基于对关键技术及其创新内涵的阐释，解析关键技术创新的国别表象及中国事实，在此基础上，基于TRIZ理论系统化研究中国关键技术突破路径。研究发现：关键技术呈非线性指数式迭代，能够维护国家军事、经济、社会等方面的安全，其创新活动具有基础研究强依赖性、突破机制高系统性、创新过程高风险性及技术地位强垄断性；对标其他主要国家关键技术创新活动，中国高创新数量与低创新质量并存，且存在行业及企业差异。最后从TRIZ的核心原理、工具和方法得到启示：多元主体联合部署跨学科融合体系、打造层次化迭代攻关大格局、突出企业创新主体地位是中国突破关键技术的重要路径方向。

In order to narrow the gap between domestic and foreign key technologies, it is critical for China to promote the innovation of key technologies so that it can deeply participate in global economic development. At the same time, in order to mitigate the dilemma of key technologies being controlled by other countries, many scholars at home and abroad have focused on the breakthrough paths of key technologies.
Some related research focuses on exploring the real essence of key technologies or exploring the key technologies′ breakthrough path from internal reasons or the perspective of grand strategy; a systematic research framework has not yet been constructed. In view of this, this article interprets the connotation and characteristics of key technologies from the technological essence and conceptual intersection dimensions and analyzes key technologies′ national dynamic characteristics by overviewing different countries′ invention patents and fundamental research. On this basis, in order to analyze key technologies′ situation in China, this paper further investigates the industries with key technologies and the entrepreneurial differences. Other studies mainly use interdisciplinary theory to explore breakthrough paths with innovative applications of TRIZ theory to solve issues about key technologies. However, existing research fails to systematically consider the practical application of research organizations, TRIZ tools and methods in the key technology system. This paper argues that expanding TRIZ theory to the research of key technological innovation can provide a new systematic framework for the design of key technologies′ breakthrough paths.
On the basis of the above research analysis, this paper finds that key technologies exhibit the nonlinear exponential iteration characteristic and can maintain national security in military, economic, social and other aspects. Meanwhile, the success of its innovation has basic research dependency, breakthrough mechanism systematization, high risks and technological monopoly. From a practical perspective, compared with other major countries′ key technologies, China is leading the world in the quantity but not the quality of its innovation. In terms of China's internal reality, compared with firms from non-manufacturing and low contract-intensive industries, manufacturing and high contract-intensive industries′ have a higher quantity but lower quality in key technological innovations. In addition, compared with state-owned enterprises, mature and declining enterprises, non-state-owned enterprises and growing enterprises have more quantity advantages. Compared with small and medium-sized enterprises, large enterprises have a higher quantity and quality of key technologies.
Hence, the study finds that the TRIZ theory introduces new logical thinking and provides scientific and implementable breakthrough solutions for the key technology system. Through analyzing TRIZ architecture and core principles, it confirms that TRIZ invention theory enlightens the importance of government deployment, enterprise application and system support in the key technologies′ breakthrough path system; while classified breakthroughs, cross-domain knowledge integration, and sustainable basic research are essential elements. Therefore, combined with key points such as generic breakthroughs, basic research, and cross integration,this study makes full use of TRIZ theory, tools, and methods to solve technological conflicts as the principle from the perspectives of enterprises, governments and organizational systems, providing a comprehensive framework for the breakthrough path of key technologies in China. On the overall path, it is proposed that multiple entities should jointly deploy interdisciplinary integration systems. Furthermore, the government should decompose technology conflicts based on the key technology systems′ hierarchical decomposition and then create a hierarchical iterative research pattern. At the same time, by combining methods such as technology innovation levels and invention problems, enterprises should carry out scientific research activities reasonably. Finally, enterprises should provide feedback on the effectiveness of technology market applications, highlight their innovative applications, and optimize the breakthrough path of key technologies.
This paper emphasizes the long-term deployment, maintaining national security, non-linear changes, and other core characteristics of key technologies. Besides, it is particularly important to design differentiated breakthrough plans for key technologies across China because of the reality of imbalanced development. Overall, introducing TRIZ to assist enterprise innovation is a useful solution to effectively make breakthroughs of bottleneck issues in key technologies.