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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY
 
2023 Vol.40 Issue.14
Published 2023-07-25
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
Industrial Technological Progress
Enterprise Innovation Management
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
Review
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
1 Machine Learning and Actor Competence: A Study from the Perspective of Technology Affordance with Google AlphaGo as An Example
Qiu Guodong,Ren Bo
The development of human civilization has gone through the Stone Age, Bronze Age, Agricultural Age, Industrial Age and Information Age. Learning behavior is not only an important symbol that distinguishes humans from other species, but also a ladder for humans to adapt to environmental changes, acquire survival skills, break through cognitive limitations and seek progress and development. With the rise of a new round of scientific and technological revolutions and the rapid development of disruptive new technologies, human society is about to enter an intelligent era where challenges and opportunities coexist. In this context, machine learning is expected to become an important supporting tool for behavioral subjects to improve their self-ability, establish differential advantages, and ensure sustainable development in the new historical period.#br#From the perspective of technology availability, this paper applies the research method of grounded theory and combines the theoretical sampling principle to investigate and explore the artificial intelligence program AlphaGo developed by the world famous high-tech enterprise Google, so as to systematically analyze the influence and mechanism of machine learning on the ability of actors. In terms of data acquisition, considering the impact of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic, this paper mainly uses Tencent questionnaire survey system (wj.qq.com) to issue and retrieve questionnaires to Internet practitioners and related experts, so as to obtain first-hand data. Secondary data can be obtained by consulting qualitative materials published by relevant news media, academic journals and official platforms. The findings are as follows: first, machine learning is highly consistent with the core connotation of technology availability theory; second, machine learning conforms to the subjective cognition of the actor, i.e., it provides the actor with broader possibilities; third, there is an undeniable dynamic role between actors and machine learning. Further, on the one hand, the practical needs of humans for production practices promote the progress of science and technology; on the other hand, the development of emerging technologies improves and intensifies the competence of actors.#br#The study makes the following contributions to the current literature. First, it further analyzes the basic connotation and core concept of the technology availability theory, which is of great significance for the in-depth understanding of the internal relationship from "technology" to "availability". Second, it verifies the feasibility of taking machine learning as a research perspective by using scientific research methods, which lays a solid foundation for introducing and applying the machine learning perspective for further research in related fields. Third, it interprets the nature and form of technology availability in the intelligent age based on the underlying logic. Fourth, it analyzes the mechanism of machine learning to improve the ability of actors, and makes a theoretical model of "machine learning and actor capability", which enriches the traditional technology availability theory and fills the academic void.#br#In order to further guarantee the sound service effect of research results on practical activities, this paper puts forward specific suggestions from three aspects of technology research and development, transformation and application. First, it is suggested that China should timely upgrade the "strengthening basic disciplines plan" to "strengthening basic disciplines strategy", guide educational institutions at all levels of society and relevant departments to strengthen the construction of basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry and so on at the regulatory level, and stimulate the enthusiasm of top innovative talents to explore frontier science and technology and key fields and achieve national interests and development goals. Second, it is suggested that the government departments should establish and improve the corresponding legal mechanism at the level of risk tolerance and incentive compensation in combination with the essential characteristics of basic scientific research, so as to reduce the risk of institutional or individual research and development, and strengthen the research spirit and confidence of basic researchers. Third, managers are expected to discard bias, follow the development law of natural things, advance their understanding of the enabling and leading roles of machine learning in management methods, management modes and management benefits, and attach importance to the application of machine learning and other emerging technologies, so as to improve the main competence of actors to solve difficult problems in their industries and promote the healthy and stable development of related fields.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 1-11 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1338KB] ( 654 )
12 Internal Mechanism of Deep Integration of University-industry Innovation Subjects from the the Symbiotic Perspective :The Exploratory Case of Shenyang Blower and Dalian University of Technology
Zhang Xuewen,Chi Jingming,He Shengsheng,Liu Yonggang
At present, deep integration of industry, university and research has become an inevitable requirement of the integrated innovation chain. Enterprises and universities have become twin engines of innovation-driven development. Deep integration between universities and enterprises requires both sides to form a new symbiotic relationship. However, so far, most universities and enterprises are still in a state of "co-existence" rather than "symbiosis". There are problems and drawbacks such as relatively low investment in research and development, limited participation of the main bodies and incomplete systems and mechanisms, and thus it is urgent to realize mutual adaption and further form a state of mutualism. Therefore, this study focuses on the adaptive behavior of mutual adaptation between universities and enterprises. Existing studies on the deep integration of universities and enterprises mainly explore practices and theories at the macro level, such as the connotation and characteristics, practical problems and path of implementation, whereas internal logic and process mechanism of deep integration from the perspective of subject behavior are relatively insufficient. Since relevant features of deep integration coincide with those of mutualism, this study creatively analyzes the internal logic of deep integration from the perspective of symbiosis, and combines the concept of adaptive behavior in Holland's thought of complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory to explore the internal process mechanism of deep integration of innovation subjects (universities and enterprises) from the perspective of symbiosis.#br#This study firstly summarizes the internal logic of deep integration based on the connotations of mutualism: (1) complementary advantages from both sides; (2) boundary integration to form an innovation platform; (3) positive interaction mechanisms and benefit sharing; (4) sharing of common beliefs and value creation together. Secondly, the method of exploratory case study is adopted to analyze the cooperation/collaboration process between Shenyang Blower and DUT combined with relevant features oftheir deep integration. The specific process of “search—select—mutation” of adaptive behavior is concluded by a large amount of secondary data and first-hand interview data, and the interactions and rule changes made by universities and enterprises to promote deep integration of resources are analyzed so as to clarify the specific process mechanism of deep integration.#br#The study confirms that firstly deep integration cannot be achieved overnight. Both sides need to adapt to each other, and establish a symbiotic relationship and perfect the symbiotic pattern until mutualism (continuous symbiosis and integrated symbiosis) is formed to achieve deep integration. Secondly universities and enterprises need to go through a three-stage of (search, selection and variation) adaptive process to achieve deep integration, which inevitably needs to change their own rules, and actively absorb the rules of the other side, namely iteration of rules is the key to achieving deep integration. Thirdly these rules include not only the explicit process of rules and regulations, but also the implicit cognitive pattern and values. In short, the core of deep integration between schools and enterprises lies in rules and adaptation. If either side only provides innovative resources without changing rules to adapt to each other, it will be difficult to achieve deep integration in real sense.#br#This paper takes the cooperative/collaborative process between enterprises and universities as the research object, and the findings enrich relevant theoretical research on deep integration by combining the thought of mutualism and concepts of adaptive behavior and deep integration. Being different from previous literatures, this paper innovatively introduces the concept of adaptive behavior into relevant theoretical studies of deep integration, explains the internal logic of deep integration with the idea of symbiosis, and focuses on the interactive behavior between enterprises and universities with a single case study for correlation analysis. Case studies support the conclusions of the paper, enrich relevant empirical research on deep integration, and connect changes of rules with the integration of resources. The research results also have practical significance for university-industry collaboration.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 12-21 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1611KB] ( 394 )
22 How Does the Digital Economy Release Innovation Dividends? The Theoretical Mechanism and Microscopic Evidences
Gao Houbin,Li Chenyang
The development of the digital economy has injected new momentum into the innovation-driven strategy, which raises the question of whether and how the digital economy will release innovation dividends. Most of the existing literature focuses on the macro perspective, and uses national or regional level data to explore the impact of digital economy development on innovation performance. However, these studies ignore the impact of digital economy development on micro enterprise innovation capability. As enterprises are the micro main body of innovation, it is particularly important to analyze how the digital economy development affects the innovation capability of enterprises.#br#In view of this, the paper focuses on the micro effects of the digital economy. Firstly, it theoretically analyzes the internal mechanism of the impact of digital economy development on enterprise innovation performance. Secondly, drawing on the data of prefecture-level cities in China and the micro-data of listed companies from 2011 to 2019, it empirically studies the innovation effect of digital economy development and its mechanism. Thirdly, it applies the stepwise regression method to test the mediating effects of financing constraints, operating costs and knowledge diffusion. Finally, this paper examines the effects of heterogeneous factors, such as the nature of the enterprise, the degree of digitization and the city location of the enterprise on the innovation dividends of the digital economy.#br#This paper has yielded some important results. First, the digital economy development can significantly promote the innovation performance of enterprises. Specifically, the digital economy development improves both the quantity and the quality of enterprise innovation,and the promotion effect is greater for innovation quantity than innovation quality. The instrumental variable method is used to carry out endogenous test, and the results show that the benchmark effects are still robust. Second, the mechanism test shows that the digital economy development can improve the quantity and quality of enterprise innovation by mitigating financial constraints, reducing operating costs and promoting knowledge diffusion. Third, the heterogeneity test shows that the relationship between digital economy development and enterprise innovation performance is influenced by the ownership, digitization degree and location of enterprises. More specifically, the promotion effect of digital economy development on innovation performance of state-owned enterprises is stronger than that of non-state-owned enterprises. The higher digitalization degree of enterprise is, the stronger the impact of digital economy development on innovation performance will be. The innovation dividends released by digital economy are greater for enterprises located in central cities than that in non-central cities.#br#This paper has important theoretical contributions. Firstly, while previous studies focused on macro scale, this paper analyzes the impact of digital economy development on the enterprise innovation from the micro level, thus enriching the literature on micro effects of digital economy and providing empirical evidence for innovation effects of digital economy development. Secondly, this paper breaks through the generalization discussion of the mechanism of digital economy development on enterprise innovation in previous studies, and constructs a theoretical framework including financial constraints, operating costs and knowledge diffusion, unfolding the “black box” between digital economy development and enterprise innovation. Finally, this paper analyzes the heterogeneity at two levels of enterprise and region, and clarifies the boundary of digital economy's influence on enterprise innovation and deepens the relationship between digital economy development and enterprise innovation.#br#The findings of this paper have certain practical implications. The government should further vigorously promote the development of the digital economy, deeply optimize the innovation environment of enterprises, and effectively relieve financial constraints, reduce operating costs, and promote knowledge diffusion, so as to fully tap the role of digital economy development in promoting micro enterprise innovation and consolidate the micro foundation of innovation driven strategy. At the same time, managers should recognize the importance of digital transformation, actively embrace digital technology, and constantly increase investment in digital transformation, so as to more effectively obtain the innovation bonus generated by the digital economy development. In addition, the innovation effect of the digital economy development has regional differences which suggests that the government should pay attention to the balanced development of centraland non-central cities, especially accelerate the institutional reform of non-central cities, and effectively release the innovation dividend of the digital economy development.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 22-30 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1230KB] ( 457 )
Industrial Technological Progress
31 Can Government Innovation Subsidies Promote Industrial Transformation and Upgrading of National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zones？The Mediating Effect of the Intensity of Technological Innovation
Ma Zongguo,Wang Xu
The industrial transformation and upgrading of national independent innovation demonstration zones (NIIDZs) refers to the process of promoting the industries of NIIDZs to climb up the global value chain ladder in the innovation-driven way instead of the factor-driven way, and it is also the necessary way for the NIIDZs to promote regional innovation development and build a highland of science and technology. Government innovation subsidies can alleviate the financial constraints of enterprises, reduce their R&D risks and enhance their R&D investment, and ultimately drive the industry of NIIDZs to a high level of development. However, it has been found that in the implementation of government innovation subsidies, the asymmetry of information between government and enterprises and the imperfection of government supervision and evaluation mechanisms are very likely to cause multiple games between enterprises and government, thus inhibiting innovation and hindering the transformation and upgrading of industries. To be more specific, the government innovation subsidies may have a "crowding-out effect" on enterprises' R&D investment,and some enterprises are reluctant to make additional R&D investment in order to absolutely eliminate the risk brought by their own R&D costs. Second, in the process of government incentives for innovation, moral hazard is likely to arise, that is, enterprises may engage in "adverse selection" and rent-seeking behavior of "innovation for subsidy". Government innovation subsidies have been implemented in NIIDZs for more than a decade, There is a lack of in-depth and systematic discussion on how to evaluate the effectiveness of their implementation. So this study aims to deeply explore the impact and mechanism of government innovation subsidies on the industrial transformation and upgrading of NIIDZs, and put forward targeted countermeasure suggestions.#br#This study first constructs a mathematical model. On the basis of the theory of endogenous technological capability and innovation value, the theoretical transmission path of government innovation subsidies affecting the industrial transformation and upgrading of NIIDZs through technological innovation intensity is derived by introducing government innovation subsidies into the production model of NIIDZs. Next, it constructs an econometric model. The panel data of 21 NIIDZss from 2010 to 2020 are selected to construct a two-way fixed-effects model and a mediated-effects model taking into account time and individuals to empirically test the impact of government innovation subsidies on the industrial transformation and upgrading of NIIDZs with the mediating role of technological innovation intensity.#br#It is found that in general, government innovation subsidies can significantly contribute to the advanced industrial structure and rationalization of industrial structure in NIIDZs. By region, government innovation subsidies significantly contribute to the advanced industrial structure of the eastern, central and western NIIDZs and the rationalization of the industrial structure of the eastern NIIDZs, while the effect on the rationalization of the industrial structure of the central and western NIIDZs is not significant. Furthermore technological innovation intensity assumes a mediating role in the process of government innovation subsidies for industrial transformation and upgrading in NIIDZss. Hence the NIIDZs should continue to promote innovation subsidy policies and establish a sound monitoring and evaluation mechanism, pay attention to the efficiency of resource allocation across industries, encourage enterprises to form research consortia for collaborative innovation, and foster a suitable environment for innovation and R&D.#br#The marginal contributions of this paper are as follows. (1) The paper presents an in-depth analysis of the conceptual definition of industrial transformation and upgrading in NIIDZs, and scientific measurement of the level of industrial transformation and upgrading in NIIDZs from two dimensions of industrial advancing and rationalization. (2) On the basis of the theory of endogenous technological capability and innovation value, a mathematical model is constructed to reveal the theoretical mechanism by which government innovation subsidies affect the industrial transformation and upgrading of the NIIDZs through technological innovation. (3) Taking NIIDZs as the research object, this study corporates government innovation subsidies, technological innovation intensity and industrial transformation and upgrading into the same analytical framework, and makes an empirical test of the effect of government innovation subsidies on industrial transformation and upgrading mediated by technological innovation intensity with consideration of the exploration of regional heterogeneity.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 31-39 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1234KB] ( 451 )
40 Construction Mechanism of Manufacturing Industry Eco-chain under the Whole Industry Chain Model: An Multiple-case Exploration Based on Grounded Theory
Gu Runde,Li Chunfa,Sun Leiting,Yang Yangyang
Under the impact of international environmental changes and the COVID-19 epidemic, there are manufacturing and supply chain disruptions across China, which have threatened the stability of the industrial system and the safety of the industrial ecological chain. Therefore, how to improve the anti-interference and risk prevention capability of the industrial chain system has become a core issue to be solved in China's manufacturing industry chain. The industrial ecological chain is formed based on the theory of industrial symbiosis by systematically linking different industrial chains and related enterprise organizations, which can achieve enterprise cooperation and industrial integration. In practice, Cofco, Haier and other large manufacturing enterprises actively carry out the vertical integration layout of the entire industrial chain based on building the industrial ecological chain. This has promoted the upgrading of business models and innovation of business forms, achieved the organic integration of the whole industry within the enterprise, self-controlled and benign development, and enhanced the competitiveness and risk prevention ability. The transformation practice of leading enterprises shows that there is a fusion and promotion relationship between the whole industrial chain model and the industrial ecological chain. Therefore, constructing an industrial ecological chain under the whole industrial chain model can effectively maintain the stability of the industrial system and resist the risks of the industrial chain. Exploring the mechanism of its construction and revealing the law of action are of great theoretical and practical values.#br#This paper focuses on the critical elements and central mechanisms of industrial ecosystem construction under the whole industry chain model, and investigates manufacturing enterprises in four different fields to obtain multimodal information such as languages, video, images and texts, and transform them into text data. Following the grounded theory, this paper carries out open coding, axial coding and selective coding for 200 text data, lists a total of 111 concepts, sums up 27 general categories and 10 main categories, and forms 11 groups of related structures in series. Then it constructs the theoretical element relationship model of manufacturing industry ecological chain. This paper analyzes the framework of the industrial spatial agglomeration system based on the theoretical model, explores the driving role of industrial chain integration in reconstructing industrial ecology under the whole industry chain model, and constructs the whole industrial integration industrial ecological chain and industrial ecological chain upgrading cobweb model.#br#Through the case analysis, this paper confirms that (1) the industrial spatial agglomeration under the whole industrial chain mode can exert the industrial scale effect and cluster effect. It can reduce production costs and operational risks, improve the toughness of the industrial chain, and enhance the competitive advantage of enterprises. (2) The industrial chain integration under the whole industrial chain mode is an effective way to play the role of industrial linkage, improve the overall efficiency of the system, and achieve entropy reduction and reordering. It can reduce production costs and operational risks, improve the toughness of the industrial chain and technical and economic benefits, and enhance the competitive advantage of enterprises. (3) The industrial integration under the whole industry chain model innovates the factor supply mode and reconstructs the production process of enterprises. It is a critical measure to construct an industrial ecological chain with ecological and systemic attributes, which can enhance the toughness of the industrial chain and industrial added value, and strengthen the competitive advantage of enterprises. (4) The added value chain oriented by market demand can promote the evolution and upgrading of the industrial ecological chain,and enhance the industrial value and the competitive advantage of enterprises.#br#It is suggested that manufacturing enterprises should extend the industrial chain vertically, develop the whole industry chain integration model and build an industrial ecological chain based on the whole industrial chain model. This paper enriches the theoretical connotation of the manufacturing industry ecological chain, and provides a theoretical framework for subsequent related research; in practice, it provides a theoretical and factual basis for enterprises to construct the industrial ecological chain under the whole industrial chain model, and has practical guiding significance for improving enterprise management efficiency and the toughness of the industrial chain.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 40-50 [Abstract] ( 179 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1537KB] ( 568 )
Enterprise Innovation Management
51 Can Institutional Cross Shareholding Inhibit the Failure of Enterprise Innovation?
Wang Jingyu,Zhang Hongliang
Innovation plays an important role in driving China's high-quality economic development. In the environment of market economy, enterprises are the most important market players. Compared with other market players, enterpriseshave the advantages of high efficiency and strong market orientation in innovation activities. Therefore, it has become a hot academic topic of how to promote enterprise innovation. According to the theory of industrial organization, innovation activities are characterized with high risks. According to the statistics, the probability of innovation failure of American listed companies is about 40%. Innovation failure will not only cause the loss of resource input, but also dampen the enthusiasm of senior executives for innovation, and thus it has a negative impact on the improvement of enterprise innovation level. As a highly professional subject in China's capital market, institutional investors' shareholding is proved to have a positive impact on the improvement of enterprise innovation level. On the basis of previous studies, this paper focuses on an important phenomenon in China's capital market: institutional cross shareholding, i.e., an institutional investor holds the shares of several listed companies in the same industry at the same time.#br#Compared with a single institutional investor's shareholding, institutional cross shareholding facilitates the flow of resources in the equity network and it is conducive to enhancing the efficiency of supervision. Because the objects of institutional cross shareholding are listed companies in the same industry, and the resources are highly complementary, the equity network connection formed based on cross shareholding is thusconvenient for institutions to reasonably allocate resources based on their investment objectives; besides the corporate governance of enterprises in the same industry has a high similarity, which is conducive to reducing the cost of institutional supervision and improving the efficiency of institutional supervision.#br#This paper centers on whether institutional cross shareholding can inhibit enterprise innovation failure, and further studies the action path and action environment between them. The Chinese A-share listed companies from 2020 to 2021 are selected as the research samples. Meanwhile,in order to alleviate the endogenous problems, the study combines the common least squares (OLS) and difference-in-difference model (DID) models and proves that institutional cross shareholding is conducive to significantly reducing the risk of enterprise innovation failure. The specific role path is to alleviate external financing constraints and senior management agency problems. The results of the functional environment test show that when institutional shareholding is large, shareholding depth is high, and stock liquidity is high, the role of institutions can be played more significantly.#br#Compared with previous studies, this paper makes three contributions. First, it further enriches the research on the governance consequences of institutional cross shareholding.From the equity network perspective of the formation of institutional cross shareholdings, this paper focuses on the impact of institutional cross shareholdings on enterprise innovation failure and studies the inhibition of corporate innovation failure. Second, the OLS and DID models are used to overcome the endogenous problem. Institutions have a certain tendency in the process of choosing investment objectives, and it brings the endogenous problems. This paper uses OLS and DID models to provide robust evidence for the debate in this field. Third, it further improves the path and environment between institutional cross shareholding and the inhibition of innovation failure, and builds a multi-level analysis framework to further open the black box between institutional cross shareholding and the improvement of enterprise innovation level.#br#On the basis of the above research conclusions, the following policy recommendations are put forward: firstly, the listed companies should pay attention to the synergistic governance effect of institutional cross shareholding, and the governance of executive agencies; secondly the listed companies should attach importance to the development of external financing channels, and the construction of governance environment to create conditions for institutional investors to play a governance role; thirdly, government departments should take measures to create conditions for the growth of institutional investors.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 51-61 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1249KB] ( 402 )
62 The Impact of Human Capital Structure on Enterprises' Scientific and Technological Innovation Performance
Zhang Shoufeng,Liu Haorong
Scientific and technological innovation (STI) is the key driver of economic growth, and enterprises play a vital role in scientific and technological innovation, undertaking the main force in R&D investment, project organization and transformation of achievements. Meanwhile, human capital, as the most dynamic core element of scientific and technological innovation input, is the key to improving the capability and level of scientific and technological innovation. Therefore, through reasonable planning and allocation of human capital structure, enterprises can not only accelerate the deep integration of innovation elements within the enterprise, but also provide a strong guarantee for the improvement of organizational efficiency, enterprise value creation and competitive advantage. In addition, the technical competence of the executive team also affects the innovation activities of technological talents within the enterprise.#br#In view of this, this paper focuses on the impact of the overall human capital structure of enterprises on their scientific and technological performance, and further discusses the role of human capital structure in the innovation efficiency of enterprises. Existing studies have mainly demonstrated that the human capital structure of executives has a significant impact on business performance, but there is a lack of consideration for both human capital structure at the employee level and how the overall human capital structure of enterprises affects STI performance. Therefore, following the human capital theory, this paper conducts an in-depth study on this following two aspects. It first fully considers the causes of human capital formation, and integrates thefunctional positions of employees in enterprises into the human capital structure. Then it specifies the human capital structure into educational structure and skill structure, with the combination of the educational level of employees that Schulz focuses on. Furthermore the paper separately examines impacts of both educational structure and skill structure on STI performance and efficiency. According to the high-level echelon theory, it takes the background of enterprise executives as the moderating variable, and examines its moderating effect. #br#In this paper, the Chinese A-share listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2011-2021 are taken as the initial sample. After screening and analyzing the employee structure and innovation performance of enterprises, the paper firstly defines the two core variables of human capital structure and corporate STI performance, and then it constructs a multiple linear regression model to test the hypotheses. After the benchmark regression, the moderating effect of executive technical background and the effect of human capital structure on enterprise innovation efficiency are further examined.#br#The results show that, first, both the educational structure and the skill structure of human capital can enhance the R&D input and innovation output of enterprises. The benchmark test is still robust after endogeneity tests using 2SLS and sys-GMM. Second, the analysis of moderating effect shows that an increase in the proportion of senior executives with technical background effectively enhances the positive effect of human capital structure on corporate innovation output. Finally, further study shows that there is a significant negative effect of educational structure on enterprise innovation efficiency, which indicates that, to a certain extent, listed companies have not yet formed their own innovation model. The human capital structure of employees needs to be further adapted to the scientific and technological innovation needs of enterprises.#br#On the basis of the analysis of existing studies, this paper takes the human capital structure of employees and technological innovation performance as objects of research, theoretically enriching related research in this specific area. Different from previous studies, this paper innovatively considers the impact of human capital structure on enterprises' scientific and technological innovation performance from the perspective of employees, and further discusses the impact of human capital structure on enterprises' innovation efficiency from a more comprehensive and in-depth perspective. Both theoretical and empirical analyses support the findings of this article, and expand the research content of human capital theory and innovation theory at the micro level of enterprises. The findings of this paper also have implications for how to allocate employees to improve innovation performance for enterprises and how to expand employment choices of high-level talents for governments.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 62-73 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1290KB] ( 587 )
74 Can Innovation Be Continuous?Impression Management andEnterprise Innovation of New CEOs During the Transition Period
Liu Jingdong,Jiang Shan
Continuous innovation is a necessary condition for the long-term development of enterprises. Enterprises need stable innovation resources to maintain dynamic competitive advantages. However, CEO change will inevitably occur in company operation and management. During the transition period, in order to win the trust of the board of directors, the new CEO would bias the enterprise resources to the direction of quick effects and low risks, which would bring a negative impact on the continuous innovation capability of enterprises. This contradiction puts forward higher requirements for the research on the influence of the new CEO behavior on the continuous innovation of enterprises during the transition period. According to the impression management theory, in order to prove their own ability and quickly establish authority, new executives will try to establish, maintain or change others' impressions on them through self-promotion, flattery and pleading to gain recognition from the stakeholders of the organization so that they could quickly carry out strategic deployment, coordinate the allocation of enterprise resources, and thus affect the continuous innovation capability of enterprises.#br#In view of this, this study combines the two theories of impression management and continuous innovation, and studies the impact of self-promotion and stock increase of new CEOs on the continuous innovation capability of enterprises. At the same time, the former CEO's retention on the board of directors affects the early survival prospects of the new CEO, and the existence of organizational practices affects the continuous innovation capability of enterprises. Hence, it is necessary to further analyze the moderating effects of the former CEO's retention on the board of directors and organizational practices. To sum up, this study establishes the corresponding research model and puts forward the research hypotheses. In order to further verify the reliability of the model and hypotheses, listed companies with CEO changes in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2007 to 2018 are selected as the initial samples. In order to meet the requirement of the first three years as a transitional period after the new CEO takes office, the sample of companies with CEOs who have been in office for less than three years since the appointment is excluded. A questionnaire survey is conducted to the executives of the 796 sample companies through on-site research, MBA classes, emails, etc., and there are 295 valid samples obtained, and SPSS26.0 software is used for reliability and validity tests. The descriptive statistics, regression analysis and other empirical analyses are made.#br#The results show that, during the transition period, new CEO self-promotion and stock ownership are conducive to the continuous innovation of enterprises, but the mechanisms of the two kinds of impression management behavior are different. The former CEO retained by the board of directors has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between the new CEO's self-promotion and the enterprise's continuous innovation. Organizational practices have no significant moderating effect on the relationship among new CEO self-promotion, stock ownership increase and enterprise's continuous innovation.#br#The major originalities of this study are mainly reflected in the following aspects. First, it fills the research gap between the contradiction between the innovation strategy jump caused by the change of leadership of listed companies and the need for CONTINUOUS innovation of enterprises during the transition period. Second, this study focuses on the mechanism of new CEO's impression management behavior on the enterprise's continuous innovation from two aspects of self-promotion and stock ownership, and expands the theoretical research on CEO impression management. Third, the former CEO's retention on the board of directors negatively moderates the relationship between the new CEO's self-promotion and the company's continuous innovation, and thus it is taken as a scenario variable to deepen the research on enterprise continuous innovation. The conclusions of this paper also provide important guiding significance for new CEOs to reduce the risk of "early dismissal" and enterprises to maintain dynamic competitive advantages.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 74-82 [Abstract] ( 159 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1241KB] ( 298 )
83 The Relationship between Distinctiveness in Business Model and Entrepreneurial Performance: The Perspective of Optimal Distinctiveness
Han Jiaping,Li Yonghui
How business models affect firm performance has been an academic focus for the last two decades. The existing research on the relationship between business model and firm performance shows two opposing directions: the issue of how business model builds competitive advantage and how business model affects stakeholders' perceptions. The business model is one of the sources of enterprise competitive advantage, and value creation in the business model requires the support of stakeholders. So the legitimacy of the business model among stakeholders is crucial. However,research on the issue of legitimacy in business models is not sufficient, and little is known about how business models balance competitive advantage and legitimate pressure.#br#How do business models balance the tension between competitive advantage and legitimate pressure to achieve optimal performance? This issue is theorized as "optimal distinctiveness". With respect to the relationship between distinctiveness and firm performance, existing research has included the strategic balance view, the trade-off view, etc. Research topics have covered the fields of strategy, social responsibility, technological innovation and so on. In addition, entrepreneurial firms always rely heavily on support from stakeholders to innovate and survive, which makes them face more serious challenges in coping with legitimacy and competitive advantage. Therefore, this study explores the relationship between business model and the performance of entrepreneurial firms from the perspective of optimal distinctiveness.#br#This study uses the panel data of listed firms on the National Equities Exchange and Quotations (NEEQ) market in China. The firms on the NEEQ market are mainly innovative and entrepreneurial SMEs whose business models are relatively stable compared to new ventures. What's more, these firms face greater challenges between legitimacy and competitive pressures in their growing stages. In addition, the NEEQ market requires the listed firms to formally disclose their business models in their annual reports. Therefore, the listed firms on the NEEQ market are suitable for this research. Specifically, it obtains 2 934 unbalanced panel data from 1 075 samples from 2015 to 2017, applies the LDA topic model to analyze the text content of business model chapters in annual reports and uses fixed effect regression to test hypotheses.#br#It is found that first the moderate distinctiveness of the business model brings the best performance. That is, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the distinctiveness of the business model and the performance of an entrepreneurial firm. Second, firm age weakens this relationship. Compared with mature firms, the business models of new ventures face more challenges from the issue of optimal distinctiveness. Third, category heterogeneity strengthens the inverted U-shaped relationship. It shows that category heterogeneity amplifies the tension between competitive advantage and legitimacy caused by the distinctiveness of business models. These findings contribute to the literature on business models and the optimal distinctiveness perspective and are important for the practice of entrepreneurial firms. On the one hand, this study highlights the legitimacy mechanism behind the relationship between business model and entrepreneurial performance. Moreover, it advances the literature on business models by introducing the optimal distinctiveness perspective to the relationship between business model and firm performance and focusing on the tension between competitive advantage and legitimate pressure. On the other hand, this study extends current research topics on the optimal distinctiveness perspective by focusing on the business model and the contingent view in the optimal distinctiveness literature by identifying contingency factors at the category and firm levels.#br#There are important implications for how to use business models to achieve optimal performance. For their business model, entrepreneurs need to establish legitimacy by maintaining conformity with incumbents. Entrepreneurial firms should choose a moderately distinct or differentiated business model to balance legitimacy and competitive pressures and achieve optimal performance. Moreover, the tension between legitimacy and competitive pressures in a business model depends on the stage of development and industrial characteristics. For example, the challenges of optimal distinctiveness in business models are more serious for new ventures, and they can gain more benefits from moderate distinctiveness in their business models. Meanwhile, entrepreneurs can take advantage of analogies with existing business models to avoid the cognitive barriers of stakeholders.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 83-93 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1590KB] ( 466 )
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
94 Refinancing Policy and Innovation Output of Technological SMEs: An Empirical Study Based on Listed Companies on the Growth Enterprise Market
Wang Shuai,Chen Yuezhuo,Li Chenguang
Innovation is the most crucial driving force for development and the strategic support for developing a modernized economy. Since the reform and opening up, it has been proven that small and medium-sized enterprises are the main body of innovation and the main force in promoting technological innovation. It is a key point to promote the transformation of old economic growth driver and achieve high-quality economic development by fully stimulating the development vitality of small and medium-sized enterprises and arousing their enthusiasm for innovation, and it's also of great significance to implement the innovation-driven development strategy. In 2009, the opening of GEM broadened financing channels for technology-oriented SMEs and provided strong financial support for their innovation. Subsequently, the GEM refinancing system has been absent for a period of time. In order to meet the urgent practical needs for refinancing SMEs, in 2014, China Securities Regulatory Commission launched the GEM refinancing policy to further broaden the financing channels for listed companies on GEM. Therefore it is necessary to study the impact of the refinancing policy and verify whether the policy can stimulate the R&D and innovation activities of SMEs and improve their innovation performance.#br#By reviewing the existing literature, it is found that firstly the existing literature pays little attention to the impact of refinancing policies for technology-based SMEs on enterprise innovation. Secondly, there are few literatures focusing on the relationship between listed company refinancing and its innovation output. Finally, the existing literature mainly analyzes the impact of different financing methods on innovation from the perspective of the suitability between different financing methods and enterprise innovation activities, and studies a certain influencing factor of enterprise innovation activities alone.#br#The GEM refinancing policy in 2014 had a policy impact only on GEM listed companies, providing a quasi-natural experiment for researchers to explore the impact of the refinancing policy on innovation behavior of technology-based SMEs. From the perspective of enterprise innovation performance, this paper applies PSM-DID method to empirically analyze the net effect of GEM refinancing policy on enterprise innovation output. It also systematically analyzes the internal mechanism by which the refinancing policy influence enterprise innovation output.#br#The main conclusions of this paper are as follows. (1) The GEM refinancing policy can effectively stimulate the R&D and innovation activities of GEM listed companies and increase the innovation output. This conclusion is still valid after a series of robustness tests. (2) There may be three paths for the promotion of refinancing policy on the innovation output of GEM listed companies. First of all, GEM listed companies face more serious financing constraints than those listed on the main board. Refinancing policy broadens financing channels for their innovation activities, reduces the cost of external financing, effectively alleviates its financing constraints, and thus promotes the increase of innovation output. Secondly, the refinancing policy makes the financing channels of GEM listed companies more diversified, and reduces the difficulty of financing. It is equivalent to providing a positive cash flow shock for the GEM listed companies. The improvement of cash flow level prompts enterprises to increase R&D investment, which ultimately increases their innovation output. Finally, the operational capability plays an important role in the management and operation of the enterprise. The refinancing policy improves the operational capability of the enterprise, and in turn it promotes the increase of their innovation output. (3) In terms of heterogeneity, both internal firm characteristics and external market environment have significant impacts on the net effect of refinancing policy. Specifically, GEM-listed companies with lower agency costs, lower degree of financialization, and non-state-owned companies have greater incentives to use the funds raised for R&D and innovation activities. Besides, the companies with stronger external market supervision and competition and the companies located in eastern provinces are more sensitive to the impact of refinancing policies on their innovation output.#br#In summary, this paper empirically analyzes the effect of GEM refinancing policy and reveals the internal mechanism of refinancing policy affecting enterprise innovation output. The research provides important practical value and policy significance for optimizing the refinancing policy, promoting R&D and innovation and implementing national innovation-driven development strategies.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 94-102 [Abstract] ( 134 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1234KB] ( 479 )
103 Can Market-based Environmental Regulation Promote China to Achieve the Goal of Carbon Neutrality
Hu Di,Yuan Mengyi
With the rapid economic growth in 40 years, China′s energy consumption and CO2 emissions have been on the rise, leading to serious energy crises and climate problems. Achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals has become an inherent requirement for promoting China's high-quality development. The Chinese government has set the goals of peaking carbon emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060. "Carbon peaking" and "carbon neutrality" cannot be achieved overnight. Compared with western developed economies, the market environment and institutional conditions of China's economy are of their uniqueness. What stage has China's carbon neutrality reached? Can the market-based incentive environmental governance policy represented by carbon emissions trading effectively promote the realization of China's carbon neutrality? What are the channel and mechanism of the market-oriented carbon governance policy on the goal of carbon neutrality? These questions need to be answered by systematic measurement and empirical tests.#br#This paper uses the panel data of 30 provinces in the mainland of China from 2005 to 2020, constructs and calculates a series of indicators of the carbon neutrality process from multiple dimensions such as the total amount, per capita and per GDP, and analyzes the time and spatial characteristics of the carbon neutrality process in different provinces. On this basis, it conducts the quasi-natural experiment of carbon emission trading pilots to evaluate the policy effect of carbon emission trading by the synthetic control method, and explores the impact and mechanism of market incentive-oriented environmental regulations on the realization of carbon neutrality goals in different provinces.#br#The research finds that firstly, China's carbon neutralization process shows a relatively obvious inverted V-phasic feature, and the process of carbon neutralization is gradually decoupled from economic development, and the overall high-quality development of the economy is gradually realized; secondly, different regions and provinces present differentiated carbon neutralization processes; thirdly, market-based environmental regulations represented by carbon emission trading policies can help to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality, of which the carbon trading mechanism has the greatest promotion effect on the process of carbon neutrality in Guangdong Province. Further analysis finds that carbon emission trading policies can promote technological innovation and improve energy efficiency of enterprises, and incentivize enterprises to use clean energy and improve energy structure, thereby reducing the carbon neutrality index and promoting the realization of carbon neutrality goals.#br#The conclusions of this paper enrich the research on the effects of carbon neutrality and market-oriented environmental regulation policies. Different from previous literature, this paper provides a scientific measurement index to quantify the carbon neutralization process, and makes a scientific judgment on the regional heterogeneity and periodicity of China's carbon neutralization process. It further expands and extends the policy effect of carbon emissions trading pilot on carbon emissions to the carbon neutrality goal, and confirms from the theoretical analysis and empirical test that market-based environmental regulation promotes the realization of carbon neutrality goal through energy structure and energy efficiency. This study provides support for the improvement and optimization of the carbon emissions trading market, and proposes policy recommendations for promoting the carbon neutrality index of each province to gradually drop to zero, and the realization of the provincial carbon neutrality goal.#br#In view of the differences in industrial advantages and economic development, different regions should establish suitable paths to realize heterogeneous carbon neutrality; regional differences should be fully considered in the design and improvement of carbon market elements to maintain certain flexibility. There is still room for optimization in the calculation of carbon sink in the carbon neutralization index. Due to the limitation of data and methods, only the carbon sink of terrestrial vegetation is considered, and the carbon sink calculation of oceans, lakes and other water bodies has not been included, and the industrial carbon sink technology has not been included in the research scope. Thus future research is expected to explore more accurate carbon neutralization index measurement methods to improve the accuracy and applicability of research results.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 103-113 [Abstract] ( 160 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1432KB] ( 259 )
114 Has Innovation-driven Policy Restrained the Entity Enterprises from "Shifting from the Real Economy to the Virtual Economy"?A Quasi-natural Experiment from the National Innovative City Pilot Policy
')" href="#"> Zhang Bo,Xie Jiazhi,Wu Jingru
In recent years,there has been a clear trend of “shifting from the real economy to the virtual economy”in China's economic development, leading to excessive inflation of the virtual economy and instability of the financial system, and a potential decline in the proportion of fixed asset investment in the real economy and insufficient development momentum. In the critical period of China's economic transformation, it is necessary to identify the factors that affect the financialization of entity enterprises and prevent them from being diverted out of the real economy. At the same time,restraining the financialized trend of entity enterprises has important theoretical and practical significance for preventing and resolving financial risks, boosting the real economy, and modernizing national governance capabilities and systems.#br#The entity enterprises in the market-oriented reform are easily influenced by the external policy environment. How to create a good institutional environment with reasonable policies through mechanism and system innovation is the key to guiding entity enterprises to shift from the real economy to the virtual economy. For this reason, this paper attempts to explore whether China's innovation-driven policy has an impact on the financialization of entity enterprises, and its mechanism. The enterprises in the national innovative city pilot promulgated by the Ministry of Science and Technology and the Development and Reform Commission are taken as the treatment group, and the enterprises in the non-national innovative city pilot are taken as the control group to construct the multi-period double difference model. A quasi-natural experiment is used to empirically test the influence and channel of the national innovative city pilot policy on the financialization of entity enterprises. The samples are China's Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share non-financial listed companies from 2002 to 2021.#br# It is concluded that, first, the national innovative city pilot policy has an inhibitory effect on the financialization of entity enterprises. Specifically, after the implementation of the national innovative city pilot policy, compared with non-pilot cities, the financialization level of entity enterprises in pilot cities has dropped significantly.Second, the national innovative city pilot policy inhibits the financialization of entity enterprises by increasing corporate innovation investment, reducing corporate tax burdens and transaction costs.Finally, there are obvious differences in the inhibitory effect of the national innovative city pilot policy on the financialization of enterprises.When the business environment is poor, the management of the enterprise is pessimistic, and the enterprise is in recession, the national innovative city pilot policy has a more significant inhibitory effect on the financialization of enterprises.#br#This paper provides a certain basis for evaluating the implementation effect of urban innovation policies. It further analyzes the logic and internal mechanism of the relationship between the national innovative city pilot policy and corporate financialization, and elucidates whether and how the national innovative city pilot policy can play a role in corporate financialization; in further research, the heterogeneous impact of regions and corporate characteristics is analyzed, thus providing decision support for implementing pilot policies that are appropriate for each location and enterprise. In the period of reform and transformation, the cities serve as important platforms for implementing innovation-driven development strategies. It can better solve the endogenous problems caused by the selection of urban innovation indicators, and improve the reliability of the research results by taking the pilot policy of innovative cities as a quasi-natural experiment and constructing a multi-period double-difference model to examine the impact on corporate financialization.Thus, this paper provides the following policy implications. First, it is necessary to continue to promote the construction of national innovative city pilots to prevent entity enterprises from shifting from the real economy to the virtual economy. Secondly, it is essential to attach importance to the role of the national innovative city pilot policy in promoting corporate innovation capabilities, reducing corporate tax burdens and transaction costs so as to further unblock the channels for the pilot policy to restrain the financialization of enterprises. Finally, the implementation effect of the national innovative city pilot policy has significant heterogeneity. In the process of policy implementation, it is necessary to fully consider the differences in the internal and external environments of entity enterprises in order to enhance the policy pertinence.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 114-122 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1294KB] ( 478 )
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
123 How to Generate a Commander：On the "Selecting-Determining-Assuming the Best Cadidates" Mechanism of Jie Bang Gua Shuai System
')" href="#"> Zeng Jingjing,Shi Yongdan,Huang Guihua
The competition of comprehensive national strength is the competition of scientific and technological innovation. It′s also the competition of innovative talents. In the context of increasingly fierce international competition,it is a core issue for China to maintain a competitive advantage through innovation-driven development.High-level scientific and technological talents are the key to facilitating the self-reliance of technology. Therefore, it is worth of considering how to attract talents in the process of technological research and innovation development.#br#In the above context, the central government has proposed and emphasized that we can explore and engage in the system of “Jie Bang Gua Shuai”which refers to a strong and open competition mechanism for selecting the best candidates to lead key research projects, with chief technology officers assuming responsibilities. The “Bang” reflects the demand for key technologies, and “Shuai” refers to the chief technology officers. Therefore, “Jie Bang Gua Shuai” is an important system to attract, select and motivate talents to participate in the research of key technologies. However, there is very little academic research on how to promote the participation enthusiasm of potential candidates and select the best candidate for a project.Different from the existing research which focus on the talents′ willingness and behavior to participate in the project from a micro perspective, this paper mainly discusses the selection criteria, organizational and assurance measures from the perspective of macro-policy and institution.#br#In order to give full play to the advantages and ensure the effectiveness of the system, based on the policies issued by the central and local governments and the practices of local governments, this study takes the best candidates in the open competition for key research projects as the research object and follows the logical framework of “selecting-determining-assuming the best candidates” to analyze the key points of the system at each stage in detail. The selecting mechanism is the foundation to ensure the quality of the candidates. The determining and assuming mechanisms guarantee their problem-solving efficiency. Together with the three mechanisms, it can be ensured that the candidates are capable ofthe key research projects. The core issue of the selecting mechanism is “how to select the best candidates” mainly from three aspects: threshold conditions, integrity conditions and R&D capabilities. The core issue of the determining mechanism is “what the most effective way is to compete for thekey research projects”. According to the competition and cooperation relationship between the candidates and the characteristics of the project, this study proposes three kinds of competition forms: independent competition, joint competition, many-to-one competition and one-to-one competition. The core issue of the assuming mechanism is “how to ensure that the technology officers can focus on the scientific research after they win in the competition”. In order to achieve the object, the technology officers should be given some rights, such as achieving the corresponding rewards, being granted with the fault tolerance and guarantee mechanism, as well as a certain degree of autonomy, clearing the ownership of intellectual property rights, communicating with the demander and other competitors. In this way, the continuity of their research can be ensured and they will be encouraged to do their best to overcome the difficulties of key technologies. In addition, in terms of capital supply, this study suggestsadhering to the principle of diversification, taking the supporting funds provided by the demander or the best candidates as the main source, supplemented by government financial support, and guiding financial capital, social capital and other channels for investment. These measures help to optimize the financial support environment and provide material guarantee for thebest candidates to overcome key technical problems.#br#There is still a lot of room for research on the system of “Jie Bang Gua Shuai”in the future, including how to ensure the quality of the candidates without compromising their enthusiasm,tolerate their failures, and prevent the speculative behaviors. Moreover with the gradual deepening and further operation of this system, it is feasible to provide strong arguments for selecting, determining, and assuming the best candidates more efficiently by a large amount of case study. This study provides theoretical guidance for the “selecting-determining-assuming” of the best candidates in the application and demonstration stage; at the same time, it serves the practice of talent selection, and provides theoretical guidance for attracting and screening the best candidates for technical research and facilitates the self-reliance of high-level technology.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 123-131 [Abstract] ( 129 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1323KB] ( 196 )
132 The Influence Mechanism of Protean Career Orientation on Employees′ Bootleg Innovation Behavior
Wang Hongyu,Zhao Di
The relationship between employees and organizations has gradually been changed from a purely employment relationship to a cooperative relationship. With this trend, protean career orientation (PCO) is an important concept in understanding the careers and lives of contemporary employees. PCO is an attitude toward careers that involves self-direction and a focus on intrinsic values in the pursuit of psychological success. It is worth noting that the focus on subjectivity of PCO may be perceived as self-focused and not oriented toward the organization, but a PCO does not necessarily run counter to organizational goals. This phenomenon is called the " Protean Paradox ", that is, employees who are self-directed with a focus on intrinsic values, may make better organizational citizens. However, there is very few existing literature exploring this phenomenon. Fortunately, a recent study has suggested that in the era of advocating employees' creativity, employees with PCO will try to achieve their career goals by showing innovative ability. Therefore, employees' innovative behavior may become another important outcome variable to expand the phenomenon of " Protean Paradox ". But the existing research still lacks in-depth exploration of the relationship between PCO and employees' innovative behavior, which is not conducive to a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon of the " Protean Paradox". In recent years, the bootleg innovative behaviors implemented by employees in the workplace have received extensive attention from academia and industry. As a complex of loyalty and rebellion, bootleg innovative behaviors refer to those that do not receive formal support from the organization and are often hidden from the sight of senior management, individuals privately work on valuable ideas in order to achieve innovations that are beneficial to the organization. This kind of concealed innovative behavior helps individuals form exploratory advantages while avoiding many risks in the process of innovation, and contributes to both individual professional success and the organization's innovation goals. Therefore, this study proposes that bootleg innovation can be a feasible and effective way for individuals with PCO to pursue career success.#br#On the basis of the career construction theory, this study explores the impact of PCO on bootleg innovation behavior by analyzing 273 samples. Empirical results suggest that PCO has a positive effect on bootleg innovation behavior. Career adaptability partly mediates the relationship between PCO and bootleg innovation behavior. Additionally, perceived employability has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between career adaptability and bootleg innovation behavior,and the above mediating effect is also moderated negatively by perceived employability. #br#This study has three theoretical contributions. First, it finds that bootleg innovation behavior is an important outcome of PCO and verifies the existence of the phenomenon of "Protean Paradox". Second, this study explores the mediational path between PCO and bootleg innovation behavior. To a certain extent, it also integrates related research in the fields of PCO and bootleg innovation. Last, by introducing perceived employability as the moderator, this study further clarifies the boundary condition of the relationship between PCO and bootleg innovation behavior.#br#It is suggested for companies that theyprovide employees with training on career self-management, and provide internal recruitment channels, application for cross-departmental and cross-regional job rotation opportunities, and related resource support to ensure that employees can lead their career development and help them achieve career goals. Companies should also provide innovative exploration spacefor employees with PCO, and fully mobilize their enthusiasm for innovation. A flexible management culture in which managers start management work with people as the core, effectively consider the actual situation encountered by employees in their work is encouraged, especially when managing innovators, they should be fully aware of the complexity and risk of innovation activities, give enough space for exploration and trial and error, and provide a holding environment for innovators, so that innovators can gain a sense of psychological security and carry out innovation and exploration without worries. Lastly companies should develop a comprehensive talent management plan to track the career development needs of employees. Companies should investigate the talents' career development needs and make full use of digital tools and methods to build and iterate talent management processes. Companies should provide targeted incentives, training and a contractual platform for employees′ career development to assist employees′ long-term career development .#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 132-140 [Abstract] ( 126 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1264KB] ( 820 )
141 The Path and Boundary of Ambidextrous Leadership′s Negative Effect on Employees′ Innovative Behavior: A Dual Moderated Mediation Model
Jin Hui,Xu Hu
Employees are the micro-subjects of independent innovation, and their innovative behaviors are related to the overall efficiency of enterprise innovation. It is widely believed that leadership styles have substantial impact on employees′ innovative behaviors. Since the external environment of organizations is unpredictable, and the internal management is also increasingly complex, it is difficult to cope with the contradiction dilemma in the process of organizational innovation with a single and unchanged leadership style. In this context, ambidextrous leadership has emerged. With the logic of compatibility, ambidextrous leadership switches the two seemingly contradictory leaders′ behaviors to achieve a flexible match between leaders′ behaviors and the complex environment, and it becomes an important driving force to resolve organizational conflicts and promote organizational reforms.#br#As the importance of ambidextrous leadership to innovation practices has grown, so has the attention of the academic community. Only a few literatures have identified the "dark side" to ambidextrous leadership. However, most previous studies only mentioned or verified the negative effects of ambidextrous leadership on employees′ proximal cognition or emotion, it is not known if it also has a "dark side" on employees′ innovative behaviors. Based on the conservation of resources theory, this study argues that when ambidextrous leaders flexibly switch contradictory behaviors, employees need to consume more cognitive resources to interpret the motivation of contradictory leaders′ behaviors and continuously adjust their work strategies. The consumption of cognitive and other resources during this process is likely to induce role stress. Employees under high role stress are in a state of continuous resource depletion and lack sufficient resources to engage in innovative behaviors. Moreover, from the perspective of individual resources and job resources, this study explores the key factors that can enhance employees′ recognition for ambidextrous leadership and reduce resource depletion. Therefore, this study selects employees′ role stress as a mediating variable and introduces employees′ Zhongyong thinking and organizational communication openness as moderating variables, which will reveal the paths and boundaries of the negative effects of ambidextrous leadership on employees′ innovative behaviors.#br#The survey sample is composed of employees and their direct team leaders in enterprises engaged in technology or R&D in the Yangtze River Delta region, from emerging industries such as communication technology, new material development and intelligent manufacturing. Data are collected by issuing three-stage leader-employee matching questionnaires. A total of 336 valid matching questionnaires are collected. This study adopts the multiple linear regression and Bootstrap analysis to test the hypotheses. The results show that ambidextrous leadership positively affects employees′ role stress, employees′ role stress negatively affects employees′ innovative behavior, and employees′ role stress plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and employees′ innovative behavior; employees′ Zhongyong thinking not only negatively moderates the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and employees′ role stress, but also further moderates the mediating effect of employees' role stress; organizational communication openness not only negatively moderates the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and employees' role stress and the relationship between employees′ role stress and employees' innovative behavior, but also further moderates the mediating effect of employees′ role stress.#br#This study verifies a "dark side" of ambidextrous leadership on employees' innovative behaviors, and breaks the inherent cognition that ambidextrous leadership promotes employees'innovative behaviors. It also provides a new theoretical perspective and path mechanism to explore the relationship between ambidextrous leadership and employees′ innovative behaviors. Moreover, from the perspectives of employees' thinking characteristics and organizational communication environment, this study expands the boundary conditions of the effects of ambidextrous leadership. Finally, this study highlights the important role of Zhongyong thinking in alleviating employees′ role stress in China, and enriches stress management research. Organizations are proposed to be alert to the potential "dark side" of ambidextrous leadership. Organizations can enhance employees′ role recognition and competence by publicizing organizational goals and implementing skills training, and strengthen the guidance of employees′ Zhongyong thinking by job rotation and building a harmonious atmosphere. Finally, an open communication environment should be created. A series of ways such as establishing open feedback channels, organizing group activities, and cultivating employees′ communication skills are effective approaches to enhance organizational communication openness.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 141-149 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1312KB] ( 524 )
Review
150 International Research on Intellectual Capital: Theoretical Trace,Research Theme and As Economy Switches off, Future Outlook
Jiang Chun,Li Shihan,Cheng Long
Turning intellectual capital (IC) into the main engine of high-quality development of modern economy (organization) is a complex management process which involves the knowledge exchange and creation between multiple players, even the relationships of these players in the business environment. This study aims to provide a currently complete and systematic IC review to stimulate and contribute to furthering this academic field and correspondingly set out an agenda for future research. To realize this purpose, the study investigates a complete data set (1985~2020) of 2,356 research articles spanning over three decades, by utilizing bibliometric analysis to disclose the theoretical pillars, the main research areas, and future research directions. #br#The paper has the following findings. First, in terms of publication time, the expression “intellectual capital” in the sample literature first appeared in 1985. Since 2011, the annual increment of IC-related research has exceeded 100 articles. Then, it has basically remained above 100, reaching a peak of 290 in 2020. Half of the literature in the study comes from the past 5 years (64.01%), revealing that scholars' attention to the field of IC has increased sharply in recent years. Also, scholars from the USA, Italy and Spain lead the field of IC, and Macquarie University is at the heart of collaboration network. China's international research is in the catch-up stage. #br#Second, among the top 20 journals from which literature is published,Journal of Intelligent Capital (183 articles) lies in the predominant position, followed by Knowledge Management Research and Practice (70 articles), Journal of Knowledge Management (54), and Sustainability (51) published more than 50 related articles. However, in analysis of the sources of the most cited journals, it is found that the composition and ranking of the top 20 journals are very different compared with thejournals with the highest publication volume. In fact, although Journal of Intelligent Capital is still the main source, the most cited IC-related articles are mainly from Strategic Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Academy of Management Journal, Organization Science, and Research Policy. This phenomenon reflects a slight mismatch between the published journals and cited journals.#br#Third, results of the co-citation clustering analysis disclose four main theoretical pillars of the IC literature that can be considered as scientific roots to IC. The theoretical pillars of IC have four clusters of themes: IC as a strategic resource for enterprises; IC accounting and reporting; classification and measures of IC; conceptualize on IC. #br#Fourth, results of the bibliographic coupling analysis identify five main research areas covered in the current IC research, which is the reflection of research theme trends and emerging trajectories. The primary research line of IC focuses on five theme clusters: the interplay between intellectual capital and firms financing; the impact of human capital on organization value creation; the management of organization's IC; the impact of IC on firm performance; IC disclosure in corporate governance. #br#Besides, this study spots that scholars' attention to the research on IC is changing. Scholars have paid continuous attention to the strategic view of IC, IC accounting, and IC reporting. In recent years, the classification and measurement of IC have become new topics of scholars' attention. Similarly, the mainline of IC research has been developing. Initially, research on intellectual capital mainly focused on corporate financing, organizational value creation, and knowledge management. In recent years, research on intellectual capital has been gradually shifted to research on corporate performance and human capital. Keyword burst detection analysis shows that new research trends in IC change suddenly with time. This new trend presents three stages:the first stage focuses on “knowledge”, the second stage on “intangible”assets, and the third stage on “financial performance”. #br#Lastly, future research should encourage mutual penetration of interdisciplinary research, and consider the explanation of IC theory to new phenomena in practice. Besides, future attention should be devoted to the impact of environmental uncertainty (such as major public emergencies) on the organization's IC. #br#This is the first-ever systematic review to concentrate on IC, representing the contributions of IC studies. The research agenda that this study discusses systematically discovers the roots and main lines of IC research,and itis expected to provide important references for future research on the exploration of the development of IC prospect.#br#
2023 Vol. 40 (14): 150-160 [Abstract] ( 132 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1460KB] ( 476 )
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