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| Group Affective Tone——The Complementary Concept of Team Cognition |
| Ni Xudong,Zhou Yanzhe |
| School of Economics and Management, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018,China |
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Abstract In addition to the team cognitive dimension, researchers have paid extensive attention to team affect because of the increasing significant role played by affective dimension in teams and organizations. Scholars found that group affective tone, which reflects a common phenomenon that all the workgroup members experience consistent or homogeneous affective states, exists in most real teams and has important influence on team outputs. This paper has integrated a theory framework about the formation and development of group affective tone with a deep look into its definition and related concepts, and then studies the impact factors, the forming processes, states, outputs and situational factors of group affective tone based on that framework. Finally, this paper provides some future research directions that researchers should further explore, such as the affective relationship between authority and members within a team, discrete affective tone, dual tuning of positive and negative affect, affective tone under the influence of modern interactive media and subgroup's affective tone.
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Received: 25 August 2016
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Corresponding Authors:
Ni Xudong
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［1］BARSADE S G.The ripple effect:emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior［J］.Administrative Science Quarterly,2002,47(4):644-675.
［2］倪旭东,薛宪方.基于知识异质性团队的异质性知识网络运行机制［J］.心理科学进展,2013,21(3):389-397.
［3］GEORGE J M.Affect regulation in groups and teams［A］.//In Lord R G,et al.Emotions in the workplace:Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior［C］.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2002:183-218.
［4］GEORGE J M.Personality,affect,and behavior in groups［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,1990,75(2):107-116.
［5］GEORGE J M.Group affective tone［A］.//In West M A (Ed.).Handbook of work group psychology［C］.Chichester:John Wiley & Sons Ltd,1996:77-93.
［6］GEORGE J M,KING E B.Potential pitfalls of affect convergence in teams:functions and dysfunctions of group affective tone［A］//In MANNIX E A,et al.Research on managing groups and teams［C］.Oxford:JAI Press，2007:97-123.
［7］ILIES R,WAGNER D T,MORGESON F P.Explaining affective linkages in teams:individual differences in susceptibility to contagion and individualism-collectivism［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(4):1140-1148.
［8］SY T,CＴS,SAAVEDRA R.The contagious leader:impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members,group affective tone,and group processes［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(2):295-305.
［9］BARSADE S G,KNIGHT A P.Group affect［J］.Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior,2014(2):21-46.
［10］BARSADE S G,WARD A J,TURNER J D F,et al.To your heart's content:a model of affective diversity in top management teams［J］.Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45(4):802-836.
［11］GEORGE J M.Leader positive mood and group performance:the case of customer service［J］.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1995,25(9):778-794.
［12］KNIGHT A P,EISENKRAFT N.Positive is usually good,negative is not always bad:the effects of group affect on social integration and task performance［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2015,100(4):1214-1227.
［13］TSAI W-C,CHI N-W,GRANDEY A A,et al.Positive group affective tone and team creativity:negative group affective tone and team trust as boundary conditions［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2012,33(5):638-656.
［14］GEORGE J M,ZHOU J.Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't:the role of context and clarity of feelings［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2002,87(4):687-697.
［15］WALTER F,BRUCH H.The positive group affect spiral:a dynamic model of the emergence of positive affective similarity in work groups［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2008,29(2):239-261.
［16］GEORGE J M,ZHOU J.Dual tuning in a supportive context:joint contributions of positive mood,negative mood,and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity［J］.Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(3):605-622.
［17］BARTEL C A,SAAVEDRA R.The collective construction of work group moods［J］.Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45(2):197-231.
［18］BARSADE S G,GIBSON D E.Group affect:its influence on individual and group outcomes［J］.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2012,21(2):119-123.
［19］BRIEF A P,WEISS H M.Organizational behavior:affect in the workplace［J］.Annual Review of Psychology,2002,53(1):279-307.
［20］COLLINS A L,LAWRENCE S A,TROTH A C,et al.Group affective tone:a review and future research directions［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2013,34(1):43-62.
［21］MASON C M,GRIFFIN M A.Group absenteeism and positive affective tone:a longitudinal study［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2003,24(6):667-687.
［22］GEORGE J M.State or trait:effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76(2):299-307.
［23］GEORGE J M,BRIEF A P.Feeling good-doing good:a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship［J］.Psychological Bulletin,1992,112(2):310-329.
［24］BLEDOW R,ROSING K,FRESE M.A dynamic perspective on affect and creativity［J］.Academy of Management Journal,2013,56(2):432-450.
［25］GRAWITCH M J,MUNZ D C,KRAMER T J.Effects of member mood states on creative performance in temporary work groups［J］.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,2003,7(1):41-54.
［26］FELPS W,MITCHELL T R,BYINGTON E.How,when,and why bad apples spoil the barrel:negative group members and dysfunctional groups［A］//In Staw B M (Ed.).Research in organizational behavior［C］.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2006:175-222.
［27］KNIGHT A P.Mood at the midpoint:affect and change in exploratory search over time in teams that face a deadline［J］.Organization Science,2015,26(1):99-118.
［28］HERRBACH O.A matter of feeling? the affective tone of organizational commitment and identification［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2006,27(5):629-643
［29］CHI N-W,CHUNG Y-Y,TSAI W-C.How do happy leaders enhance team success? the mediating roles of transformational leadership,group affective tone,and team processes［J］.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2011,41(6):1421-1454.
［30］CHI N-W,HO T-R.Understanding when leader negative emotional expression enhances follower performance:the moderating roles of follower personality traits and perceived leader power［J］.Human Relations,2014,67(9):1151-1072.
［31］TROTH A C,JORDAN P J,LAWRENCE S A,et al.A multilevel model of emotional skills,communication performance,and task performance in teams［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2012,33(5):700-722.
［32］TOTTERDELL P.Catching moods and hitting runs:mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85(6):848-859.
［33］KRUGLANSKI A W,PIERRO A,MANNETTI L,et al.Groups as epistemic providers:need for closure and the unfolding of group-centrism［J］.Psychological Review,2006,113(1):84-100.
［34］WU C-H,WANG Z.How transformational leadership shapes team proactivity:the mediating role of positive affective tone and the moderating role of team task variety［J］.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,2015,19(3):137-151.
［35］GEORGE J M.Dual tuning:a minimum condition for understanding affect in organizations［J］.Organizational Psychology Review,2011,1(2):147-164.
［36］倪旭东,戴延君,姚春序,张宏.子团队：形成、类型、中间过程及影响［J］.心理科学进展,2015,23(3):1-14.［1］BARSADE S G.The ripple effect:emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior［J］.Administrative Science Quarterly,2002,47(4):644-675.
［2］倪旭东,薛宪方.基于知识异质性团队的异质性知识网络运行机制［J］.心理科学进展,2013,21(3):389-397.
［3］GEORGE J M.Affect regulation in groups and teams［A］.//In Lord R G,et al.Emotions in the workplace:Understanding the structure and role of emotions in organizational behavior［C］.San Francisco:Jossey-Bass,2002:183-218.
［4］GEORGE J M.Personality,affect,and behavior in groups［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,1990,75(2):107-116.
［5］GEORGE J M.Group affective tone［A］.//In West M A (Ed.).Handbook of work group psychology［C］.Chichester:John Wiley & Sons Ltd,1996:77-93.
［6］GEORGE J M,KING E B.Potential pitfalls of affect convergence in teams:functions and dysfunctions of group affective tone［A］//In MANNIX E A,et al.Research on managing groups and teams［C］.Oxford:JAI Press，2007:97-123.
［7］ILIES R,WAGNER D T,MORGESON F P.Explaining affective linkages in teams:individual differences in susceptibility to contagion and individualism-collectivism［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2007,92(4):1140-1148.
［8］SY T,CＴS,SAAVEDRA R.The contagious leader:impact of the leader's mood on the mood of group members,group affective tone,and group processes［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2005,90(2):295-305.
［9］BARSADE S G,KNIGHT A P.Group affect［J］.Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior,2014(2):21-46.
［10］BARSADE S G,WARD A J,TURNER J D F,et al.To your heart's content:a model of affective diversity in top management teams［J］.Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45(4):802-836.
［11］GEORGE J M.Leader positive mood and group performance:the case of customer service［J］.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,1995,25(9):778-794.
［12］KNIGHT A P,EISENKRAFT N.Positive is usually good,negative is not always bad:the effects of group affect on social integration and task performance［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2015,100(4):1214-1227.
［13］TSAI W-C,CHI N-W,GRANDEY A A,et al.Positive group affective tone and team creativity:negative group affective tone and team trust as boundary conditions［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior, 2012,33(5):638-656.
［14］GEORGE J M,ZHOU J.Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don't:the role of context and clarity of feelings［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2002,87(4):687-697.
［15］WALTER F,BRUCH H.The positive group affect spiral:a dynamic model of the emergence of positive affective similarity in work groups［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2008,29(2):239-261.
［16］GEORGE J M,ZHOU J.Dual tuning in a supportive context:joint contributions of positive mood,negative mood,and supervisory behaviors to employee creativity［J］.Academy of Management Journal,2007,50(3):605-622.
［17］BARTEL C A,SAAVEDRA R.The collective construction of work group moods［J］.Administrative Science Quarterly,2000,45(2):197-231.
［18］BARSADE S G,GIBSON D E.Group affect:its influence on individual and group outcomes［J］.Current Directions in Psychological Science,2012,21(2):119-123.
［19］BRIEF A P,WEISS H M.Organizational behavior:affect in the workplace［J］.Annual Review of Psychology,2002,53(1):279-307.
［20］COLLINS A L,LAWRENCE S A,TROTH A C,et al.Group affective tone:a review and future research directions［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2013,34(1):43-62.
［21］MASON C M,GRIFFIN M A.Group absenteeism and positive affective tone:a longitudinal study［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2003,24(6):667-687.
［22］GEORGE J M.State or trait:effects of positive mood on prosocial behaviors at work［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,1991,76(2):299-307.
［23］GEORGE J M,BRIEF A P.Feeling good-doing good:a conceptual analysis of the mood at work-organizational spontaneity relationship［J］.Psychological Bulletin,1992,112(2):310-329.
［24］BLEDOW R,ROSING K,FRESE M.A dynamic perspective on affect and creativity［J］.Academy of Management Journal,2013,56(2):432-450.
［25］GRAWITCH M J,MUNZ D C,KRAMER T J.Effects of member mood states on creative performance in temporary work groups［J］.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,2003,7(1):41-54.
［26］FELPS W,MITCHELL T R,BYINGTON E.How,when,and why bad apples spoil the barrel:negative group members and dysfunctional groups［A］//In Staw B M (Ed.).Research in organizational behavior［C］.Amsterdam:Elsevier,2006:175-222.
［27］KNIGHT A P.Mood at the midpoint:affect and change in exploratory search over time in teams that face a deadline［J］.Organization Science,2015,26(1):99-118.
［28］HERRBACH O.A matter of feeling? the affective tone of organizational commitment and identification［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2006,27(5):629-643
［29］CHI N-W,CHUNG Y-Y,TSAI W-C.How do happy leaders enhance team success? the mediating roles of transformational leadership,group affective tone,and team processes［J］.Journal of Applied Social Psychology,2011,41(6):1421-1454.
［30］CHI N-W,HO T-R.Understanding when leader negative emotional expression enhances follower performance:the moderating roles of follower personality traits and perceived leader power［J］.Human Relations,2014,67(9):1151-1072.
［31］TROTH A C,JORDAN P J,LAWRENCE S A,et al.A multilevel model of emotional skills,communication performance,and task performance in teams［J］.Journal of Organizational Behavior,2012,33(5):700-722.
［32］TOTTERDELL P.Catching moods and hitting runs:mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams［J］.Journal of Applied Psychology,2000,85(6):848-859.
［33］KRUGLANSKI A W,PIERRO A,MANNETTI L,et al.Groups as epistemic providers:need for closure and the unfolding of group-centrism［J］.Psychological Review,2006,113(1):84-100.
［34］WU C-H,WANG Z.How transformational leadership shapes team proactivity:the mediating role of positive affective tone and the moderating role of team task variety［J］.Group Dynamics:Theory,Research,and Practice,2015,19(3):137-151.
［35］GEORGE J M.Dual tuning:a minimum condition for understanding affect in organizations［J］.Organizational Psychology Review,2011,1(2):147-164.
［36］倪旭东,戴延君,姚春序,张宏.子团队：形成、类型、中间过程及影响［J］.心理科学进展,2015,23(3):1-14. |
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