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Abstract This paper combs the basic image of China's technological innovation practice during the 40 years of reform and opening up, and describe it as "fourorder climbing", that is, the first stage of learningintroducingsupplying, the second stage of introducingimitatingimproving, the third stage of integratingboostingcreating, and the fourth stage of innovatingiteratingpromoting. It also explains the background of each stage and its specific innovation model. Furthermore, it combs and discusses the main features, basic experiences and main lessons of China's technological innovation practice in the past 40 years. This paper believes that with the deepening of innovationdriven development, especially in the field of "innovation leads development" which is valued by country and industry, at this stage, it is urgent to pay more close attention to the following issues:first of all, the possible changes in mechanisms of international innovation competition and cooperation under the background of potential reconstruct for international governance; secondly, the occurrence and realization mechanism of "leading scientific and technological innovation" in the era of large science and technology, as well as the structural and institutional mechanisms of the national innovation ecosystem, and also the "ecological niche" in which the future scientific innovation subject and technological innovation subject should be in the national innovation ecosystem; furthermore, the mechanism of innovation and development for "sciencebased industries"; last but not least, the logical construction of innovation and development research under the Chinese scenario.
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