|
|
|
| The Realistic Obstacles of the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements in Universities and Its Cracking Mechanism |
| Zong Qianqian |
| (Law school, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China) |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Universities are important frontier scientific research centers and scientific and technological innovation bases in China, and they have produced abundant research achievements. The low transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements in universities is also a major problem that has existed for a long time in China but has not been well solved, which has aroused great concerns of all social fields. By reviewing relevant literature, it can be found that the existing research focuses on the success of the Bayh-Dole Act reform only on the ownership of property rights, and directly attributes the improvement of the transformation rate of American universities to the ownership rules established by the Bayh-Dole Act, regard the patent ownership reform of scientific and technological achievements as a panacea to be out of the transformation dilemma, and continue to make great contributions to the ownership reform with the help of the theory of property rights, and suggest that researchers should be fully empowered to stimulate their enthusiasm to participate in the transformation, especially the "mixed ownership" reform developed by Southwest Jiaotong University. In addition, the research results of academia have also been successfully extended and penetrated into practical operations, and relevant practical explorations have been actively carried out across the country, which have been recognized on the national level to some extent.#br# However, existing studies have shown that the current popular "mixed ownership" reform has no significant positive effect on patent increment, quality and transformation, and its legitimacy is questionable. On the contrary, the empirical studies show that the innovation output of universities will not continue to grow with the increase of incentives. According to the rule of "diminishing marginal utility" of incentives, when the incentives reach a certain level, there is little effect on the output and transformation of scientific and technological achievements by continuing to increase the incentives . At present,the Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements stipulates that the ratio of rewards and remunerations for scientific researchers shall not be less than 50%, which has reached the critical point of significant growth in the transformation of achievements. In other words,it cannot really promote the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements by merely increasing the enthusiasm of scientific researchers for transformation through ownership reform.#br#In order to fully understand the actual obstacles causing the difficulty in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and solve the problems, this paper puts aside the academic community's enthusiasm for the reform of ownership, adopts the methods of theoretical deduction, process analysis and official empirical research data to dig out the main obstacles in the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in universities. First, the patent technology level and transformation value are low, which seriously restricts the technology transfer from the supply side of the results to the market demand side. Second, there is a shortage of professional transformation talents and institutions, and the value-added service capacity of achievement transformation intermediaries urgently needs to be strengthened. Third, the pilot test link is weak and lack of funds, so the "valley of death" of achievement transformation is difficult to cross. In order to address the pain points of university achievement transformation and release the innovation-driven efficiency, this paper proposes that China should reform the patent management system and scientific research evaluation mechanism, improve patent quality and increase the attention of scientific research to enterprise needs. By drawing on the experience of the University of Oxford, it is suggested that a university, on the premise of not increasing the number of staff, should establish a professional transformation service company for its own profits and losses, cultivate professional personnel, and give full play to the "adhesive" role of intermediary service agencies. At the same time, by optimizing the investment structure of scientific research funds and perfecting the risk investment mechanism of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in China, the "valley of death" in the pilot stage of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements can be overcome.#br# This paper provides a new perspective and logical analysis route on how to solve the problems of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities. It is of great significance for China to accurately grasp the sore points of the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities, speed up the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces and make a powerful engine for the construction of a strong intellectual property country.#br#
|
|
Received: 15 December 2021
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] LIEBERWITZ R L.The corporatization of academic research: whose interests are served[J]. Akron L. Rev.,2005,38(5):759-776.
[2] 张军荣,袁晓东.中国“拜杜规则”促进高校专利产出了吗[J].科学学研究,2014,32(12):1859-1866,1887.
[3] 钟卫,陈海鹏,姚逸雪.加大科技人员激励力度能否促进科技成果转化——来自中国高校的证据[J].科技进步与对策,2021,38(7):125-133.
[4] 章熙春，江海，袁传思.产权激励对促进高校科技成果转化的影响分析[J].科技管理研究,2020,40(17):106-111.
[5] 李婷婷,刘鑫,陈光.高校科技成果“反公地悲剧”问题的突破机制——以职务发明权属改革为视角的分析[J].中国高校科技,2020,34(7):89-93.
[6] 邓恒,王含.专利制度在高校科技成果转化中的运行机理及改革路径[J].科技进步与对策,2020,37(17):101-108.
[7] 王海芸,曹爱红.立法视角下职务科技成果所有权规定模式对比研究[J].科技进步与对策:1-8[2021-11-18].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/42.1224.G3.20211110.0937.002.html.
[8] 刘强,刘星.高校科技成果混合所有制的专利制度问题研究[J].武陵学刊,2019,44(2):46-53.
[9] 张铭慎.如何破除制约入股型科技成果转化的“国资诅咒”——以成都职务科技成果混合所有制改革为例[J].经济体制改革,2017,35(6):116-123.
[10] 谢商华.高校职务发明权属也应“混改”[EB/OL]. [2021-12-02]. http://www.moj.gov.cn/subject/content/2018-03/15/323_17079.html.
[11] 赵雨菡,魏江,吴伟.高校科技成果转化的制度困境与规避思路[J].清华大学教育研究,2017,38(4):108-112,116.
[12] 张虎,杨柳,何为.高校科技成果转化的现状与症结[J].科研管理,2017,38(S1):676-679.
[13] 唐素琴,曾心怡,卓柳俊.财政资助科技成果共有制与成果转化关系的考察[J].科技促进发展,2019,15(9):935-942.
[14] 全国人大常务委员会法制工作委员会社会法室.中华人民共和国促进科技成果转化法解读[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2016:71-102.
[15] BOEING P, MUELLER E. Measuring patent quality in cross-country comparison[J]. Economics Letters, 2016, 149(5): 145-147.
[16] 唐素琴,任婧,卓柳俊,等. 国家财政资助科技成果混合所有制的实证研究[A]//国家知识产权局条法司.专利法研究,2020.
[17] BRESCIA F, COLOMBO G, LANDONI P. Organizational structures of Knowledge Transfer Offices: an analysis of the world′s top-ranked universities[J]. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2016, 41(1): 132-151.
[18] KIM Y. The ivory tower approach to entrepreneurial linkage: productivity changes in university technology transfer[J]. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 2013, 38(2): 180-197.
[19] CARLSSON B, FRIDH A C. Technology transfer in United States universities[J]. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 2002, 12(1): 199-232.
[20] 肖广岭.跨越“死亡之谷”的新尝试——美国“概念验证中心”及对中国的启示[J].中国科技论坛,2014，30(2):131-137.
[21] 刘波,杨芮,李娜. 科技成果转化中试环节:模式、问题及对策[C]//中国软科学杂志社.第十届中国软科学学术年会论文集,2015.
[22] ABRAMS I, LEUNG G, STEVENS A J. How are US technology transfer offices taskedand motivated-is it all about the money[J]. Research Management Review, 2009, 17(1):1-34.
[23] 2017 Licensing Activity Survey[EB/OL]. [2021-12-23]. https://autm.net/surveys-and-tools/surveys/licensing-survey/2017-licensing-activity-survey.
[24] JENSEN R, THURSBY M. Proofs and prototypes for sale:the licensing of university inventions[J]. American Economic Review, 2001, 91(1): 240-259.
[25] KENNEY M, PATTON D. Reconsidering the Bayh-Dole Act and the current university invention ownership model[J]. Research Policy,2009,38(9):1407-1422.
[26] HILLS S B, BARTKUS K R. Market-driven versus market-driving behaviours: preliminary evidence for developing competitive advantage in high-technology markets[J]. International Journal of Technology Marketing, 2007, 2(2): 140-156.
|
|
|
|
