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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY
 
2024 Vol.41 Issue.4
Published 2024-02-25
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
Enterprise Innovation Management
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
Review
Evaluation and Foresight
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
1 The Growth Mechanism of Core Technology Network Based on Valued ERGMs:A Case Study of Quantum Computing
Ren Haiying,Li Zhen
Core technologies are critical for sustaining the competitive advantage of firms, industries and countries.In any technological field, the core technologies are critical for the super complex technology networks, and their development deserves in-depth investigation.The research on the core technology network (CTN) and its growth mechanism can help understand the dependence and synergy between core technologies, and provide theoretical and methodological support for strategic planning and development.#br#However,the expert-based methods in the current literature are subjective, and cannot quantitatively model the growth mechanism of core technologies;most statistical network models (e.g.,ERGMs) use various proxies of technology, such as firms or institutions, technological classes (e.g.,IPCs) and patents, instead of technological concepts (TCs);most studies model the formation mechanism of technology networks instead of their growth mechanism.#br#This paper addresses these issues with valued exponential random graph models (valued ERGMs) that describe the growth mechanism of TC-based CTNs, because valued ERGMs can test hypotheses on the edge weights in networks, and TCs can explicitly show the technical contents of the core technologies.First, following theories of technological evolution, this study builds a conceptual framework of the growth of CTNs,including the external, internal, and interactive factors of technological concepts (TCs).The external factors of TCs include their network centrality and total technology capacity.The internal factors insist of TRIZ evolution principles and path dependency.The interactive factor is manifested in the assortativity of TCs.Five hypotheses on the growth mechanism of CTN are proposed.Second, all TCs are extracted from a collection of technical texts in a specific technological domain, a domain technology network is constructed with the TCs and their relationships, and a CTN is identified with valued core of the domain technology network.Last, the network effects (variables) from valued ERGMs and the five hypotheses are measured, and a set of growth mechanism models of the CTN is built, with a null model, a main effect model, and a comprehensive (main and interactive effects) model being built for both ERGMs and valued ERGMs.For ERGMs or valued ERGMs, the null models only test the distribution of number of edges or edge weights;the main effect models add the tests for the effects of node attributes on their relationship (formation or weights) with other nodes;the comprehensive model adds extra tests for the interactive effects between two node attributes on their relationship.#br#The above analytical framework is applied to the field of quantum computing.In the CTN construction stage,the Derwent Innovations Index (DII) is used as the data source.To identify appropriate patents in quantum computing, the Derwent Manual Code (DMC) “MAN = T01-E05Q” is searched and the time period was up to January 2, 2021.A total of 2303 patents are obtained.The abstracts of these patents are cleaned, and the TCs in all the patent abstracts are extracted in the form of subject-action-objects (SAOs).The common subjects and objects are merged into nodes, and edge weights are counted, resulting in the technology network in quantum computing domain.The valued core (with a threshold of 5) is identified as the CTN of quantum computing.#br#In the statistical modeling stage, all the ERGMs and valued ERGMs for the CTN are built and tested.It is evident that the valued ERGMs have the smallest AIC and BIC, as well as the highest consistency in the coefficients.The results show that the centrality of technical elements, the R&D capability of patented technologies, the degree of matching with the TRIZ evolution principles and the compatibility of technical elements have positive effects on the growth of the relationship between TCs in CTN.Meanwhile, the growth of its CTN is affected by both the path dependence of technological elements and technological breakthroughs.Finally,the suggestions on the development strategy of quantum computing are proposed from R&D, firm and government perspectives.#br#The contribution of this study is threefold.First, this study is one of the first to apply valued ERGMs as effective tools for analyzing the growth mechanism of technology networks.Second, the core technology network is constructed with technological concepts, and it describes the core technologies explicitly.Last, the effects of two TRIZ evolution principles are empirically verified, which is a novel addition to the theory of technological evolution.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 106 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1678KB] ( 193 )
12 An Economic Growth Model with Data Elements: Productivity Effect and Data into Factor of Production
Ma Lumeng,Yu Donghua
Data has become an independent factor of production and a new driving force for high-quality economic development.Constructing an economic growth model including data elements and accurately measuring the contribution of each production factor are of great significance to solve the source of economic growth in the era of digital economy.However, how to introduce data into production as a separate factor has become an important yet unsettled issue to promote data into factor of production and release the value of data elements.#br#This paper follows the following ideas to solve the above problems.Firstly,it takes data into factor of production from the perspective that “pure digital assets and data matching input jointly constitute input of data elements”.A comprehensive index system of data matching input is constructed based on the principle that “hardware, software and network jointly complete the basic functions of computer storage, calculation and connectivity”.The global principal component analysis score of data matching input by province is used to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of data elements.This paper deals with the relationship between “pure digital assets” and “data matching input” by referring to the similarity between data resources and human capital, which has certain reference significance for the quantitative analysis of data elements.Secondly, a three-factor economic growth model including data elements is constructed to analyze the productivity effect of the input of data elements.The interaction of production factors is also analyzed to understand the synergy of production factors in highly integrated industries.Thirdly, this paper analyzes the conditions for data into factor of production from the heterogeneity of the productivity effect of data matching input.Considering the integrity of “pure digital assets”, network externality and production spillover effect, it is believed that the degree of economic integration has an important impact on the conditions for data into factor of production.The above conclusions have also been proven by the econometric analysis.#br#In summary, this research understands data from the perspective of an independent factor of production,and analyzes the characteristics of data elements and the conditions for data into factor of production.Because of the virtual characteristics of data and the general fact of bundled pricing of data with matching input, the input of data elements is mainly reflected in data matching input.There are obvious regional differences in the input of data elements, which do not completely coincide with the traditional division of regions in China.Developed provinces have established leading advantages in absolute level and growth rate.The leading provinces are not completely adjacent geographically, which is inconsistent with the regional agglomeration characteristics of traditional production factors, but verifies the “virtual agglomeration” characteristics of new production factors in the digital economy era.The productivity effect of data elements is jointly realized by data matching input and pure digital assets, and the empirical research shows that China has already overcome the “ICT productivity paradox”.The productivity effect of data matching input in China has been fully verified and it is of practical significance to promote the construction of data-related infrastructure.On the basis of its positive effect on economic output, it also has an important impact on the coordinated development of regional economies in the context of the digital divide.The accelerated substitution of data elements for capital input is proven, changing the interaction mechanism between production factors.The use of new factors of production promotes fundamental changes in the mode of production, and factor allocation efficiency plays an important role in the productivity effect of production factors.#br#This paper explains the conditions for data into factor of production theoretically.The integrity of data resources is an important condition for their productivity effect.The function of data resources is supported by its network infrastructure and it has significant production spillover and innovation spillover effects for its widespread existence on the Internet.Given the above reasons, connectivity and economic integration have an important impact on the productivity of data elements and have proven to be important condition for data into factor of production.This research suggests that the confirmation of data right and rational allocation of production factors can promote industrial innovation and high-quality economic development.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 12-22 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1267KB] ( 261 )
23 The Dynamics of Generic Technology Emergence Based on TERGMs: The Example of Supercapacitor Green Energy Storage Technology
Tang Yujie,Li Yang
Since the technology emergence theory has gained much research attention, scholars have discussed the emergence of new technologies,technology breakthroughs and creative technologies.However, under the new wave of technological revolution and "anti-globalization," international industrial competition extends from frontier technology to generic technology.Because generic technology can be applied in many industries and restrict the development of industry technology,the emergence mechanism of the generic technology can provide a beneficial reference for China to break through the technology blockade and realize scientific and technological self-reliance.However, few studies have explored the emergence of generic technologies, failing to answer questions such as where they come from, why they arise, and what the emergence mechanism is.Reviewing the existing research on generic technology, this study confirms that the two research themes are "generic technology supply" and "generic technology identification." However, current studies have yet to answer the question of how generic technology emerges, which provides a research opportunity for this paper.#br#According to the technology emergence theory, technology emergence refers to the dynamic evolution process in which technology synergy, novelty, functionality, and other dynamic factors at the micro level can promote the continuous establishment and maintenance of long-term interactive relations among technologies in a highly creative technology network, and thus promote the gradual emergence of technologies at the macro level.Following this theory, this study adopts the TERGMs (time-series exponential stochastic model) method and constructs a dynamic model for the emergence of generic technologies to reveal the dynamic mechanism driven by the dynamic factors of technology synergy, novelty and functionality.#br#This paper takes the supercapacitor energy storage technology as an example because supercapacitor energy storage technology is a new green technology with an electric energy storage function.In the context of carbon peak and carbon neutrality, several generic technologies are likely to emerge in this domain.First,the study obtains the IPC code for identifying electrical energy storage according to the IPC green inventory provided by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).Then, this paper uses the De Winter Index of Innovation (DII) as the patent data source and finally gets 9 033 supercapacitor energy storage technology patents from 1985 to 2021.Using TERGMs, the study empirically tests the driving effects of synergism (indicators including k-star, k-triangle, and k-twopath), novelty (indicators including forward citation, backward citation, and science citation) and functionality (indicators including portfolio size and industry diversity) on the emergence of co-occurring technologies.#br#The results show that k-star and k-triangle significantly contribute to the emergence of generic technologies for technology synergy, while k-twopath is not significant.For technology novelty, forward citation significantly contributes to the emergence of generic technologies, while science citation has a significant negative effect, and backward citation does not have a significant effect.For technology functionality, industry diversity significantly contributes to the emergence of generic technologies, while portfolio size has no significant impact.#br#This paper has implications for companies and governments in understanding how generic technology emerges.(1)Compared with the backward reference, technologies with a more forward reference are more likely to become generic technologies because these technologies usually have strong technical influence.In addition, technologies with more scientific citations also have the potential to grow into generic technologies because they are closer to scientific discovery.Finally, the technologies with cross-industry application scenarios should also be paid attention to,as these technologies may become essential for the collaborative development of multi-industries.(2) Because of the "Matthew effect", the core technologies in the center of the technology network usually develop into generic technologies and become the potential objects of technology blockade.To avoid the generic technology being “blocked,” the government should make relevant policies and create a loose research and development environment, guide technology researchers to explore the new track of technology development, and vigorously develop alternative technologies by using particular science and technology projects.Universities and research institutes are encouraged to conduct primary research on various alternative technologies by giving full play to their advantages, such as a complete range of disciplines and a concentration of talents.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 23-32 [Abstract] ( 89 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1966KB] ( 177 )
33 The Relationship among User Resource Innovation Capability, Entrepreneurial Modes and Entrepreneurial Performance: The Moderating Role of Dual Network Embeddedness Based on the Crowd Innovation Space
Zhou Jinbo,Li Wencan
With the rapid development of Internet technology, the cost and threshold for users to participate in innovation and entrepreneurship activities have significantly decreased.As a result, innovation and entrepreneurship have become widely-participated social activities.User entrepreneurship has become an important business model and approach, playing a positive role in promoting economic development and social progress.In the process of user entrepreneurship, resources are crucial, and the network embedding of innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem plays an important role in user entrepreneurs' access to and utilization of external resources.Extant research in the field of user entrepreneurship primarily focuses on the user innovation stage, with only a few studies extending to the user entrepreneurship stage.While some studies have explored the transformation process from user innovation to user entrepreneurship from the perspectives of industry attributes, user identity characteristics, and open interaction, there is still a lack of in-depth entrepreneurial research from theoretical perspectives such as entrepreneurial competencies and network relationships, as well as the modes and performance of user entrepreneurship.#br#Following user innovation theory, this study takes user-entrepreneurial enterprises embedded in the innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem as the research object and constructs a model to examine the relationship between resource innovation capabilities, entrepreneurial modes, and entrepreneurial performance, and these variables are all measured using the Likert 5-level scale.The study also explores the moderating roles of business network embeddedness and platform network embeddedness in the innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem in this relationship.Some user startups that have settled in the crowd innovation space from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Guilin are selected for investigation.The data collection is mainly carried out through online distribution and offline on-site distribution of questionnaires, with the respondents being founders and middle and senior managers of the enterprise.There are 221 valid questionnaires obtained out of 450 questionnaires.The multiple linear regression model is constructed to verify the hypotheses.#br#It is found that, first, resource acquisition innovation capability helps to improve the survival performance of user entrepreneurs, and resource utilization innovation capability helps to improve the growth performance of user entrepreneurs.Second, user entrepreneurs with strong resource acquisition innovation capability tend to choose collaborative entrepreneurial mode, while those with strong resource utilization innovation capability are more likely to choose autonomous entrepreneurial mode.Third, collaborative entrepreneurial mode helps to improve the survival performance of user entrepreneurial firms, and autonomous entrepreneurial mode helps to improve the growth performance of user entrepreneurial firms.Fourth, collaborative entrepreneurship plays a partially mediating role in the influence of resource acquisition innovation capability on survival performance, while autonomous entrepreneurship plays a partially mediating role in the influence of resource utilization innovation capability on growth performance.Fifth, the dual network embeddedness of innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem plays a positive role in the influence of resource innovation capability on entrepreneurial modes, and also plays a positive role in the influence of entrepreneurial modes on entrepreneurial performance.This suggests that the embedding of user entrepreneurial ventures in the innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem not only helps to select appropriate entrepreneurial modes, but also promotes entrepreneurial performance.#br#This paper extends the study of user innovation to user entrepreneurship, and reveals the influence mechanism of user innovation capability on the choice of entrepreneurial mode and entrepreneurial performance.It deeply analyzes the influence of user entrepreneurs' own resource innovation capability on the choice of entrepreneurial mode, as well as the mechanism of choosing different entrepreneurial modes on entrepreneurial performance.The results also reveal that the dual network embeddedness of the innovation and entrepreneurship ecosystem has played an important role in user entrepreneurs' choice of entrepreneurial mode and the process of entrepreneurial performance improvement.This study provides a theoretical basis for users to carry out entrepreneurial activities and advances researchers understanding of user entrepreneurship.Future research could explore the impact mechanisms of other innovation capabilities on entrepreneurial models and performance to remedy the limitation of variables in this study and improve the universality and reliability of research conclusions by expanding the coverage of survey samples, collecting longitudinal data and utilizing multiple secondary data.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 33-42 [Abstract] ( 94 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1268KB] ( 163 )
Enterprise Innovation Management
43 Effect of the Internal and External Integration in Quality Management Capabilities on Innovation Performance: From the Perspective of Open Innovation
Sun Wei,Zhao Bingxin,Ren Lian
Quality management exists widely in the normal running of enterprises, and it combines with the enterprise spirit, development goals and operation strategies, and the necessity and independency of total quality management are particularly projected.Therefore, it has become the key of Chinese enterprises to high-quality and sustainable development to strengthen the quality management capabilities and promote the enterprise innovation.Some scholars hold the opinion that quality management may generate a positive impact on innovation performance.However, the existing research tends to hold the opposite view, and the mechanism of quality management and innovation performance has not been clearly clarified.One of the reasons lies in the fact that enterprises have subjective initiative, and different capabilities of quality management bring different performance.Besides, the existing research pay more attention on the conceptual level, the identification of quality management capability is not considered, and the profound studies on the mediating factors and underlying mechanism have not been seen.Hence, it's academically and practically important to clearly explore the relationship and effects between quality management capabilities and innovation performance.#br#From the perspective of open innovation, this paper focuses on the relationship between dynamic quality management capabilities and innovation performance based on organizational learning theory and resource-based theory, and constructs a conceptual model with complementary knowledge resources as an intervening variable, and open innovation as an adjustment variable.In addition, 6 sets of 15 hypotheses are proposed based on the research model.Chinese manufacturing firms are chosen as the questionnaire respondents;a total of 680 questionnaires are issued and 356 valid questionnaires are finally collected.Then, SPSS24.0 and Mplus8.0 are used for the data analysis and hypothesis testing, among which 9 hypotheses pass the test.The fact that both external and internal quality management capabilities are favorable for promoting the innovation performance of enterprises is presented in this paper. Complementary knowledge resources are helpful to enhance the innovation performance of enterprises, and partially mediate the positive correlation between quality management capabilities and innovation performance.Quality management capability can create dynamic competitive advantages for enterprises.On the basis of common market interests, connections with partners can be established to obtain complementary resources, prevent the occurrence of various short-term behaviors and path dependence in strategic development, and make the enterprises gradually transform from the factor-driven made to the innovation-driven mode.Introversive open innovation negatively moderates the relation between external quality management capabilities and complementary knowledge resources, and it also plays a moderated mediator role.The possible reason is that enterprises are rooted in the market economy, and they have great demands on resources.Enterprises are excessively dependent on external resources in the context of inbound open innovation, which shall lower the guards and supervision of partners' misconduct, and the decline of enterprise performance shall not be fully perceived.Enterprises with comparative advantages in information may have "immoral behaviors", distort market mechanism function, and hinder the establishment of the positive transmission mechanism of external quality management capability.#br#By dividing quality management capability into external and internal capabilities, this study explores the influential mechanism of different dimensional capabilities on enterprise innovation performance, and contributes some findings to the relevant research of quality management capability.Then it clarifies the mechanism of knowledge resources as a core competition factor in the process of quality innovation and empirically opens the black-box of the mechanism between quality management capabilities and innovation performance.Lastly by taking the open innovation as an adjustment variable, the study defines the boundary conditions of innovation performance which are influenced by quality management capabilities, and expands the situational research for quality management.#br#Chinese enterprises shall develop effective quality management strategies according to their own characteristics.Manufacturing enterprises in China should first give consideration to both internal and external quality management, and have a particular emphasis on one aspect across different departments.Secondly, they should build the internal and dynamic knowledge repository, discover the bottleneck in their own innovation development, and accelerate the search for and internalization of complementary knowledge resources.Finally, in the process of implementing open innovation, enterprises should pay more attention to intellectual property protection, avoid intellectual property or data leakage, and prevent excessive dependence on the resource exchange with the external environment.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 43-53 [Abstract] ( 92 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1350KB] ( 159 )
54 The Influence of CEO Overpayment on Enterprise Innovation:A theoretical Model of Dual Motivation Integration
Liu Xin,Wang Jie
China is in the stage of high-quality economic development, and the Chinese government is endeavoring to strengthen the dominant position of enterprises in innovation.The active participation and promotion of entrepreneurs are essential for enterprise innovation.How to better stimulate the enthusiasm of enterprises for innovation and motivate the CEOs to increase the investment in innovation has become the focus of Chinese academic and practical circles.The existing studies have confirmed that the motivations and preferences of CEOs' strategic choices change under the influence of different salary incentive levels.Then what is the motivation of the CEOs' innovation investment with the incentive of salary? Especially when the CEO is overpaid, what is his/her decision on enterprise innovation investment? What is the mechanism behind it?#br#This paper integrates the self-determination theory and social exchange theory, and takes Chinese A-share listed companies from 2010 to 2020 as research samples to explore the relationship between CEO overpayment and enterprise innovation investment, as well as the impact of slack resources and enterprise life cycle as situational factors.Through the innovative construction of the dual motivation model of "self-interest and enterprise (industry)", it is found that the dual motivation of CEO overpayment based on "self-interest and enterprise (industry)" can promote enterprise innovation investment;slack resources positively adjust the relationship between CEO overpayment and enterprise innovation investment, and slack resources provide support to implement innovation decisions and strengthen CEOs' innovation willingness, and the enterprise life cycle negatively adjusts the relationship between CEO overpayment and enterprise innovation investment.The longer the enterprise is founded, the organizational structure tends to be more rigid, and the innovation capability decreases, and it is difficult to meet the dual motivations of CEO "self-interest and enterprise (industry)" to promote innovation.#br#As far as the authors know, to date this is the first analysis to link CEO overpayment with enterprise innovation investment,and construct a dual motivation model of "self-interest and enterprise (industry)" that affects enterprise innovation, and therefore it enriches the relevant research on CEO overpayment and enterprise innovation investment.Then in terms of research paradigm, this paper breaks the research paradigms of "cause (CEO overpayment)-result" and "cause-result (enterprise innovation investment)", explores the analysis idea of "cause (CEO overpayment)-motivation-means (enterprise innovation investment)", and uses the mediating effect model to empirically test the path realization mechanism of enterprise innovation as a strategic means for CEOs to realize the motivation of "self-interest and enterprise (industry)".Moreover this paper introduces slack resources and enterprise life cycle as regulatory variables to analyze the influence mechanism of CEO overpayment on enterprise innovation investment from the perspectives of resource dependence and life cycle, which advances the understanding of CEOs' enterprise decision-making situational factors.#br#The corresponding suggestions for the government, enterprises, CEO and the board of directors are proposed.(1) Governments at all levels should provide enterprises with a high-quality institutional environment, promote innovative resources to enterprises and enhance the conversion rate of innovative achievements so as to effectively promote the transformation and upgrading of enterprises.(2) As far as enterprises are concerned,they are inspired to realize innovation from the aspects of production operation, marketing, organizational structure, business model and so on.Innovation enables enterprises to improve business efficiency and achieve core competitiveness.(3) CEOs should cultivate their own innovation consciousness, attach importance to the role of R&D innovation, seize the opportunity of enterprise innovation, and make scientific decisions conducive to the long-term development of the enterprise according to their own resources and development cycles, so that enterprises can truly improve quality and efficiency and high-quality development.(4) The board of directors should formulate a scientific and reasonable salary system to encourage CEOs, so as to effectively integrate the salary incentive mechanism with the innovation incentive mechanism, and it is necessary to introduce the mechanism to restrain innovation risks into the salary system so as to avoid possible losses in innovation due to the low tolerance of the overpayment risk.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 54-65 [Abstract] ( 75 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1419KB] ( 148 )
66 Durability of Supplier Relationship and Technological Innovation in Downstream Firms:A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Evidence
Kuang Huishu,Liu Zheng,Zuo Yonghua
Relying on long-lasting cooperation with upstream suppliers, a large number of enterprises are able to realize technological innovation.Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the active innovation mainstays in China, but they are also the vulnerable nodes of supply chain, for their lack of technology and capital makes them dependent on the upstream supply chain.Existing studies mainly follow resource dependence theory to explain innovation in the suppliers and downstream enterprises, emphasizing the importance of heterogeneous technological knowledge, but neglecting how heterogeneous technological knowledge is shared and transferred between upstream and downstream.The relationship learning theory states that heterogeneous knowledge deeply embedded in suppliers' production and operation processes has great knowledge barriers and sharing barriers, and it requires long-term relationship learning with suppliers before it can be transferred and absorbed.However, the prerequisite for carrying out relationship learning is that upstream and downstream have a long-lasting contractual relationship beneficial for the development of relational rules such as trust and flexibility, for through the efficacy of relational governance, it helps downstream firms to focus financial resources on cutting-edge of innovation.#br#In terms of empirical research, most existing studies explore the impact of supplier relationship on downstream firms' innovation from the perspective of concentration.However, concentration mainly portrays the static horizontal competitive relationship of upstream suppliers, and it is difficult to capture the long-term contractual linkages such as whether the suppliers are persistent and whether their supply shares keep increasing.In addition, the studies focus on large A-share firms and do not pay enough attention to SMEs at vulnerable nodes of the supply chain and the changes in the quantity of supply behind the durability of the relationship are neglected in the indicator measurement, and there is a lack of explanations from the perspectives of relationship learning and relationship governance.#br#Following the theories of relationship learning and relationship governance, this paper utilizes the data of listed companies on the NEEQ-listed companies from 2015 to 2021 and manually matches the enterprise data of 'QCC', and empirically confirms that the higher the frequency of continuous presence of core suppliers or the larger the share of sustained supply, the more and higher the quality of patents authorized to the downstream enterprises, which indicates that the continuity of supplier relationship promotes downstream technological innovation both in quality and quantity.Heterogeneity analysis shows that the persistence of local or high-tech supplier relationships is more likely to promote downstream firms' technological innovation, suggesting that capturing local soft innovation information and absorbing vertical technological spillovers are the key directions of downstream relationship learning.In terms of the mediating mechanism, alleviating financing constraints and reducing relational investment are the main relationship governance channels through which supplier relationship persistence promotes technological innovation in downstream firms.In addition, a test of the mediating mechanism reveals that the greater the distance between the formal institutions of the upstream and downstream regions, or when the downstream has a regional "institutional surplus" with respect to the upstream, the more significant is the continuity of supplier relationship in promoting the downstream firms' technological innovation.#br#This paper makes marginal contributions in three aspects.Firstly, combined with the embedding process and transfer feature of technical knowledge in the supply chain, this paper explains the theoretical mechanism of supplier relationship persistently affecting downstream firms' technological innovation, which enriches the theoretical explanations in this field.Secondly, in terms of indicator measurement, this paper constructs the enduring characteristics of suppliers' continuous service and supply from the perspective of dynamic contract length, which expands the index meaning of supplier relationship.Thirdly, in terms of empirical strategies, this paper selects SMEs with strong motivation for innovation but vulnerability to supply chain impacts as the research object, matches the enterprise data of 'QCC' to distinguish the continuity of supplier relationship in local or high-tech industries, and adopts instrumental variable and DID methods to identify the causal relationship, which provides incremental evidence on how supplier relationship affects downstream innovation.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 66-77 [Abstract] ( 79 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1493KB] ( 195 )
78 Cooperation is Possible with the Understanding of the Others and Oneself:The Influence of Innovation Performance Feedback on Enterprise R&D Cooperation
Liu Na,Wang Mengbo,Mao Jianqi,Wei Yanhui
Performance feedback is conducive for enterprises to "understanding themselves and their competitors" so as to occupy a favorable position in the fierce competition.It represents the gap or surplus between the actual performance level and the expected performance level of enterprises in the production and operation processes, and has reference values for the development of enterprises.According to the types of expectation level, performance feedback can be divided into historical performance feedback and industry performance feedback.The history performance feedback is based on the previous performance of an enterprise itself, while the industry performance feedback is based on the performance of its competitors in the same industry.Existing studies have verified that both kinds of performance feedback have significant impacts on enterprises behaviors.On the impact of performance feedback on enterprise innovation behaviors, most existing studies measure performance feedback based on financial indicators.However, for the exploration of enterprise innovation activities, the performance feedback measured by innovation results has clear directivity, and thus there is the need to provide more accurate decision-making references for enterprise innovation.R&D cooperation is an important behavior for enterprises to "go global" and one of the key factors that determine enterprise innovation capability and competitiveness.Although R&D cooperation provides the advantages of knowledge and information resources for enterprises, it also brings corresponding management costs and risks.Therefore, when enterprises face different innovation performance feedback, how should they weigh the costs and benefits of R&D cooperation and adjust their R&D cooperation? It's worth investigating.#br#By screening Chinese A-share listed companies in the computer, communications and other electronic equipment manufacturing industries from 2010 to 2020, this paper obtains 2 748 unbalanced panel data of 434 listed companies.The influences of innovation performance feedback including history and gap,the industry innovation performance surplus and gap on R&D cooperation are tested by using the two-way fixed effect models.The moderating effect of R&D intensity on the relationship between innovation performance feedback and R&D cooperation is then verified.In the robustness test, the reliability of research results is tested by changing the measurement methods for history and industry innovation performance feedback.In the further analysis, group regressions are carried out for state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises to verify the differential impact of innovation performance feedback on different types of enterprises.Group regressions are also carried out for family enterprises and non-family enterprises.#br#Results show that innovation performance expectation gaps including the dimensions of history and industry negatively affect enterprise's R&D cooperation, and innovation performance expectation surplus positively affects enterprise's R&D cooperation;enterprise's R&D intensity positively moderates the negative effect of innovation performance expectation gap on R&D cooperation, and enterprise's R&D intensity also positively moderates the positive effect of innovation performance expectation surplus on R&D cooperation.In the expanded analysis, compared with non-state-owned enterprises,the innovation performance expectation surplus of state-owned enterprises has a greater positive impact on R&D cooperation, and also a greater negative impact when it falls;compared with non-family enterprises, the innovation performance expectations surplus of family enterprises has a great positive impact on the breadth of R&D cooperation but a smaller impact on the depth of R&D cooperation, while their expectation gaps have a greater negative impact on the breadth of R&D cooperation and a smaller negative impact on the depth of R&D cooperation.#br#This paper first broadens the research perspective of performance feedback theory with focus on the detailed object of performance feedback measured by innovation indicators, and elaboration of its influence on R&D cooperation.Second, the dimension of innovation performance expectation is refined by the research model,including the history and industry innovation performance feedback, innovation performance expectation surplus and gap.Third, in order to make up for the lack of explorations on the antecedents of R&D cooperation, this study focuses on the mechanism of innovation performance feedback, one of the antecedents of R&D cooperation, and enriches the perspective of research on the antecedents of R&D cooperation.Fourth, enterprises are divided into state-owned enterprises and non-state-owned enterprises( family enterprises and non-family enterprises), and the differences of their innovation performance feedback on their R&D cooperation are explored to provide more targeted guidance.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 78-89 [Abstract] ( 95 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1309KB] ( 221 )
Evaluation and Foresight
90 Threshold Effect of Internal and External Capital Holding on R&D Subsidy Incentive Effect: An Empirical Analysis of Private Technology Enterprises
Shang Hongtao,Hu Yingying,Wang Shixiao
Innovation is of strategic importance to promote new changes in the mode of production, tap new drivers of economic growth, and promote high-quality economic development.As the most active economic entity in the national innovation system, private science and technology enterprises are the main force to promote China's innovation-driven development strategy and the strategic adjustment of economic structure.Innovation is the source of power for the development of private science and technology enterprises, but the innovation activity cycle is long with high cost and risk with the need for a large number of continuous research and development capital investment, while most of the private science and technology enterprises are small and medium-sized enterprises with a relative lack of capital.Therefore, the funding problem has become a long-term obstacle to the development of Chinese private technology enterprises innovation, transformation and upgrading shackles.In order to encourage private science and technology enterprises to improve their innovation capability and competitive advantage by increasing R&D investment, the Chinese government has continuously increased financial support in recent years.However, although the government's R&D subsidies continue to increase, the R&D investment of private technology enterprises has not increased significantly, and the incentive effect of subsidies is not ideal.Therefore, how to improve the incentive effect of government R&D subsidy policy and promote the technological innovation of private technology enterprises has important theoretical significance and practical value for promoting the development strategy of an innovation-oriented country.#br#This paper takes the panel data of 402 private science and technology enterprises from 2010 to 2020 as the research sample,and the internal funds and external loans as the threshold variables.It then establishes the threshold regression model to analyze the influence of different internal and external capital holding on the incentive effect of government R&D subsidies.#br#The results show that,firstly, both the internal funds and external loan holding of enterprises have a double threshold effect on the incentive effect of government R&D subsidies.Second, when the enterprise internal capital holding are at the medium level, the incentive effect of government R&D subsidies on enterprise innovation investment is the strongest;When the enterprise's internal cash holdings are at a low level, the R&D subsidies decline.When the enterprise's internal capital holdings are at the highest level, the incentive effect of R&D subsidies is the weakest.Thirdly, when the external loan level of enterprises is low, the government R&D subsidies have the greatest promoting effect on the innovation input of enterprises.With the increase in the external loan level of enterprises, the incentive effect of R&D subsidies will gradually decline.#br#Considering the internal and external capital allocation situation of China's private technology enterprises, this paper studies the influence of different levels of internal and external capital holding on the utilization of R&D subsidies to fundamentally analyze the reasons for the differential incentive effect of government R&D subsidies among different enterprises, so as to improve the incentive effect of government R&D subsidies.Compared with previous similar studies, the possible innovations in this paper are reflected in three aspects.Firstly, on the basis of different situations of internal and external capital allocation among private science and technology enterprises, this paper deeply analyzes the fundamental reasons why R&D subsidies have different incentive effects on the innovation of different private science and technology enterprises, and updates the research perspective of government R&D subsidies.Secondly, the threshold effect model is used to empirically analyze the reasonable range of the innovation incentive effect of government R&D subsidies on enterprises with different levels of internal and external capital holdings, and it provides a more accurate policy direction for the top-level design of R&D subsidies.In addition, hand-screening of R&D subsidies closely related to the innovation of private science and technology enterprises, excluding non-R&D subsidies, has improved the scientific nature and reliability of the research process and conclusions.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 90-99 [Abstract] ( 53 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1243KB] ( 152 )
100 The Influence of Strategic Emerging Enterprises' Innovation Capability on Venture Capital from the Perspective of Patent Signaling
Yang Yanping,Fan Xiuxiu
Innovation capability is critical to the high-quality development of strategic emerging industries.However, the improvement of innovation capability of strategic emerging enterprises requires a large investment in R&D funds.As an equity capital, venture capital can effectively alleviate the external financing constraints of enterprises and provide value-added services for enterprises.In order to successfully bring in venture capital, the strategic emerging companies need to send positive signals to investors.As the result of enterprise innovation output, once authorized by the State Intellectual Property Office, patents are easy to form patent signals externally.Major cutting-edge scientific and technological breakthroughs are critical for the strategic emerging enterprises in the early stage of growth, and high R&D intensity, strong innovation capability, and authorized patents have extremely high values.In addition, venture capital institutions are composed of a group of highly educated talents with scientific and technological and financial knowledge and experience, especially high-reputation venture capital institutions, and they manage a huge capital pool and have rich investment experience and strong information screening capabilities.Therefore, in order to improve the financing scale of strategic emerging enterprises under the condition of information asymmetry, it is important to examine the influence of patent signals of strategic emerging enterprises on the scale of venture capital and verify the moderating effect of the reputation of venture capital institutions on the relationship between the two.#br#However, there are few studies on the impact of patent signals on venture capital scale in the existing literature, and there is a lack of systematic research on pre-venture capital intervention, nor has the research on patent signals of unlisted enterprises been extended to the field of venture capital, and there is a lack of heterogeneity analysis to further explore the effect of patent signals on venture capital scale in different scenarios.Therefore, drawing on the signal theory, this paper takes patents as key signals to study the relationship between pre-IPO patent signals and venture capital in terms of quantity and quality, and analyzes the impact of high reputation of venture capital on the relationship between the two.Then the impact of patent signals on venture capital is further examined when the amount of venture capital of the invested enterprise is different and the location of the venture capital institution and the enterprise are inconsistent.#br#In this study, the sample stocks under the China Strategic Emerging Industries Composite Index released by the Shanghai Stock Exchange are selected as the preliminary sample.Then, the Series A venture capital financing events of listed companies in CVSource database from 2010 to 2020 are selected and matched with sample stocks to construct the sample data of strategic emerging companies with Series A financing.Then, from the Wisdom Bud Patent Database and CSMAR Company Database, the enterprise patent data, enterprise characteristic data and the data of 502 A-round financing sample enterprises are finally obtained through data collation.Finally, the multiple regression method, propensity matching score and substitution variable method are used to conduct empirical research and robustness test.#br#The results show that the number and quality of patents (patent width and patent depth) can effectively increase the scale of venture capital.The high reputation of venture capital institutions weakens the financing role of patent number and patent depth signal on venture capital institutions, and the regulating effect on patent width and venture capital relationship is not significant.The financing role of patent signals on venture capital will be affected by the amount of venture capital invested by enterprises and whether the locations of enterprises and venture capital are consistent , but there is no obvious difference in the magnitude of the impact.#br#This study enriches the research on external financing of non-listed enterprises before venture capital intervention and provides a new research perspective for venture capital.Furthermore,by considering the moderating effect of venture capital reputation on patent signals and venture capital of strategic emerging enterprises, it expands the boundary conditions for the impact of patent signals on venture capital.Finally it discusses the differences in the influence effect of patent signals on venture capital scale under different scenarios, and provides a theoretical reference for improving the financing scale of enterprises.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 100-110 [Abstract] ( 65 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1327KB] ( 126 )
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
111 How Does Entrepreneurial Culture Affect Employee Intrapreneurship? The Moderating Effect of Entrepreneurial Alertness
Jiang Zhonghui,Zhang Jiaqi,Luo Junmei
In recent years, domestic enterprises have launched a wave of intrapreneurship in response to the strategic plan of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" , helping the entrepreneurial sector to flourish.Because of the influence and propensity of innovation and entrepreneurship policies, entrepreneurship is not only limited to specific organizations or individuals.Many companies hope to fuel their growth through intrapreneurship,and gain a competitive advantage and achieve their goal of transformation and development.#br#Existing research on the factors influencing intrapreneurship can be generally divided into three categories as organizational factors, external environmental factors and individual factors.Of these, organizational factors mainly involve institutional factors, economic factors, and internal influences on intrapreneurship.However, in terms of management practice, some companies have difficulties in sustaining the entrepreneurial transformation of their companies due to the inadequate and poorly implemented entrepreneurial culture system.Existing research on the influence mechanism of culture on intrapreneurship is rather unilateral, ignoring the interactive influence among the different dimensions.Intrapreneurship is a win-win model for employees and the company, and employees are progressively becoming an important focus of intrapreneurship research.Employees' perception of the working atmosphere affects the outcomes of their innovation.Hence,guided by the social cognitive theory, this paper aims to clarify the relationship between entrepreneurial culture and intrapreneurship from the perspective of employees thriving at work.In addition, opportunity and resources are considered two important entrepreneurial elements.In the intrapreneurial process, the balance between the two elements is being explored.In this regard, entrepreneurial alertness involving these two elements has been identified as an indispensable entrepreneurial trait for employees, but past research has only discussed the positive effects of alertness.This paper argues that employees have a limited range of attention and that excessive alertness can lead to deviant behavior, and then it introduces resource alertness and opportunity alertness as moderating variables to investigate their negative moderating role in the entrepreneurial culture-thriving at work-intrapreneurship link.#br#The study obtains 176 sets of data on employee intrapreneurship by conducting a questionnaire survey on employees in enterprises in Shandong Province.The scales in the questionnaire are taken from domestic and foreign mature scales.Bootstrap is used to analyze the data, and the template 21 in the regression analysis designed by Hayes is selected to test the hypotheses.The results indicate that thriving at work reinforces the impact of entrepreneurial culture on intrapreneurship.Among them, a good entrepreneurial culture system enhances thriving at work, and thriving at work promotes the engagement in intrapreneurship.While resource alertness negatively moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial culture and thriving at work, and opportunity alertness negatively moderates the relationship between thriving at work and intrapreneurship.Moreover, the mediating role of thriving at work depends on resource alertness and opportunity alertness.#br#An intrinsic influence mechanism is proposed based on social cognitive theory among intrapreneurship, entrepreneurial culture and thriving at work, and a moderated mediation model is proposed to verify the negative effects of resource alertness and opportunity alertness.The main contributions are as follows.First, this paper focuses on the interaction between the influencing factors of different dimensions of intrapreneurship.From the entrepreneurial culture at the organizational level to the thriving at work at the individual level, this paper constructs the mediation mechanism of employee thriving at work on entrepreneurial culture and intrapreneurship, trying to improve research on the impact mechanism of intrapreneurship.Second, the importance of resources as an entrepreneurial component has been largely ignored in previous research on entrepreneurial alertness.To enrich previous research on alertness, this paper divides entrepreneurial alertness into resource alertness and opportunity alertness, and then analyzes the moderating effects of each independently.Finally, by discussing the negative effects of entrepreneurial alertness and stressing the differents roles of resource alertness and opportunity alertness, this paper provides companies and employees with references on how to avoid entrepreneurial failure.#br#This study can guide the complex management practices in companies by creating the intrapreneurship intrinsic influence mechanism.Besides, the negative moderating role of entrepreneurial alertness also calls for managers' attention to cultivate employees' entrepreneurial alertness from a dialectical perspective, foster an environment favorable to intrapreneurship, and avoid potential entrepreneurial deviant behaviors of employees due to excessive entrepreneurial alertness.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 111-119 [Abstract] ( 98 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1284KB] ( 186 )
120 Value Judgment and Influence Path of the Concept of Elite Incubation
Li Hao,Hu Haiqing
Incubators play an important role in promoting the high-quality development of the entrepreneurial economy, and they benefit from the national "Double Innovation" policy and the promotion of social entrepreneurship, as well as the high expectations of many social capitals.However, along with the disorderly expansion of entrepreneurial capital and the intensification of homogeneous competition among enterprises, the influx of a large number of startups into incubators has brought the incubation industry great challenges to achieving qualitative change;coupled with the impact of the epidemic, the emergence of zombie incubators is the market symptom of the structural imbalance in the supply side of entrepreneurial services.Addressing these issues, this study aims to re-examine the role of incubators in the new phase and clarify the academic understanding of the "quantity" and "quality" in the traditional concept of incubation.In response to the market demand for ways to promote entrepreneurship, the incubation process consist of several parts: entering into the incubator, being incubated, completing the incubation or being dismissed.In fact, the success or failure of the incubation is ultimately the trajectory of the business after companies enter into incubation.Moreover, as market expectations and the demands of the entrepreneurial economy change, it is crucial to improve the quality of incubation at the source.Besides it is also a pressing practical issue behind its cause-and-effect relationship to clarify the pathways to guide the implementation of a strict incubation mechanism.#br#The concept of elite incubation is undoubtedly a bold attempt to transform the quality of China's entrepreneurial economy in order to find the optimal solution for the transformation of the old and new dynamics of the incubation industry.Strict entry into incubation is an innovative initiative to implement the concept of elite incubation, and it is necessary to answer the following questions: what is the use of strict incubation? Does strict incubation really work? How does it work? This series of questions shall prove the feasibility and operability of the elite incubation concept, and improve the research deficiencies of the incubation mechanism framework in the incubation process from the perspective of source governance.In view of this, this study uses the pathway judgment of the effectiveness of the strict entry into incubation mechanism as an entry point to reveal the feasibility and operation of the elite incubation concept.It is found that although strict incubation can significantly improve incubation performance, there is an incubator subject difference effect.According to the test of dynamic effects, strict incubation has a long-lasting mechanism to improve incubation performance.At the same time, the propensity score matching-double difference method (PSM-DID) is used to demonstrate that the increase in incubation performance was due to the institutional innovation of strict entry and not just the self-selection effect of strictly selected start-ups.Further research has clarified the impact of incubator organizational characteristics on the effectiveness of the strict entry incubation mechanism in relation to the suitability of strict selection orientation.#br#The primary theoretical contributions of the study lie in two aspects.Firstly,a more rigorous empirical paradigm is used to examine and confirm the positive antecedent effect of strict incubation on incubation performance and its threshold boundaries, and the conclusions clarify the value and feasibility of the elite incubation concept in practice, while horizontally improving the research deficiencies of the incubation mechanism framework in the incubation segment.Secondly,on the basis of the theoretical answer to the feasibility of the elite incubation concept, the research aims to uncover the mechanism of the elite incubation concept and the path of releasing the effectiveness of the mechanism, and the conclusions extend the value of the incubation mechanism in the incubation process from the vertical.The above research provides theoretical support for decision-making in relation to the feasibility and operation of the elite incubation concept, and fills in the research gaps on incubation mechanisms at the entry level from the perspective of source governance.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 120-130 [Abstract] ( 50 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1352KB] ( 83 )
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
131 Litigation Risk of Standard-essential Patent from the Perspective of TOE Configuration
Zhang Yurong
With the rapid development of 5G, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and other new generations of information technologies, the new technological revolution has brought the economy and society into the digital age.In this context, China has strengthened the institutional construction of standardization and intellectual property.For example, China released a 15-year plan (2021—2035) on the development of intellectual property rights (IPR) power.The plan demands stricter IPR protection, greater market value of IPR, better coordinated development of technology, patents, and standards, and fuller use of standard-essential patents (SEP).In recent years, Huawei, Xiaomi, ZTE, and other Chinese companies have also been frequently involved in international SEP litigation disputes, and these companies face great litigation risks when entering the international market.Since SEP combines technology and standards, the litigation behavior of enterprises is not caused by a single factor but is the result of multiple complicating factors that are related to patent technology innovation, enterprise strategy, the national policy environment, etc.#br#Different from the single perspective of existing research, this study draws on the configuration perspective under the technology-organization-environment framework of TOE theoretical analysis and selects the most representative five specific indicators from the three levels of technology, organization, and environment.It adopts fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to study the risk factors of SEP litigation from the perspective of configuration and finds out the formation path of SEP litigation by analyzing the combination of different factors.A total of 207 litigation cases involving SEP from 2003 to 2020 in the United States are selected as samples based on the Westlaw database, and the evaluation indicators are selected from three aspects by combining the TOE theoretical framework with cases.Specifically, at the technical level, the three indicators, including the number of patent citations, claims, and transfers, are mainly obtained through the IPlytics SEP database and the United States Patent and Trademark Office according to the patent number of the SEP recorded in each case.Organization-level indicators come from the official websites of each enterprise, the Stanford NPE litigation database, the Compusat database, LinkedIn, etc., which include the types of enterprises, the number of employees, and the time of establishment of the right-holder enterprises.The extraction of environmental level indicators involves the friendliness of the United States to the patentees of SEP.In order to observe the change of friendliness to right holders in different time periods, various policies on SEP issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, the United States Department of Justice, as well as the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in the past 15 years were collected.The risk of SEP litigation is affected synthetically by the value of the patents, the enterprises' types, scales and ages, and the friendliness of the national environment to the right holders.When the scale of the emerging enterprise is smaller or the value of SEP held by enterprises is smaller, companies will face higher litigation risks.When the size of the non-NPE company is larger, or the value of SEP held is higher, and the judicial environment is friendly to the right holders, there will be a higher litigation risk.Even if the NPE company is small, the value of SEP is relatively low, and the judicial environment is not friendly to the right holder, there is still high risk of litigation.Although the venues in the sample cases are all in the United States, the litigant involves global enterprises.#br#The paper provides reference for enterprises to evaluate and prevent the risk of SEP litigation.Enterprises can strengthen the strategic layout and effective application of SEP according to specific conditions, assess and warn of possible litigation risks, make targeted patent portfolios, and respond to litigation in advance.This paper has its own limitations.Future research can add conditional variables of different dimensions, such as the number of patent classifications, the number of licenses, corporate performance, and lawsuit efficiency to conduct more extensive research on the impact of litigation risk in the future.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 131-140 [Abstract] ( 57 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1290KB] ( 205 )
141 Energy Efficiency Top-runner Program and Enterprise Green Innovation: The Moderating Effects of Government Eco-environmental Attention and Executive Environmental Experience
Du Jiang,Gong Xinshu
Energy-saving and efficiency improvement are the primary measures to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization in China.The top-runner program implemented in high-energy-consuming industries aims at reducing energy consumption by setting the top-runner enterprises' energy efficiency level as the benchmark, providing policy support to the top-runner enterprises and incorporating the energy efficiency level of the top-runner enterprises into the energy consumption limit standard in time to urge the non-top-runner enterprises to take measures to save energy and improve efficiency.#br#Therefore, this paper takes the top-runner program in China as a quasi-natural experiment, selects the micro-data of high-energy-consuming industries listed in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2011 to 2020 to analyze the influence of top-runner program on the green innovation of non-top-runner enterprises by time-varying difference-in-differences method, and examines the moderating effects of government eco-environmental attention and executive environmental experience on the relationship between them.Compared with the existing studies which focus on the incentive effect of voluntary environmental regulation to drive green innovation of enterprises, but rarely involve the demonstration of regulation, this paper aims to study the impact of top-runner program on green innovation of non-top-runner enterprises.From the perspective of external environment and internal management of enterprises, this study examines the moderating effect of government eco-environmental attention and executive environmental experience, expands the research on situational factors that affect the relationship between voluntary environmental regulation and green innovation of enterprises, and provides a theoretical reference for formulating feasible and effective voluntary environmental regulations for high-energy-consuming enterprises under the target of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization.#br#In conclusion, the paper shows that, firstly, the implementation of top-runner program promotes the green innovation of non-top-runner enterprises, and this conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests.Although the top-runner program in China has no restriction of energy-saving standards in the actual implementation process to benchmark the energy efficiency level of top-runner enterprises, the leading role of top-runner enterprises' innovative behavior and energy-saving service provided by energy-saving service companies for non-top-runner enterprises, as well as the policy incentive effects including resources and reputation incentives for top-runner enterprises still play a role in promoting the green innovation of non-top-runner enterprises.Secondly, the government's eco-environmental attention and the executive with environmental experiences play negative moderating roles in the relationship between the top-runner program and the green innovation of enterprises, which weakens the promotion effect of top-runner program on the green innovation of non-top-runner enterprises.With the intense environment attention of the government, enterprises are faced with the resource dilemma caused by relieving the pressure of being non-top-runner enterprises as soon as possible and paying more environmental protection investment than they want, and their unwillingness to become the "vanguard" in energy conservation has weakened their green innovation capability.At the same time, executive's negative judgment on the role of top-runner program based on their own environmental experience dampens the motivation of green innovation of enterprises,and the environmental experience provides convenience for rent-seeking behavior of enterprises in the top-runner program, which is not conducive to enterprise green innovation.Thirdly,the top-runner program has a stronger positive impact on the green innovation of enterprises with non-state-owned nature, fewer financing constraints and less media attention, and the government's ecological environment attention has a more significant negative moderating effect on enterprises with state-owned nature, stronger financing constraints and more media attention, while executive environmental experience only has a negative moderating effect on non-state-owned enterprises.#br#Therefore, in order to give full play to the institutional function of top-runner program for long-term energy conservation and continuous innovation, on the one hand, it is necessary to give full play to the leading role of top-runner enterprises, and continue to increase the incentives;meanwhile, the government should set time limits for the energy efficiency level of top-runner enterprises to transform into energy-saving standards, and further enhance the motivation of non-top-runner enterprises for green innovation.On the other hand, the government should take into account the environmental benefits and the economic interests of enterprises, and enterprises need to optimize the incentive mechanism of executives and improve the imbalance between risks and benefits of executives in innovation decisions.Furthermore,the different characteristics of enterprises should be stressed when providing them with heterogeneous policy guidance.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 141-150 [Abstract] ( 88 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1303KB] ( 163 )
Review
151 Military-civil Fusion Innovation Consortium: Connotation, Logic and Approaches
Yin Ximing,Chen Tailun,Chen Jin
Military-civil fusion is a vital grip to promote national defense strength and economic development synergistically, as well as a core issue to consolidate and enhance the holistic national strategic system and capability.China's military-civil fusion development has entered a senior stage, reflecting the trend of intelligent warfare patterns and the generalization of military and civilian technologies.The need to further strengthen the capability of the national defense S&T industry is highly stressed by the government.Therefore, this study proposes to build a military-civil fusion innovation consortium (MCF-IC) with the goal of S&T self-reliance and self-improvement as well as a national S&T security mission so as to complete and improve the construction of the military-civil fusion innovation system.#br#There are some critical challenges in China's military-civil fusion collaborative innovation.First, there is a severe separation between the military and the regional innovation systems.Information barriers hinder the connection between military and civilian innovation subjects.Second, the institutional cost for private enterprises to participate in military-civil fusion collaborative innovation is high, and they must go through a long process of stringent qualification review.Meanwhile, relevant research institutes and laboratories lack sufficient attention to technology commercialization, obstructing the application and industrialization of frontier technologies.Finally, there is a more pronounced lack of willingness among enterprises in the military industry to actively collaborate with private enterprises on technology commercialization.The lack of an adequate context as a carrier to bring together innovation subjects impedes defense innovation development.#br#The MCF-IC is a new organizational model that can solve the above problems in the current military-civil fusion collaborative innovation practice.With the mission of strengthening S&T security to guarantee national and economic security, it is based on mission-oriented innovation and holistic innovation theory, and led by the strategy of building a modern, powerful socialist country.It is supported by a new national innovation ecosystem and efficiently coordinated by multiple innovation subjects from industry, academia and research.It is a typical high-level innovation consortium formed with organized R&D.#br#Unlike the existing military-civil fusion collaborative innovation, the MCF-IC responds to two important strategic needs in the new development stage: the construction of an innovation powerhouse and the bottom-line requirements for secure development.It addresses a series of problems faced by the current military-civil fusion collaborative innovation.In terms of the theoretical foundation, it has been changed from the theory of collaborative innovation to mission-oriented innovation and holistic innovation which are aimed at solving the existing information barriers and collaborative obstacles.The major issues in focus have been converted from traditional national security to new national security, responding to the needs of the era and the strategic connotation of the senior stage for military-civil fusion.In terms of the relationship characteristics of innovation subjects, they bave been shifted from a loosely coupled model to a tightly coupled and co-evolution model with context-driven as the core, which enhances the integration level of innovation capability.As for the driving mechanism, it has been turned from the profit-oriented market mode to the mode of organized R&D, which solves the problem of dynamism and improves the efficiency of S&T innovation output.On the structure, the MCF-IC has the systemic structural characteristics of an innovation ecosystem.Specifically, a typical MCf-IC includes an original innovation supply system composed of national laboratories, high-level research universities and national research institutions, an ecological system for MCF technology commercialization by the integration of leading S&T enterprises and hidden champions, and a regional innovation center or MCF innovation demonstration zone that brings together innovation resources.#br#Operationally, this study breaks the dichotomy between the military and civilian sectors and transforms national strategic needs into specific contexts and goals for innovation.By integrating innovation subjects and strategic resources in both military and civil fields, the MCF-IC drives the breakthroughs in basic research in frontier fields and develops strategic industries.It takes S&T security as the core, safeguards national defense security, economic security and other security, accelerates the modernization of the national security system and capability, and guarantees the new development pattern with a new security pattern.#br#
2024 Vol. 41 (4): 151-160 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1490KB] ( 232 )
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