|
|
|
| The Measurements of Provincial Innovative Capacity and Its Inequality in China |
| Xu Aiting1,2,Qiu Keyang1,Zhu Yuhan1,2 |
| (1.School of Statistics and Mathematics, Zhejiang Gongshang University;2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Statistical Data Engineering, Technology & Application, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China) |
|
|
|
|
Abstract Innovation is widely regarded as the core element of modern economic growth, especially at a critical time when China's economy is shifting from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage and the growth mode that mainly relies on traditional production factors such as land, material resources and labor is unsustainable. Therefore, it has become the fundamental solution to achieve the high-quality and high-efficiency development of the economy of China by improving innovative capacity. However, contradictory to the importance of innovation,the differences in innovation resources and conditions accumulated by different regions in China are increasingly significant, and the imbalance and insufficiency of innovative capacity between regions are further exacerbated. These problems limit the overall quality and efficiency improvement of China's innovative capacity, and further hinder the advancement of national innovation construction. More importantly, a review of the existing literature finds that research on innovative capacity rarely focuses on inequality.#br#In order to make up for the research gap of inequality in domestic innovative capacity, and clarify the degree of inequality of provincial innovative capacity and its influencing factors, better promote the coordinated development of regional innovation in China, this paper proposes a new innovative capacity measurement index, R&D capital, to examine China's provincial innovative capacity from 1978 to 2019 more scientifically and rationally. Then based on the essential characteristics of innovative capacity and the inherent attributes of measurement methods, the traditional inequality measurement method is extended to match the provincial economic level with the innovative capacity, and the Concentration Index (CI) is used to measure the inequality of innovative capacity related to the economic level. Finally, taking into account the characteristics of the inequality measurement method and the policy-oriented demand, the study uses the dynamic decomposition method to decompose the changes of provincial innovative capacity inequality into regional economic growth effect and innovative capacity cumulative effect, so as to reveal the main factors causing inequality in provincial innovative capacity.#br#The results show that China's innovative capacity has gradually improved since the reform and opening up more than 40 years ago, accompanied by significant regional agglomeration effect. From the inequality measurement results, it can be seen that the Gini coefficient and other one-dimensional inequality indicators have maintained high and stable since 2000 and there has been a sign of rebound and rise in recent years, indicating that the inequality of China's provincial innovative capacity is still high and has not been significantly improved. As for the regional innovative capacity related to the economic level, it is manifested as "pro-rich"inequality, which means the economically developed regions have accumulated a higher innovative capacity, and the correlation between the regional innovative capacity and the economic development level of each province has gradually increased. The result of dynamic decomposition reveals that the contribution of regional economic growth effect to inequality declines continuously, while the cumulative effect of innovative capacity, especially the scale effect of innovative capacity, further exacerbates the inequality of provincial innovative capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly understand and properly grasp the organic balance between regional economic development and the improvement of innovative capacity. While emphasizing the construction of distinctive regional innovation development patterns, it is necessary to take into account the differences in regional innovative capacity. For the innovation disadvantaged areas, in the short term, they can try to take the innovative path of differentiation and leap-forward development, foster and expand the regional characteristic economy and emerging industries to narrow the regional gap. In the long run, they must rely on regional economic development and early stage innovation capital to achieve continuous and progressive accumulation of innovative capacity.#br#This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the relationship between innovative capacity and the regional economic development, and enriches the research on the inequality of innovative capacity, especially in the current stage that pursues a balanced and adequate development. Moreover, the results also provide a decision-making reference for China's policymakers to promote the coordinated development of regional innovative capacity and continuously improve the quality and efficiency of development.#br#
|
|
Received: 04 January 2022
|
|
|
|
|
|
[1] RODRGUEZ-POSE A, CRESCENZI R. Research and development, spillovers, innovation systems, and the genesis of regional growth in Europe[J]. Regional Studies, 2008, 42(1): 51-67.
[2] 白俊红，蒋伏心. 协同创新、空间关联与区域创新绩效[J]. 经济研究，2015, 50(7): 174-187.
[3] COLOMBO M G, GRILLI L, MURTINU S. R&D subsidies and the performance of high-tech start-ups[J]. Economics Letters, 2011, 112(1): 97-99.
[4] 叶祥松，刘敬. 异质性研发、政府支持与中国科技创新困境[J]. 经济研究，2018, 53(9): 116-132.
[5] ALLANSON P, GERDTHAM U G, PETRIE D. Longitudinal analysis of income-related health inequality[J]. Journal of Health Economics, 2010, 29(1): 78-86.
[6] ENOS J L. Invention and innovation in the petroleum refining industry[M]. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors, Princeton University Press, 2015, 299-322.
[7] MATHEWS J A, HU M. Enhancing the role of universities in building national innovative capacity in Asia: the case of Taiwan[J]. World Development, 2007, 35(6): 1005-1020.
[8] MELLAHI K, WILKINSON A. A Study of the association between level of slack reduction following downsizing and innovation output[J]. Journal of Management Studies, 2010, 47(3): 483-508.
[9] PELLEGRINO G, PIVA M, VIVARELLI M. Young firms and innovation: a microeconometric analysis[J]. Structural Change & Economic Dynamics, 2012, 23(4): 329-340.
[10] FREEMAN C, SOETE L. Developing science, technology and innovation indicators: what we can learn from the past[J]. Research Policy, 2009, 38(4): 583-589.
[11] ACS Z J. Innovation and the growth of cities[M]. Arlington: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2002.
[12] PROKSCH D, HABERSTROH M M, PINKWART A. Increasing the national innovative capacity: identifying the pathways to success using a comparative method[J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2017, 116: 256-270.
[13] 张杰，郑文平. 创新追赶战略抑制了中国专利质量么[J]. 经济研究，2018, 53(5): 28-41.
[14] 高敏雪. 研发资本化与GDP核算调整的整体认识与建议[J]. 统计研究，2017, 34(4): 3-14.
[15] MADSEN J B. Economic growth,TFP convergence and the world export of ideas: a century of evidence[J]. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 2008, 110(1): 145-167.
[16] 万广华. 不平等的度量与分解[J]. 经济学(季刊)，2009, 8(1): 347-368.
[17] LAW S H, NASEEM N, LAU W T, et al. Can innovation improve income inequality? evidence from panel data[J]. Economic Systems, 2020, 44(4): 100815.
[18] 曲兆鹏，赵忠. 老龄化对我国农村消费和收入不平等的影响[J]. 经济研究，2008, 43(12): 85-99.
[19] 刘穷志，庞泓. 基尼系数的分解:收入增长能否降低收入不平等[J]. 统计研究，2016, 33(10): 31-37.
[20] 万广华，范蓓蕾，陆铭. 解析中国创新能力的不平等：基于回归的分解方法[J]. 世界经济，2010, 33(2): 3-14.
[21] 张古鹏，陈向东，杜华东. 中国区域创新质量不平等研究[J]. 科学学研究，2011, 29(11): 1709-1719.
[22] 苏屹，李柏洲，喻登科. 区域创新系统知识存量的测度与公平性研究[J]. 中国软科学，2012，27(5): 157-174.
[23] DALTON H. The measurement of the inequality of incomes[J]. The Economic Journal, 1920, 30(119): 348-361.
[24] CHITIGA M,OWUSU-SEKYERE E,TSOANAMATSIE N.Income inequality and limitationsof the gini index: the case of South Africa[R]. Human Sciences Research Council Working Paper, 2015.
[25] DE MAIO F G. Income inequality measures[J]. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 2007, 61(10): 849-852.
[26] 苑林娅. 中国收入差距不平等状况的泰尔指数分析[J]. 云南财经大学学报，2008，24(1): 30-37.
[27] 戴平生. 拓展基尼系数及其应用的拓展研究[J]. 统计研究，2013, 30(9): 69-78.
[28] 欧阳峣，汤凌霄. 大国创新道路的经济学解析[J]. 经济研究，2017, 52(9): 11-23.
[29] GOLDSMITH R W. A perpetual inventory of national wealth[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1951.
[30] GRILICHES Z. R&D and the productivity slowdown[R]. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1980.
[31] SLIKER B. 2007 R&D satellite account methodologies: R&D capital stocks and net rates of return[R]. Bureau of Economic Analysis, 2007.
[32] WAGSTAFF A, VAN DOORSLAER E, WATANABE N. On decomposing the causes of health sector inequalities with an application to malnutrition inequalities in vietnam[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 2003, 112(1): 207-223.
[33] 许宪春，郑学工. 改革研发支出核算方法更好地反映创新驱动作用[J]. 国家行政学院学报，2016，18(5): 4-12.
[34] 江永宏，孙凤娥. 中国R&D资本存量测算:1952～2014年[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究，2016, 33(7): 112-129.
[35] 徐蔼婷，祝瑜晗. R&D卫星账户整体架构与编制的国际实践[J]. 统计研究，2017, 34(9): 76-89.
[36] HALL B H, MAIRESSE J. Exploring the relationship between R&D and productivity in French manufacturing firms[J]. Journal of Econometrics, 1995, 65(1): 263-293.
[37] 王亚菲，王春云. 中国行业层面研究与试验发展资本存量核算[J]. 数量经济技术经济研究，2018, 35(1): 94-110.
[38] LI W C Y, HALL B H. Depreciation of business R&D capital[J]. Review of Income & Wealth, 2016, 66(1): 161-180.
[39] 孙凤娥，江永宏. 我国地区R&D资本存量测算:1978—2015年[J]. 统计研究，2018, 35(2): 99-108.
[40] 侯睿婕，陈钰芬. SNA框架下中国省际R&D资本存量的估算[J]. 统计研究，2018, 35(5): 19-28.
[41] 李扬，张晓晶. “新常态”：经济发展的逻辑与前景[J]. 经济研究，2015, 50(5): 4-19.
|
|
|
|
