br#Different from previous researches, this study reveals the internal mechanism of the influence of organizational innovative climate on employees' radical innovation from the perspective of passion, extends the antecedents of employees' radical innovation to flexible management factors. Meanwhile, focusing on the characteristic of employees' uncertainty avoidance, we interpret its restriction effect on the positive effect of organizational innovative climate on harmonious innovation passion, which enriches the boundary conditions for the effectiveness of organizational innovative climate. The conclusions of this research have the following management enlightenments. Firstly, from the perspective of building a flexible management atmosphere, this research provides a new idea for organizations to manage employees' radical innovation. For example, while creating a relaxed, free and inclusive innovation atmosphere, organization should encourage mutual support and cooperation among employees and encourage employees to make communication and exploration on creative ideas, and it is also necessary for leaders to tolerate, respect and support employees' ideas of new processes and technologies. Secondly, organizations should take effective measures to stimulate employees' harmonious innovation passion. For example, creating an effective internal reward mechanism, such as increasing the sense of ceremony and praise, can enrich employees' innovation experience. Moreover, it is essential to establish a corresponding guidance mechanism to integrate innovation into the daily work of employees and create a fault-tolerant environment to ease the worries of employees seeking breakthroughs. Thirdly, organizations that focus on radical innovation should pay attention to managing employees' tendency to avoid uncertainty. For example, recruiters should select candidates with low uncertainty avoidance in recruitment. In particular, breaking the shackles of traditional thinking should be integrated into organizational culture to weaken employees' awareness of avoiding uncertainty.#br#

    Jia Jianfeng,Li Huixia,Liu Zhi,Liu Qiuyu. Research on the Impact Mechanism of Organizational Innovative Climate on Employee Radical Innovation[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 145-152., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.CQ202109001.

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  • What Exactly is the Platform：based on the Perspective of Division of Labor and Coordination
    Wang Xinbo,Li Chunli,Gao Liangmou
    SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY. 2022, 39(3): 153-160. https://doi.org/10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070340
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    As the basis and logical starting point of platform research, there is no widely accepted interpretation of what platform is.Since the 21st century, Amazon, Google, Alibaba, Jingdong, Uber, Airbnb and other enterprises have successfully applied the platform concept into practice.Platform has become an important economic phenomenon and received wide attention from the academic community.However, according to the existing platform research, the cognition and understanding of the nature of platform are different.Then, it is vital that we could recognize the differences and explore essential characteristics, and finally define what platform is.#br#Exploring the nature of platform is the basis for promoting academic research on platform.Therefore, a large number of scholars have explored the nature of platform from different perspectives, but they are limited to a specific context or field of research, and have not formed a recognized definition of "what platform is".In fact, due to the limitations of history and context, existing studies on the nature of platform only focus on some images of platform functions at different levels, leading to disagreement on the understanding of the nature of platforms.At the same time, most of the existing theories of platform nature regard the platform as a static structure, which is obviously inconsistent with the continuous evolution of the reality.#br#We found that although the platform is characterized by various forms under different perspectives, each platform is characterized by division of labor and coordination, namely division of labor is represented by the division of labor between a set of core"components of a platform with a few variants and a set of complementary peripheral components with multiple variants.In essence, platform is represented as platform division of labor within enterprises from the perspective of technology management and strategic management, at the same time, platform is represented as platform division of labor among enterprises from the perspective of industrial organization and ecosystem.Therefore, the division of labor and coordination are intrinsically linked, which constitutes the essential characteristics of platform, solves the problem of lack of connection between existing researches on the nature of platform from different perspectives, and creates opportunities to explore and reveal what platform really is.#br#This paper reviews and sorts out the research status of platform nature theory, explores "what platform really is", and finally draws two main conclusions.First, the essential characteristics of platform from different research perspectives are all manifested as division of labor and coordination.From the perspective of division and coordination, technology management is the division of labor and coordination of product platform; strategic management is the division of the labor and coordination of platform enterprises; industrial organization is the division and coordination of bilateral (multilateral) market platform, and ecosystem is the division of the labor and coordination of platform ecosystem.Second, the nature of platform is a kind of meta-organization.Based on the essential characteristics of platform, platform is a meta-organization which takes the shared interface and interface as the glue of the complementary autonomous body to carry out the division of labor and coordination, different from the two traditional organizational modes of bureaucracy and market.#br#By conceptualizing the platform as a meta-organization, two basic problems facing the nature theory of platform could probably besolved.First of all, platform, as a meta-organization, can cover and include the basic theoretical elements of the four research perspectives of technology management, strategic management, industrial organization and ecosystem, and find a common basis and joint point for these research perspectives, which provides a direction for the construction of the universally recognized nature theory of platform.Secondly, the conceptualization of platform as a kind of meta-organization can break the static view prevailing in most of the existing platform research.According to the organization theory, we can deeply understand the evolution process of platform and further explore the nature of platform.#br#The main theoretical contributions of this paper are as follows.Firstly, it reviews and sorts out the nature theory of platform from different perspectives, and clarifies the research context of nature theory of platform.Secondly, it explores the essential characteristics of platforms from the perspective of division of labor and coordination among the four research perspectives of technology management, strategic management, industrial organization and ecosystem, and deepens the research on the nature of platforms.Finally, by redefining the connotation of platform, it advances the exploration of the research question "what platform is".#br#

    Wang Xinbo,Li Chunli,Gao Liangmou. What Exactly is the Platform：based on the Perspective of Division of Labor and Coordination[J]. SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY, 2022, 39(3): 153-160., doi: 10.6049/kjjbydc.2021070340.

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