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| New Trends of International Technology Transfer Based on a Multi-dimensional Institutional Logics |
| Zhang Yafeng1,Xu Ke2,Wang Yongjie3,Jin Zongzhen4 |
| (1.School of Public Policy and Management（School of Intellectual Property）, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049,China; 2.School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237,China; 3.Business School, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000,China; 4.China National Institute of Standardization, Beijing 100088,China) |
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Abstract International technology transfer (ITT) is an important pathway of the flow of innovation element among countries. The broad and fast diffusion of technology has made the economies of different countries more dependent on each other. Under a dynamic perspective, ITT has shown some new changes, and the focus of the present article is to explore what the trends and characteristics of ITT are.#br#Different from other market transaction activity, ITT is more likely to be influenced by various institutional factors. Based on the institutional logics, we build a multi-dimension analytical framework to analyze ITT. The institutional logics think that all organizations and organizational activities are set in the context of certain institutional environment, and the basic hypothesis is that the benefit, position, and value are embedded into certain institutions. Our analytical framework is consisted of four aspects, including national competition logics, science and technology (S&T) development logics, market entity logics, and social progress logics. The national competition logics involve mainly international relationship and national competition, since ITT takes place between different countries, and is affected by national will, national strategy, and international landscape. The S&T development logics involve mainly the competition of S&T and the cooperation of S&T. The market entity logics involve mainly the role of multinational companies and industrial progress. The social progress logics involve mainly the society’s requirement on the pattern and result of development.#br#In the national competition logics, ITT is more frequently affected by international political relationship and economic structure; governments are considering the factor of national safety in making ITT related policy. The trend that ITT is connected with international political relationship and international economic landscape is more obvious. Since the developing speed in developed countries has slowed down in recent years, and there is a lack of motivation, so those countries show a preference of domestic technology protectionism. An obvious example is that, in 2018, the US issued the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA) and improved the standard of technology control. At the same time, ITT is more closely connected with national safety. The technology restriction that developed countries pose on developing countries has spread from the national safety area to commercial and civil areas. #br#In the S&T development logics, the competition of S&T makes the ITT more complex, and the cooperation of S&T improves the efficiency of ITT. The governments in various countries have noticed the key role of S&T progress, and take measures in improving R&D investment, attracting S&T talents, and establishing R&D infrastructure. The technological gap between developed and developing countries is also becoming complex, since the later are getting up with the former in certain areas. At the same time, both the governments and companies are conducting international technology cooperation projects, and this also leads to direct or indirect ITT.#br#In the social progress logics, the sustainable development goal has made the ITT more significant, and the health area has become an important area of ITT. Technology transfer plays an irreplaceable role in the realization of the sustainable development goal in a global context. Several international treaties have put special emphasis on issues about the transfer of technologies that are related to climate change and environment protection. At the same time, the spread of the COVID-19 has made the development of health technology and its transfer across countries more urgent. #br#In the market entity logics, the requirement of industrial transformation in various countries has enriched the ITT, and the role of multinational companies has become more significant. #br#We further analyze the institutional updates of the ITT in China. First, the institutional system about ITT in China has been improved in the past years. Particularly, in 2020, the Foreign Investment Law was amended, and the new version stresses the protection of foreign investors’ intellectual property, technology and business secret. Simultaneously, various types of ITT are encouraged and regulations on the safety issues of outward ITT are put forward. Second, the international cooperation relationship concerning ITT has been improved, the Belt and Road Initiative and the signing of various regional treatment agreements both provide new opportunities to the ITT in China. The article concludes by putting forward several directions for future research on ITT.#br#
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Received: 02 August 2021
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