|
|
|
| Research on the Impact of Perceived Entrepreneurial Obstacles on Entrepreneurial Behavior Tendency：the Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurship Education |
| Liu Xinmin1,2,Zhang Yanan1,Fan Liu3 |
| (1. College of Economics and Management,Shangdong University of Science and Technology,Qingdao 266590,China; 2. Department of Management,Qingdao Agricultural University,Qingdao 266109,China;3. Management College,Ocean University of China,Qingdao 266100,China) |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Entrepreneurship activities can stimulate innovation vitality and effectively promote economic growth and industrial transformation. However, Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) report shows that the total early-stage entrepreneurship activity (TEA) of China has shown a significant decline since 2015. Especially, China’s 2019 TEA index was only 8.7 which was far below the efficiency-driven countries’ TEA such as Brazil (23.3). Thus, exploring the reasons for the decline of entrepreneurial activity and analyzing effective methods to solve this problem have become a hot issue in the entrepreneurial study.#br#Theoretically, having high level of entrepreneurial intention is the prerequisite for individuals to take entrepreneurial behavior. In fact, entrepreneurial intention is composed of entrepreneurial conviction and entrepreneurial behavior tendency. Some studies point out that entrepreneurial behavior tendency is a more reliable predictor of personal entrepreneurial behavior. However, existing studies mostly use entrepreneurial conviction to predict individual entrepreneurial behavior instead of entrepreneurial behavior tendency. In addition, there is a growing body of literature that concerns the positive inducing factors of individual entrepreneurial intention, far too little attention has been paid to the hindering factors on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, failing to explain why Chinese entrepreneurial activities have fallen into a downturn. Lastly, entrepreneurship education can help individuals overcome hindering factors including entrepreneurship obstacles at the macro-environmental level and fear of failure at the individual level. However, there are few studies on whether entrepreneurship education can reduce the adverse effect of these inhibitive factors on individual entrepreneurship, which can not provide the systematically understanding of the implementation effect of entrepreneurship education. Thus, this study aims to (1) explore the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles and fear of failure on individual entrepreneurial behavior, with the purpose of revealing the reasons for the low entrepreneurial activity in China; (2) and examine the moderating role of entrepreneurial education in this mechanism, clarifying its implementation effect from the perspective of reducing the decisive impact of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, so as to provide reference for the government to effectively resolve the macro and individual entrepreneurial obstacles faced by individuals and promote the entrepreneurial activity of China ultimately.#br#The first question this study tries to address is why Chinese entrepreneurial activity has fallen into the recession. With this regard, a research model which investigates the effect of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles including perceived loss of financial resources, perceived loss of market demand and perceived loss of social support on entrepreneurial behavior tendency through fear of failure is developed based on SSO framework. A questionnaire is designed and data is collected form 259 Chinese makers who are achieving their innovative ideas in makerspaces. The reason why this study takes makers as the research object is that makers can incubate their own ideas with the help of the shared resources provided by the makerspace, and then turn innovative ideas into substantive products. During the creative incubation process, the maker group carries out a series of activities under the leadership of innovation consciousness, such as forming a project team with like-minded makers, participating in relevant technical training, developing and testing new products, etc. After the creative incubation stage, the entrepreneurial awareness of the makers gradually takes the leading position and guides them to commercialize projects with good market value. Therefore, the makers not only has the characteristics of significant entrepreneurial behavior tendency, but also can effectively activate the entrepreneurial activity. Hence, it is reasonable to select the makers as the research object in this study. Structural equation modeling is then adopted to analyze the data. The results indicate that among the three aspects of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles, perceived loss of financial resources has the strongest impact on fear of failure, followed by perceived loss of social support. However, the effect of perceived loss of market demand on fear of failure is not significant. Fear of failure has a direct negative impact on entrepreneurial behavior tendency.#br#The second question this study tries to address is that whether entrepreneurship education can reduce the adverse effect of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency. In this sense, the sample is divided into two sub-sample groups that one group has received entrepreneurship education and the other has not. The implementation effect of entrepreneurship education is clarified by comparing the differences in the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency between these two sub-samples. The empirical results show that compared with the group without entrepreneurship education, the perceived loss of financial resources and perceived social support of the group with entrepreneurship education has a smaller positive impact on the fear of failure, and the negative impact of the fear of failure on the entrepreneurial behavior tendency is also weaker. This results indicates that entrepreneurship education plays a significant moderating role in the influence mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavioral tendency, that is, entrepreneurship education can weaken the positive impact of key entrepreneurial obstacles (perceived loss of financial resources and perceived loss of social support) on fear of failure, and reduce the negative impact of fear of failure on entrepreneurial behavioral tendency.#br#In sum, this paper contributes the existing entrepreneurship literature in two ways. First, this study analyzes the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on individual entrepreneurial behavioral tendency through fear of failure. Existing research on entrepreneurial intention mostly use entrepreneurial conviction to represent entrepreneurial intention, and focuses on analyzing the impact of positive inducing factors on individual entrepreneurial intention, which cannot fully explain the phenomenon that entrepreneurial activity has fallen into a slump in China. Therefore, this study takes entrepreneurial behavior tendency as a reliable predictor of individual entrepreneurial behavior, and constructs a research model to empirically analyze the effect of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles and fear of failure on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, thereby further enriching the research on the influencing factors of individual entrepreneurial decision-making. Second, this study clarifies the effect of entrepreneurship education from the perspective of reducing the adverse effects of entrepreneurial obstacles on individual entrepreneurial behavior tendency. The current empirical research on entrepreneurship education in China focuses on the cultivation of positive psychology of individuals through entrepreneurship education, which may lead to one-sided research conclusions. This study, therefore, empirically analyzes the moderating role of entrepreneurship education in the influencing mechanism of perceived entrepreneurial obstacles on entrepreneurial behavior tendency, and finds that entrepreneurial education can weaken the adverse effect of entrepreneurial obstacles and fear of failure on individual entrepreneurial behavior tendency. This conclusion provide a new perspective for empirical research on the effect of entrepreneurship education. #br#In addition, this study also provides suggestions for local governments and related departments on how to improve entrepreneurial activity, including improving the entrepreneurial environment to reduce entrepreneurial obstacles, taking corresponding measures to reduce the negative impact of entrepreneurial failure on potential entrepreneurs, and implementing entrepreneurship education to improve the ability and confidence of potential entrepreneurs to deal with entrepreneurial obstacles.#br#
|
|
Received: 22 March 2021
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [1] 赵涛,张智,梁上坤.数字经济、创业活跃度与高质量发展——来自中国城市的经验证据[J].管理世界,2020,36(10):65-76.[2] GELDEREN M V,KAUTONEN T,WINCENT J,et al. Implementation intentions in the entrepreneurial process: Concept,empirical findings,and research agenda[J]. Small Business Economics,2018,51(4):1-19.[3] 何良兴.情境知识与创业行为倾向:一个有调节的中介作用模型[J].科学学与科学技术管理,2017,38(8):155-166.[4] CARR J C,SEQUEIRA J M. Prior family business exposure as intergenerational influence and entrepreneurial intent: a theory of planned behavior approach[J]. Journal of Business Research,2007,60(10):1090-1098.[5] 刘新民,张亚男,范柳.创业认知、创业教育对创业行为倾向的影响——基于CSM的实证研究[J].软科学,2020,34(9):128-133.[6] KOLLMANN T,STOCKMANN C,JULIA M,et al. Fear of failure as a mediator of the relationship between obstacles and nascent entrepreneurial activity——an experimental approach[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2017,32(3):280-301.[7] 朱武祥,张平,李鹏飞,等.疫情冲击下中小微企业困境与政策效率提升——基于两次全国问卷调查的分析[J].管理世界,2020,36(4):13-26.[8] BOGATYREVA K L F,EDELMAN T S,MANOLOVA O,et al. When do entrepreneurial intentions lead to actions? the role of national culture[J]. Journal of Business Research,2019,96:309-321.[9] MARTINEZ K R G,FERNANDEZ-LAVIADA A,CRESPO A H. Influence of business incubators performance on entrepreneurial intentions and its antecedents during the pre-incubation stage[J]. Entrepreneurship Research Journal,2018,8(2):1-15.[10] IBIDUNNI A S,MOZIE D,AYENI A W A A. Entrepreneurial characteristics amongst university students: insights for understanding entrepreneurial intentions amongst youths in a developing economy[J]. Education and Training,2020,63(1):71-84.[11] WANG D,WANG L,CHEN L. Unlocking the influence of family business exposure on entrepreneurial intentions[J]. International entrepreneurship and management Journal,2018,14(4):951-974.[12] PEREZ-FERNANDEZ H,MARTIN-CRUZ N,DELGADO-GARCIA J B,et al. Online and face-to-face social networks and dispositional affectivity. how to promote entrepreneurial intention in higher education environments to achieve disruptive innovations[J]. Frontiers in Psychology,2020,11:1-15.[13] ARRANZ N,ARROYABE M F,FDEZ D. Entrepreneurial intention and obstacles of undergraduate students: the case of the universities of Andalusia[J]. Studies in Higher Education,2021,44(11):2011-2024.[14] 徐菊,陈德棉.创业教育对创业意向的作用机理研究[J].科研管理,2019,40(12):225-233.[15] 王志强,杨庆梅.我国创业教育研究的知识图谱——2000—2016年教育学CSSCI期刊的文献计量学分析[J].教育研究,2017,38(6):58-64.[16] 张秀娥,徐雪娇,林晶.创业教育对创业意愿的作用机制研究[J].科学学研究,2018,36(9):1650-1658.[17] HOANG G,LE T T T,TRAN A K T,et al. Entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intentions of university students in Vietnam: the mediating roles of self-efficacy and learning orientation[J]. Education and Training,2020,63(1):115-133.[18] 徐小洲.中国创业教育研究的特征和趋势——基于2009—2018年研究成果的计量可视化分析[J].中国高教研究,2019,35(3):52-60.[19] KOESKE G F,KOESKE R D. A Preliminary test of a stress-strain-outcome model for reconceptualizing the burnout phenomenon[J]. Journal of Social Service Research,1993,17(3-4):107-135.[20] CARDON M,STEVENS C E,POTTER D R. Misfortunes or mistakes: cultural sensemaking of entrepreneurial failure[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2011,26(1):79-92.[21] ELLIOT A J. The hierarchical model of approach-avoidance motivation[J]. Motivation & Emotion,2006,30(2):111-116. [22] ENGEL Y,KAANDORP M,ELFRING T. Toward a dynamic process model of entrepreneurial networking under uncertainty[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2017,32(1):35-51.[23] 张秀娥,王超.创业失败经验对连续创业意愿的影响——创业失败学习与市场动荡性的作用[J].科技进步与对策,2020,37(20):1-9.[24] CHUA S,BEDFORD O. A qualitative exploration of fear of failure and entrepreneurial intent in Singapore[J]. Journal of Career Development,2016,43(4):319-334.[25] 崔军,孙俊华.高校创业教育影响大学生创业心智的中介机制研究——基于创业情感的视角[J].高校教育管理,2019,13(4):108-116.[26] KARIMI S,BIEMANS H J A,LANS T,et al. The impact of entrepreneurship education: a study of Iranian students' entrepreneurial intentions and opportunity identification[J]. Journal of Small Business Management,2016,54(1):187-209.[27] BROWDER R E,ALDRICH H E,BRADLEY S W. The emergence of the maker movement:implications for organizational and entrepreneurship research[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2019,34(3):459-476.[28] 崔祥民,李支东,柴晨星.基于QCA方法的创客精神生成机理研究[J].科技进步与对策,2020,37(14):31-38.[29] PIPEROPOULOS P,DIMOV D. Burst bubbles or build steam? entrepreneurship education,entrepreneurial self-efficacy,and entrepreneurial intentions[J]. Journal of Small Business Management,2015,53(4):970-985.[30] HAIR J F,SARSTEDT M,RINGLE C M,et al. An assessment of the use of partial least squares structural equation modeling in marketing research[J]. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,2012,40(3): 414-433.[31] 李洪成.数据的正态性检验方法及其统计软件实现[J].统计与决策,2009，25(12):155-156.[32] CACCIOTTI G,HAYTON J C,MITCHELL J R,et al. A reconceptualization of fear of failure in entrepreneurship[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2016,31(3):302-325.[33] LI L,CHEN J,GAO H,et al. The certification effect of government R&D subsidies on innovative entrepreneurial firms' access to bank finance: evidence from China[J]. Small Business Economics,2019,52(1):241-259.[34] YAO R,SHARPE D L,GORHAM E E. An exploratory study of Chinese Americans' debt ownership[J]. Journal of Family and Economic Issues,2011,32(4):600-611. |
|
|
|
