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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY
 
2022 Vol.39 Issue.20
Published 2022-10-25
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
Regional Scientific Development
Enterprise Innovation Management
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
Review
Knowledge Science and Knowledge Engineering
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
1 The Configuration Effect of Antecedents of Academic Entrepreneurs' Role Synergy
Xiong Wenming,Yu Weixin,Sha Yong
Academic entrepreneurship connects scientific knowledge creation and scientific value realization through the entrepreneurial activities of academic entrepreneurs, effectively shortening the time of transformation from new knowledge to new products, and it has become one of the important ways to lead the development of new industrial forms and new economy. Therefore it attracts wide attention from the theoretical and practical circles. An academic entrepreneur is both a scientist and an entrepreneur, which means that he/she strides across the academic and the commercial field. Withthe dual embedding of academic and business fields, academic entrepreneurs face the role conflicts caused by the dual standards of subjective norms, behavior patterns, ability demands and result evaluation in the two fields, which is not conducive to the sustainability of academic entrepreneurship and the improvement of enterprise growth performance. Thus, scientists engaged in the field of business need to achieve balance and stability in the interaction between the role of entrepreneur and scientist, so as to complete role synergy. Academic entrepreneur’s role synergy has become a key force for scientists to generate sustained entrepreneurial commitment and promote the development of academic entrepreneurial enterprises. As the balance between self-concept and behavioral meaning, academic entrepreneur's role synergy is a complex result of multiple factors. Existing researches on the role synergy of academic entrepreneurs mainly focus on the net effect analysis of the independent effect of a single factor, ignoring the existence of multiple concurrent conditions.#br#On the basis ofthe existing literature analysis and in-depth interviews with six academic entrepreneurs, this paper extracts the driving factors of academic entrepreneur's role synergy. Then, 37 academic entrepreneurs are selected as sample cases, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (FsQCA) is used to explore the asymmetric causal relationship and the impact of multiple levels of conditions on academic entrepreneurs' role synergy.#br#The results show that cognitive flexibility is a necessary condition for role synergy,and there are three configurations that bring role synergy, with each configuration containing a meaningful combination of different conditions. Factors involved in different configuration play both synergistic and substitution impact. When cognitive flexibility and government support are strong, as long as family support is strong, or entrepreneurial teams with heterogeneity are established, or institutions of universities are relatively perfect, high academic entrepreneurs' role synergy can be achieved. Meanwhile, there are two inhibitory mechanisms for the non-high role synergy of academic entrepreneurs. #br#This paper reveals the configuration relationship among factors of academic entrepreneurs' role synergy. It has some theoretical contributions. Firstly, existing studies focus on the driving factors of academic entrepreneurship, that is, the analysis of "why scholars choose academic entrepreneurship". On this basis, this paper extends it to analyze what factors drive scholars to construct academic entrepreneurs' role synergy after they establish academic entrepreneurial intention. The research results are of certain value for understanding different role states of academic entrepreneurs. Secondly, there are few empirical studies on the role management of academic entrepreneurs, and most of them adopt the method of linear regression for test, failing to pay attention to the complex causality between variables, and failing to reveal the complex process of role synergy under the influence of multiple factors. This paper uses the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method ,which is helpful to improve the explanation of the academic entrepreneur role synergy phenomenon. The research findings also have instructive significance in practice. First of all, in the context of Chinese system, government support for typical externalities and guiding characteristics can increase the visibility of academic entrepreneurs. Therefore, governments at all levels should refine academic entrepreneurship policies at the national level based on the characteristics of local industrial development. Secondly, the universities should also change their concepts, formulate feasible detailed supporting measures, and deal with the "last kilometer" problem of policies. Finally, scientists themselves should recognize the significance of academic entrepreneurship for the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy, consciously switch their attention and cultivate their own cognitive flexibility to make breakthroughs.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1247KB] ( 255 )
11 The Performance Improvement Path of Alliance Portfolio Innovation Considering Partner Repeatability from the Perspective of Portfolio
Huang Chunping,Mao Lu,Lou Yunying,Li Zhengguang
Innovation performance is an important index to measure the effect of alliance combination, and it is the primary goal of enterprises to establish alliance combination. In the highly competitive business environment, enterprises usually maintain diversified alliance combinations to improve their competitive position. As an effective way to improve the innovation performance of enterprises, alliance combination has been widely used. However, the alliance portfolio still faces many challenges, such as the continuous growth of the quantity of alliance portfolio, excessive dependence on a single or a small number of partners, insufficient alliance portfolio management ability and so on. In response to these problems, this research explores the path of how to achieve high innovation performance in alliance portfolio, that is, the relationship between the quantity of alliances, partner repeatability and the impact of alliance portfolio management ability on innovation performance. From the perspective of configuration, this paper brings the quantity of alliances and partner repeatability into the alliance portfolio scale system, and applies the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method to explain the quantity of alliances. The complex relationship between partner repeatability and alliance portfolio management ability on innovation performance further helps to find an effective path to achieve high innovation performance.#br#　Through the systematic combing and analysis of scholars' existing research, it is found that the quantity of alliances, partner repeatability and alliance portfolio management ability in the scale of alliance portfolio has an important impact on the innovation performance of alliance portfolio, and the synergy of many factors needs to be considered. Therefore, this study explores the complex problem of innovation performance from a diversified and overall perspective, uses fsQCA method to find the antecedents of high innovation performance of alliance portfolio, and constructs the corresponding research model. It analyzes the combined effects of alliance number, partner repeatability and alliance portfolio management ability, and identifies the various configurations between different paths and conditions that bring high innovation performance.#br#　This paper selects the pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises in the primary industrial industry as the initial sample. Because the duration of the alliance portfolio is usually 5 years and its termination time is rarely disclosed to the outside world, combined with the existing research, the mobile time window of the alliance activity is set to 5 years, taking into account the lack of enterprise alliance data and the time lag effect of patent application approval, Finally, 15 domestic pharmaceutical enterprises are selected as the research object of this paper. the quantity of alliances, partner repeatability and alliance portfolio management ability are set as the conditional variables,and innovation performance is set as the outcome variable to explore the innovation path which brings high innovation performance.#br#　The results show that the influence mechanism of alliance portfolio innovation performance is the concurrent mechanism of multiple factor combination. The three factors of alliance number, partner repeatability and alliance portfolio management ability can not constitute the necessary conditions for high innovation performance alone, indicating that the explanation of a single conditional variable on innovation performance is weak, and the joint influence of multiple factors can form high innovation performance. There are two paths to form high innovation performance of alliance portfolio: (1) the quantity of medium alliances and medium partner repeatability show the importance of partner repeatability, indicating that the influence relationship between partner repeatability and innovation performance presents an inverted U-shape;(2)the path of medium alliance number and high alliance portfolio management capability emphasizes the role of alliance portfolio management capability. It is confirmed that the higher the alliance portfolio management capability, the greater the impact on the improvement of alliance portfolio innovation performance.#br#　This paper brings the quantity of alliances, partner repeatability and alliance portfolio management ability into the same research framework to analyze their impact on innovation performance, and it makes up for the shortcomings of traditional empirical research methods. The research results of this paper have certain guiding significance for enterprises to form alliances and innovate. (1) In terms of alliance quantity control, alliance combination should take certain measures to control the quantity of alliances in order to achieve high innovation performance.(2) In terms of partner repeatability improvement, enterprises should pay attention to the principle of moderation to improve partner repeatability. (3) In the aspect of improving alliance portfolio management capability, corresponding improvement strategies can be put forward for different dimensions of alliance portfolio management capability. (4) Enterprises should set up corresponding safeguard measures to ensure the smooth implementation of the optimization scheme.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 11-20 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1277KB] ( 232 )
21 The Standard Model of Human-machine Cooperative Operation Function in Intelligent Manufacturing
Liu Zeshuang,Han Jin ,Wang Yifan
As the Industry 4.0 strategy advances, its initiatives are gradually changing production and operations management systems. The way people interact with technology needs to be improved in order to achieve the transformation to a smart factory. Artificial intelligence technology will be a key factor in smart manufacturing, not only because it expands the scope of manufacturing subjects and optimizes smart production processes, but also changes the human-computer collaboration model. However, there is a lack of theoretical analysis on the systematization of human-computer collaboration under the influence of intelligent manufacturing and related processing ideas of intelligent human-computer collaboration, which requires further consideration to supplement the theories related to human-machine relationship, as well as improve the standard and runtime functional framework of human-computer collaboration under intelligent manufacturing to maintain the smooth operation of intelligent human-machine collaboration.#br#Although some results have been achieved in the technical research on human-machine collaborative task planning, most scholars at home and abroad are mainly concerned with the impact of the overall development of AI technology as an antecedent variable on society, enterprises and individuals, and seldom explore the collaborative innovation synergy formed by both parties from the perspective of intelligent machines or human-machine interaction.There is a lack of a theoretical system on the criteria for the application of AI to human-computer collaboration. Only a qualitative and descriptive outlook is available, and a modeling of the human-machine task system as an object, process and as a whole is missing, because the complexity of task activities increases with the flexibility of human participation in the system and machine performance, and the intricate relationships between the standard dimensions of human-machine collaborative operational functions embedded in it require a modeling approach that can deal with the complexity of the system, for these reasons this study proposes the use of OPM to build the model.#br#Given the requirements of human-machine relationship and the definition of the content involved in the intelligent manufacturing system in the national intelligent manufacturing standard system construction guidelines, this study designs an interview outline and selects 14 middle and senior managers who have been working for many years in large and medium-sized manufacturing enterprises that are undergoing digital intelligent transformation. Combined with the specifications of assisted robots issued by the International Organization for Standardization, this study obtains 130 000 words of primary data and collects secondary data 200 000 words as triangular test through the authoritative way. The specific content includes initial, focus, axis, theoretical coding, saturation test five links, and the supplementary interviews and literature are takenas a saturation test and expert discussion is held to develop the scale items, the grassroots, middle and senior managers of intelligent manufacturing. Intelligent manufacturing link enterprises were selected as the respondents, and a large-sample questionnaire was issued. Then the test is conducted based on the large-sample data to obtain a reliable human-computer collaboration operation function standard measurement scale with 21 items, and the content structure of the human-computer collaboration operation function standard is formed, namely the six core dimensions of flexibility, predictability, repeatability, extensibility, elasticity, and multi-role, respectively. They are the core dimensions of the human-computer collaborative operation function criteria measurement scale. Only when such criteria are met can the advantages of human-computer collaboration be maximized and the companies achieve maximum performance improvement.#br#This paper uses the object process methodology for modeling human-machine collaboration criteria, unifies static and dynamic models based on the aforementioned conceptual model of human-machine collaboration operational functional criteria to propose an overall conceptual model that can be dynamically extrapolated based on the logical relationships between subcategories. Then it performs dynamic feasibility analysis of the conceptual model functional operation in OPCAT software. The model is used to measure and correlate the level of human capabilities and machine assistance and cooperation, and determine the degree of human-machine complementarity in performing a given task. It provides a possible way to view the whole process of "design-improvement-optimization" to achieve the human-machine collaboration standard. According to the OPD diagram, the functional characteristics can be dynamically adjusted according to the actual behavior of a pair of workers and robots to achieve the optimal allocation of human resources in smart manufacturing enterprises. This study not only provides a reliable measurement tool for subsequent research, but also expands a new perspective of human-computer collaboration theory whichapplicable in actual manufacturing enterprise management cases.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 21-31 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1986KB] ( 454 )
Regional Scientific Development
32 Analysis of Regional Key&Core technology Innovation Groupings from a Resilience Perspective
Tian Xiaoli,Liu Yujing
China is currently at the forefront of a new round of scientific and technological revolution. Information technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data are accelerating the integration of traditional industries, with disruptive, creative key&core technologies creating new industrial forms. At present, although some areas have achieved outstanding science and technology achievements , the overall scientific and technological development has not met the requirements of innovation-driven development, and the transformation rate of scientific and technological achievements is far lower than that of developed countries. In the increasingly competitive international scientific and technological innovation environment, a large number of scientific and technological achievements have not yet been transformed into productive forces, posing a great challenge to China'skey&core technology innovation capability.#br#In the face of the current external situation of white-hot competition in science and technology and its impact on the development of science and technology innovation in China, it is urgent to think about how to develop key&core technology innovation from the perspective of resilience to provide strong support for scientific and technological progress and economic and social development.Based on a resilience perspective, this paper selects the top 34 domestic cities in terms of GDP and four major provincial capitals in addition to them as research samples, and uses qualitative comparative analysis to explore the multiple influencing factors and driving paths of coastal and inland cities in China to enhance key&core technology innovation by selecting eight conditional variables from four dimensions: diversity, evolution, mobility and buffer.#br#It is found that neither diversity, evolutionary, mobility nor buffering conditions alone can constitute the necessary conditions for enhancing key&core technology innovation, but require a combination of the condition variables to work synergistically with each other. At the same time, there are differences in the grouping paths driving key&core technology innovation between coastal and inland regions, and the importance of condition variables driving key&core technology innovation varies according to their own development characteristics, and there are potential substitution relationships between condition variables among grouping paths within each region.#br#Exploring the condition variables affecting the development of key&core technology innovation from the perspective of resilience is more relevant to the development pain points of insufficient intrinsic power and fierce external competition in the development of key&core technology innovation in China,and it can help optimize the process of key&core technology development and provide guidance suggestions for realizing key&core technology innovation. In addition, as a key technology that leads the new round of scientific and technological revolution and industrial change, and has a significant supporting role for economic transformation and upgrading and social development, the development of key&core technology has important strategic significance for pulling the domestic market, realizing independent innovation and enhancing comprehensive scientific and technological strength. At present, there are few studies related to key&core technology innovation, and it will become an important topic of common concern for multidisciplinary fields in the future. It is of great practical significance and research value to conduct research on this emerging field of key&core technology innovation.#br#The value of this thesis is that it constructs an integrated analytical framework that drives key&core technology innovation in coastal and inland cities in China, and reveals the mechanism of the role of each region in enhancing key&core technology innovation. By exploring the combination of condition variables and driving paths that affect key&core technology innovation in each region, it helps each government to formulate policies according to local conditions, promote the overall improvement of key&core technology level, and create core technological advantages.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 32-40 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1373KB] ( 242 )
41 International Technical Gap, OFDI Reverse Technology Spillover and Technological Progress of Local Enterprises
Wang Lijuan,Wu Fuxiang,Jiang Xinjuan
Against the background of the global economic changes, it has become an important means for China to build a domestic and international dual cycle by encouraging enterprises to expand overseas markets. This is because the optimal layout of multinational enterprises worldwide can realize the transformation and upgrading of domestic industries from the following two aspects. First, it can directly promote industrial upgrading through marginal industrial transfer; second, it can obtain foreign advanced technology through reverse technology spillover effect, so as to indirectly promote industrial upgrading. However, both direct and indirect impacts are conducive to the construction of a new pattern of domestic and international dual circulation to a great extent. It is worth noting that this study focuses on the impact of OFDI reverse technology spillover on the technological progress of domestic enterprises. Although there are many related studies, few researchers examine the impact of OFDI reverse technology spillover on the technological progress of domestic enterprises from the perspective of its mechanism. Although many studies have shown that OFDI reverse technology spillover has a significant impact on the technological progress of domestic enterprises, there is a lack of discussion on the influence mechanism of generation principle of OFDI, which has a direct influence of OFDI reverse technology spillover effect on the technological progress of domestic enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to further investigate the impact of OFDI reverse technology spillover on the technological progress of domestic enterprises from the perspective of technology potential difference.#br#This study constructs the technology diffusion absorption model between multinational enterprises and local enterprises in the host country. Then it carries out simulation from two aspects of single technology diffusion and two-way technology diffusion to explore the source of OFDI reverse technology spillover effect. Accordingly the first innovation of this study is to analyze if OFDI reverse technology spillover has an impact on the technological progress of domestic enterprises from the perspective of technology potential difference. It is conducive to expanding the research dimension of OFDI reverse technology spillover. Secondly, most studies have made rough sample classification of the host country from the whole, developed countries and developing countries, and it leads to the deviation of the research results. This paper takes 78 economies worldwide from 2005 to 2019 as research samples to verify the proposition. Specifically, the Belt and Road Initiative and international technological potential are used to make a more detailed classification of the host country's sample. Considering the influence of time factors, the samples in 2013 are divided for a robustness test. Compared with the existing research, this papercan get more accurate results.#br#The results show that no matter where China's OFDI flows, reverse technology spillover can have a pulling effect on the technological progress of domestic enterprises. But there is a certain time lag of the effect. When the TFP ratio between China and the host country is within the range of (0.5,1.5), OFDI can play a significant reverse technology spillover effect on the technological progress of domestic enterprises. When the technological potential difference is further expanded, the limitation of knowledge spillover caused by backward technology in the host country or the absorption barriers caused by far too advanced technology are not conducive to the technological progress of domestic enterprises. In addition,there are also important ways to promote the technological progress of domestic enterprises by accelerating technology accumulation and international technology spillover through other channels. The research findings provide instructive significance for Chinese multinational enterprises to realize layout optimization. In the process of OFDI, it is necessary to properly guide the flow direction of the host country and industry according to the international technology potential difference. For different economies, China should maintain investment interaction with developed countries, especially about technology seeking OFDI. On the other hand, China also should continue to expand investment scale with the Belt and Road region, especially about resource seeking OFDI and market seeking OFDI. In this way, we can form a diversified investment pattern, realize the deep integration of domestic and foreign markets, and finally realize the efficient allocation of resources.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 41-51 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2892KB] ( 213 )
Enterprise Innovation Management
52 How Does Policy Uncertainty Effect Enterprises' Performance:a Test of Meta-Analysis
Zhang A'cheng,Zeng Jingjing
As an important carrier of economic development, enterprises are sensitive to the environmental fluctuations caused by policy uncertainties. The relationship between enterprise development and macroeconomic environment is inseparable, but there are still manyquestions to be answered about the relationship between policy uncertainty and enterprises' performance. Many researchers have made empirical studies on the relationship between policy uncertainty and enterprises' performance, but there is generally a controversy whether policy uncertainty promotes or inhibits enterprises' performance? Therefore, this study focuses on solving the following three questions. First, does policy uncertainty inhibit enterprise performance or promote enterprise performance? Second, for different types of enterprise performance, does policy uncertainty have the same effect? Third, how can situational factors adjust their relationship in the process of policy uncertainty affecting enterprise performance?#br#This paper subdivides enterprises' performance into firm operating performance, innovation performance, and investment performance according to their components, and uses meta-analysis to reveal the different effects of policy uncertainty and enterprises' performance and to investigate which factors adjust the relationship. This study takes the keywords of “policy uncertainty, political uncertainty, official change, official turnover, official rotation, corporate performance, corporate innovation, R&D investment, corporate investment, policy uncertainty, political turnover, governors' turnover, innovation, corporate investment, turnover, innovation, corporate investment” etc. Through the above search path, it is found 2 183 papers related to policy uncertainty or corporate performance, but not all of them meet the data requirements of Meta-analysis. The study further combines the keywords of “policy uncertainty” and “corporate performance”, uses the “advanced search” option for the initial screening of literature, and finally obtains 38 papers that meet the requirements of the study design, 22 in Chinese and 16 in English. #br#The study finds that policy uncertainty has curbed operating performance and investment performance, but it has significantly improved the innovation performance. Specifically, the effect of policy uncertainty on the three dimensions of enterprises' performance is not consistent, with policy uncertainty inhibiting firm operating performance (ES=-0.144, p<0.001) and investment performance (ES=-0.017, p<0.001), but significantly enhancing innovation performance (ES=0.045, p<0.001). It is also found that the impact of policy uncertainty on enterprises' performance is greater for state-owned firms, large firms, firms in less marketization regions, and firms with political affiliations.#br#These findings provide evidence and reference of implementing an innovative development strategy when enterprises face policy uncertainties. Meanwhile it is of great significance to the official turnover and public policy making. First, it is suggested to improve the mechanism of interaction and exchange among local officials in different places and enhance their adaptive capacity in order to reduce policy fluctuations caused by the turnover. Second, when local governments adjust public policies, they should give careful consideration to the impact of policy uncertainties on the overall enterprises' performance and maintain policy transparency, continuity and stability. Third, local governments need to deepen the market-oriented reform of separating government and enterprises. Fourth, enterprises should enhance their sensitivity to policies and learning efforts to gain competitive advantages by improving organizational learning capacity, and corporate funds should not be crowded out by rent-seeking activities. This study does not discuss the mediating mechanism of the relationship between policy uncertainty and enterprise performance, because even though some literatures explain how policy uncertainty affects enterprise performance from the perspective of executive change and rent-seeking opportunities, it does not meet the quantity requirements of literatures used for meta-analysis. Future research needs to further open the "black box" of policy uncertainty affecting enterprise performance, for this will help the government take effective supporting measures to reduce the negative effects of policy fluctuations.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 52-62 [Abstract] ( 321 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1718KB] ( 398 )
63 Professional Managers, Organization Status Granting and Enterprise Innovation:The Empirical Evidence from Family Enterprises
Dai Mingyu,Sun Guangguo,Teng Manru
For family enterprises, innovation is not only an important factor affecting the economic growth of enterprises, but also a key driving force related to the long-term sustainable development of enterprises. However, it is difficult to meet with the current rapid growth of innovation demand by relying solely on their own human capital, organizational procedures and family resources. Therefore some family enterprises hire professional managers in the hope that they can help enterprises break the innovation bottleneck through professional knowledge and extensive business relations. However, there is no concensus on whether professional managers can really make family enterprises stand out in the innovation and development.#br#This paper selects family enterprises listed on A-share market from 2005 to 2019 as a sample to examine the impact on the organizational status of professional managers given by family enterprises and the enterprise innovation. The research shows that it will promote the enterprise innovation if the family enterprises grant professional managers with organizational status. Compared with the constrained social emotional wealth, the extended social emotional wealth promotes the relationship between professional managers' organizational status and the enterprise innovation. The heterogeneity analysis finds that in the regions with developed manager market, subordinate high-tech industries and enterprises with high information transparency, the status of professional managers' organization in promoting enterprise innovation will be more significant. Further research finds that the entrepreneurial spirit of professional managers plays an mediating role in the organizational status of professional managers and enterprise innovation, and the granting of organizational status stimulates the entrepreneurial spirit of professional managers, and thus promoting enterprise innovation.#br#Compared with the existing literature,this paper firstly broadens the research perspective of family business professionalism and enterprise innovation, and reveals the ways of family business promoting professional manager innovation. It takes the family occupation's granting of the professional manager's organizational status as the breakthrough point, and discusses the mechanism of the family business's role in the implementation of innovation by giving the professional manager's organizational status. Secondly, the study quantifies the organizational status of professional managers in various ways, enriching the research vision of the combination of professional managers and family enterprises. The reason why this study verifies the organizational status of professional managers is that the informal mechanism of the organizational status not only conforms to the characteristics of family enterprises relying on informal mechanisms, but also is based on the realistic situation of paying attention to rank and status in Chinese family culture. Therefore, the discussion of the organizational position is about the uniqueness of Chinese family enterprises, which helps to better understand the behavior and decision-making of family enterprises and enriches relevant research. Finally, it brings the family business social emotional wealth into the research framework, discusses the regulatory role of different types of social emotional wealth in the relationship between professional managers' organizational status and innovation, and thus it alleviates the contradiction between professional managers and family business innovation in the existing literature, and provides new ideas for the current research.#br#The effective combination of professional managers and family enterprises is an important issue for the professional development of family enterprises in China.According to the findings,the organizational status given by family enterprises to professional managers promotes enterprise innovation; compared with the constrained social emotional wealth, the extended social emotional wealth plays a promoting role in the relationship between professional managers' organizational status and enterprise innovation. On the basis of the heterogeneity analysis, it is found that in the regions with developed manager market, subordinate high-tech industries and enterprises with high information transparency, the role of professional manager organization in promoting enterprise innovation is more significant. This study further confirms that the entrepreneurial spirit of professional managers plays an mediating role in the organizational status of professional managers and enterprise innovation, and the granting of organizational status stimulates the entrepreneurial spirit of professional managers, and then promoting enterprise innovation.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 63-71 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1244KB] ( 193 )
72 The Configuration Path of Corporate Innovation Flexibility： A Fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Zhu Xuechun,Xu Xin,Zhang Wei
Innovation is the primary engine of development and the strategic support for constructing modern economic system. Enterprise is the most important force for innovation and playing a significant role in building innovation-oriented country. The rapidly changing external environment intensifies market competition.It is the key to win competitive advantages if a company can achieve innovation at low cost and obtain good innovation flexibility. The promoting effect of innovation flexibility on enterprise development is emphasized, but the research on antecedent factors of innovation flexibility is not rich at present. Existing literature cannot provide sufficient guidance for enterprises to enhance innovation flexibility. Therefore, how to effectively improve corporate innovation flexibility is a practical and scientific problem to be solved urgently. The effect of network capability and knowledge co-creation on corporate innovation has attracted academic attention. Network capability can help enterprises identify the value and opportunity in the external environment and effectively obtain innovation resources so that they can improve innovation ability. Knowledge co-creation can help enterprises reduce the cost of knowledge acquisition, carry out innovation activities, accelerate innovation and improve innovation performance at last. Innovation flexibility is affected by multiple factors, and different combinations of factors may produce the same results. However, the existing literature about corporate innovation flexibility does not systematically study the effect of different combinations of factors, and fails to effectively reveal the interaction between network capability and knowledge co-creation on corporate innovation flexibility. The qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) method from the configuration perspective can overcome the limitation of traditional research methods. It helps to deeply explore the configuration effect of multiple factors from systematic and comprehensive perspective. The configuration perspective is more suitable for studying the synergistic effect of network capability and knowledge co-creation on corporate innovation flexibility.#br#From the configuration perspective, the study uses the fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method to explore the linkage effect and path selection of corporate innovation flexibility from two levels of network capability and knowledge co-creation with five variables. The study uses a questionnaire survey to collect data and it is divided into two stages including pre-survey and formal survey, with 323 valid questionnaires at last.#br#The main conclusions are as follows. Firstly, network vision, network construction, network management, joint knowledge co-creation, and embedded knowledge co-creation are not necessary conditions for high or non-high innovation flexibility. A single antecedent condition has weak explanatory power for innovation flexibility. This shows that there are multifactors to enhance corporate innovation flexibility. Secondly, there are three ways to improve corporate innovation flexibility including resource acquisition, development-management and monotype. Lastly, there are two non-high-innovation flexibility paths and they are asymmetrically related to the influencing factors of high innovative flexibility paths.#br#The research incorporates network capability and knowledge co-creation into the theoretical framework. It studies the combined effect of network capability and knowledge on corporate innovation flexibility.It reveals the complex causal mechanism of network capability and knowledge on corporate innovation flexibility, and deeply analyzes the influence of synergistic linkage among multiple variables on corporate innovation flexibility. It can not only make up for the inadequacy of studying corporate innovation flexibility from a single-dimensional perspective, but also reveals the synergistic effect mechanism of network capability and knowledge co-creation on corporate innovation flexibility. At the same time, the paper studies innovation flexibility with QCA method and finds multiple paths and key elements for improving corporate innovation flexibility. The research findings can help to expand the application field of QCA method. Meanwhile, the study finds three high-innovation flexibility paths and two non-high-innovation flexibility paths which can better explain diversified paths to improve innovation flexibility. There arepractical implications for enterprises. Firstly, facing the uncertain external environment, the company can choose suitable paths based on its own technical features and management level with concentrating resources on key capabilities. Secondly, the company should choose the appropriate mode of knowledge co-creation and network, and make use of knowledge and other network resources effectively. Finally, the company needs systematic analysis and scientific judgment to accurately understand the relationship between knowledge co-creation and network capability to grasp the core elements for innovation flexibility.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 72-80 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1291KB] ( 265 )
81 Board Informal Hierarchy and Enterprise Innovation: An Empirical Study Based on Relational Contract Theory
Yuan Tianrong,Wang Xia
Innovation is not only the decisive factor for enterprises to obtain a long-term competitive advantage, but also the endogenous driving force for high-quality economic development. The board of directors, as the core of corporate governance, its internal operating mechanism will inevitably affect the enterprise innovation. The sociological theory believes that any group's decision-making will be affected by the hierarchy, either a formal hierarchy or an informal hierarchy. The board of directors follows the voting decision-making rules, and the content of the decision is summary and vague, so it is difficult to be effectively guided by the formal coordination mechanism. When there are internal conflicts and differences, it is more difficult to rely on formal hierarchy to coordinate. In this setting, the informal hierarchy will play a more prominent role in the board of directors' decision-making.#br#The board informal hierarchy is an implicit and informal hierarchical order, which is formed according to the social capital and prestige status owned by director members. The richer the social capital owned by the director member, the stronger the ability to provide information and resources for the enterprise,and this, the higher the degree of respect from other directors, which the director member will be at a higher hierarchy. According to the relationship contract theory, informal institutional relationships established based on trust and respect are more likely to produce supervision and coordination. The informal hierarchy provides the board of directors with an implicit mechanism for orderly communication, enhances the board's resource integration capabilities and communication effects, and enhances the board's decision-making efficiency and supervisory effectiveness. Therefore, theoretically, the board informal hierarchy can improve the level of corporate innovation. #br#This paper selects the data of A-share listed companies from 2008 to 2019 as the research sample. After processing, 20799 observations were obtained. Firstly, it constructs a multiple linear regression model to verify the impact of the board informal hierarchy on enterprise innovation, and investigate the regulatory effect of equity concentration and the CEO position in the board informal hierarchy. Secondly,it builds a mediating effect model to verify the mechanisms of the board informal hierarchy affecting enterprise innovation. Finally,it constructs a probit model to verify the impact of the board informal hierarchy on the types of corporate innovation. In addition, we also verify whether the board informal hierarchy improves the enterprise value.#br#The results show that the clearer the board informal hierarchy, the higher the level of corporate innovation, and when the equity concentration is higher and the CEO is at the highest position in the informal hierarchy, the positive correlation between the board informal hierarchy and corporate innovation is weakened. When the ownership concentration is high, the diversified opinions within the board of directors are reduced, and the informal hierarchy, as an integration mechanism of different views, plays a limited role in innovation decision-making. When the CEO is at the highest hierarchy, the supervision effect of the board of directors on the managers is weakened, the agency conflict is more serious, and the promotion effect of the informal hierarchy on enterprise innovation will be reduced. Further research finds that the board informal hierarchy improves the level of corporate innovation by reducing the environmental uncertainty and the agency conflict of management myopia. After distinguishing the types of innovation, we find that compared with strategic innovation, the board informal hierarchy significantly increases the probability of substantive innovation, and the board informal hierarchy has significantly improved the value of the company. #br#The main contributions of this paper are as follows. Firstly,from the perspective of relational contract theory, this paper promotes the research on board structure and enterprise innovation. Most of the studies regard the internal director members as homogeneous individuals, ignoring the status differences brought by the director members' social capital. Based on the reality of the status differences among directors, this paper studies the impact of board informal hierarchy on enterprise innovation, and enriches the literature of the economic consequences of board informal hierarchy and the influencing factors of enterprise innovation. Secondly, breaking through the static research perspective of the board of directors and based on the dynamic interaction perspective, this paper reveals the mechanisms of board informal hierarchy to improve the enterprise innovation level by reducing the environmental uncertainty and inhibiting the management myopia. At the same time, it is proposed and verified that the board informal hierarchy can improve the substantive innovation level of enterprises. This paper provides a new research perspective for understanding the impact of the structural characteristics of the board of directors on corporate innovation and has important reference significance for companies to optimize the structure of the board of directors and improve the innovation capability.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 81-91 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1305KB] ( 375 )
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
92 Does Government Involvement in Innovation Help Improve the Efficiency of Innovation in Cities？An Empirical Test Based on National Innovative City Pilot Policy
Huang Yongchun,Huang Zhan,Zou Chen
Innovation promotes economic growth by adjusting the combination of production factors and is the core driving force to realize innovation-driven development. As regional innovation enters into multiple levels of innovation ecosystem, the interaction and symbiosis between government and economic subjects play an important role in promoting regional innovation. In order to realize the transformation of urban development through independent innovation, the National Development and Reform Commission of China officially approved Shenzhen as the first "National Innovative pilot city" in June 2008, and gradually listed Dalian, Qingdao, Xiamen and other cities as innovative pilot cities thereafter. The construction and development of innovation-oriented cities can not only realize the investment-driven and even innovation-driven transformation, but also help realize the transformation from unbalanced development to shared and coordinated development.#br#On the basis of the data samples of 226 prefecture-level cities in China from 2000 to 2019, this paper empirically examines the impact of Shenzhen's national innovative city pilot policy in 2008 on urban innovation efficiency by using the synthetic control method, and explores the mechanism of government participation in innovation on regional innovation efficiency improvement. The validity and robustness of regression results are tested by breakpoint regression and placebo test.#br#The results show that the national innovative city pilot policy implemented for the first time in Shenzhen in 2008 has a significant promoting effect on the improvement of total factor productivity, and the effect of the national innovative city pilot policy on the innovation efficiency of Shenzhen presents an inverted U-shaped trend. The implementation of this policy has a significant positive impact in the early stage, which can effectively guide the innovation behavior of enterprises, stimulate the innovation power of enterprises, and help enterprises to cross the valley of death of innovation. But the effect is time-limited. In the middle period of policy implementation, with the gradual release of policy effects, increasingly fierce market competition and constant change of emerging technologies, the dividend effect of government policy support for industrial innovation declines, and an inflection point appears in the government's promotion effect on innovation. After that, the effect of policy dividend gradually weakens, but this does not mean that relevant policy dividend disappears completely, but maintains a low continuous positive impact.#br#Therefore, in the initial stage of promoting urban innovation, the government should pay attention to guide innovation and make up for market failure due to the existence of market failure problems such as high innovation risk and long cycle, information asymmetry, technology spillover and imitation, so as to help innovation subjects to cross the valley of death. In the middle period of policy implementation, the government should encourage innovation behavior in industry guidance, financial support, financial environment, property rights protection, trade and export. In the later period of policy implementation, the government should adjust or formulate new innovation incentive measures according to the innovation situation and regional innovation reality, according to the law of urban development and the law of market competition, and strengthen the sustainable effect of the original innovation incentive policies.#br#According to the research conclusion, this paper puts forward three countermeasures and suggestions. First, the government should optimize the supporting mechanism for scientific and technological innovation, improve the funding system for scientific and technological innovation and the high-level talent flow mechanism to stimulate the vitality of the main body of scientific and technological innovation in the start-up period of the construction of innovation-oriented cities. Second, in the implementation process of promoting the construction of an innovation-oriented city, the government should improve all kinds of scientific and technological innovation carriers, so as to accelerate the agglomeration of scientific and technological innovation resources, promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, reduce the cost and risk of scientific and technological innovation, and enhance the innovation vitality and entrepreneurial power of the city. Third, the government should improve the service system of scientific and technological innovation, attach importance to the cultivation of scientific and technological intermediary service platform, strengthen the collaborative innovation among enterprises, government, research institutes, intermediary institutions and knowledge users, and enhance the synergistic effect of urban innovation subjects, so as to achieve major technological breakthroughs and breakthroughs.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 92-100 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1327KB] ( 224 )
101 Innovation Effect of National Big Data Comprehensive Pilot Zone
Xu Lin,Hou Linqi,Cheng Guangbin
With the accelerated evolution of a new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial reform, China's economic development has gradually entered a new stage of digital economy driven by data elements and interconnected with all things. Represented by the Internet, big data, cloud computing and artificial intelligence, the integration of digital economy and many fields of social economy has become an irresistible trend of the times, and it has a strategic and overall impact on the innovation driven development of China's social economy. At present, China has the largest number of Internet and mobile Internet users in the world, and has rich digital resources and application market advantages, which has laid the foundation for the development and application of big data. However, there are also a series of shortcomings, such as insufficient openness and sharing of data resources, weak industrial foundation, and limited innovation and application fields.#br#Taking the national big data comprehensive pilot area as the quasi natural experiment, this paper analyzes the relationship between the construction of big data comprehensive pilot area and urban innovation ability from both theoretical and empirical aspects, reveals the mechanism of big data comprehensive pilot area affecting urban innovation ability, and provides scientific theoretical support for the development of regional innovation system and the formulation and implementation of relevant policies under the digital economy.Using the balanced panel data of 283 prefecture level cities in China from 2008 to 2018, this study takes the national big data comprehensive pilot area implemented in batches in 2015 as the quasi -natural experiment, and employs the generalized double difference method to identify and evaluate the driving effect of big data development on urban innovation ability. #br#The main conclusions are as follows. (1) The policy of the national big data comprehensive pilot zone plays a significant role in promoting the improvement of urban innovation ability. This conclusion is still significantly valid after a series of robustness tests such as propensity matching score and excluding other policy effects. (2) From the perspective of spatial spillover effect, the construction of national big data comprehensive pilot area is conducive to accelerating the cross regional transfer, flow and diffusion of knowledge and information technology, cultivating new innovation growth poles, and producing a strong demonstration effect on the innovation of adjacent regions and regions with strong economic ties. (3) From the perspective of mediating effect, the big data comprehensive pilot zone can promote the improvement of urban innovation ability by optimizing factor allocation, promoting industrial structure adjustment and promoting mass entrepreneurship and innovation. (4) From the perspective of heterogeneity, the innovation drive of the big data comprehensive pilot area is relatively stronger for central and western cities, cities with high administrative levels and cities with low network infrastructure, indicating that the construction of the big data comprehensive pilot area is conducive to narrowing the "digital divide" between regions and promoting the construction of a new pattern of regional coordinated development.From the perspective of urban innovation, this paper focuses the innovation driving effect of digital economy on the field of technological innovation, and empirically tests the innovation driving effect and its influence mechanism of the construction of big data comprehensive experimental zone from the aspects of factor allocation optimization, industrial structure adjustment and entrepreneurial innovation.It broadens and enriches the theoretical analysis framework of digital economy and regional innovation. Then by taking advantage of the exogenous event of the construction of national big data comprehensive pilot zone, the dual difference model is used to identify the innovation driving effect of digital economy, which alleviates the reverse causality problem between digital economy and regional innovation to a certain extent;meanwhile the spatial double difference model is used to investigate the demonstration effect of the big data comprehensive pilot area on the innovation ability of adjacent regions. Finally according to the heterogeneous characteristics of urban location, level and network infrastructure, the study further clarifies the differences of innovation driving effects of the construction of big data comprehensive test area in cities with different characteristics, which is conducive to an in-depth understanding of the action mechanism and boundary conditions of the construction of big data comprehensive pilot area and the impovement of the urban innovation level.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 101-111 [Abstract] ( 502 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1282KB] ( 489 )
Knowledge Science and Knowledge Engineering
112 Knowledge Sharing, Knowledge Reuse and New Product Development Performance of R&D Team：A Study on Inverted U-shaped Moderating Effect of Absorptive Capacity
Zhao Yan,Yang Xiaoran,Yan Ruixue,Li Zheng,Qi Niannian
In recent times, the competition among countries is becoming increasingly fierce. Innovation has become the main driving force of development and is crucial to national development and international competition. State-owned manufacturing enterprises are the vanguard to the improvement of China's economic development level, and their innovative behaviors not only bring their own competitive advantages, but are also the key sources of national competitiveness. It is worth noting that new product development(NPD) is an important factor for enterprises to innovate and gain competitive advantages. Moreover, NPD requires people with various knowledge, skills and experience to cooperate in the R&D team, and the R&D team is the key factor to improve the NPD performance. Therefore, it has become the focus of the government, enterprises and academia of "how to exert the strength of R&D team to improve the NPD performance of state-owned manufacturing enterprises" , and it is also the focus of this paper. R&D teams need a lot of knowledge resources in NPD, and knowledge sharing is the key to team knowledge dissemination, communication and improvement of knowledge reserve. At the same time, based on the knowledge-based view, the effective reuse of existing knowledge resources, namely knowledge reuse, can support the decision of NPD and help enterprises maintain competitiveness in the market changes. In addition, based on the dynamic capabilities perspective, absorptive capacity can effectively acquire, screen and transform the knowledge of internal and external environments to facilitate the NPD. At present, many studies indicate that knowledge sharing has a positive influence on NPD performance. Some studies have also shown that knowledge reuse and absorptive ability have the ability to inspire creativity and improve the performance of knowledge creation. However, few studies have explored the internal mechanism of knowledge sharing influencing NPD performance. Meanwhile, few scholars consider the role of knowledge reuse and absorptive capacity in the performance improvement of NPD.It's necessary to study the relationship between knowledge sharing, knowledge reuse, absorptive capacity and NPD performance of R&D teams in state-owned manufacturing enterprises. Therefore,from the knowledge-based view and dynamic capabilities perspective, this paper selects knowledge reuse as the mediating variable and absorptive capacity as the moderating variable to deeply explore the internal relationship mechanism between knowledge sharing and NPD performance.#br#This paper takes the R&D team of large state-owned manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai as the research object, collects 166 valid questionnaires and uses SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 21.0 for the data analysis and hypothesis testing. Firstly, the reliability level of the scaleis is tested based on Cronbach's α value, and the validity level of the scale is tested by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. Secondly, descriptive statistical analysis of data and common method biases test are carried out to clarify the feasibility of subsequent hypothesis testing. Then, hierarchical regression analysis is performed on the data to test the hypotheses of direct effect, mediating effect and moderating effect, and the Bootstrap method is used to further test the mediating effect. Finally,given the hypothesis testing results, the final relationship between variables and the model are obtained.The results show that knowledge sharing and knowledge reuse positively affect NPD performance respectively. Knowledge sharing positively affects knowledge reuse. Knowledge reuse completely mediates the relationship between knowledge sharing and NPD performance. Absorptive capacity moderates the relationship between knowledge sharing and knowledge reuse in an inverted U shape.#br#This paper explores the internal relationship mechanism between knowledge sharing and NPD performance. The theoretical value and innovation are mainly in three aspects. Firstly, compared with previous studies, the characteristics of knowledge sharing are deeply analyzed to increase the understanding of the influence mechanism of knowledge sharing on knowledge reuse and NPD performance. Secondly, based on the knowledge-based view, knowledge reuse is introduced as a mediator variable to break through cognitive limitations of existing studies and enrich the research on the relationship between knowledge sharing and NPD performance. Thirdly, based on the dynamic capabilities perspective, absorptive capacity is taken as a moderating variable to clarify the boundary conditions of knowledge sharing affecting knowledge reuse, provide new ideas for subsequent research. The research provides two suggestions for the management of state-owned manufacturing enterprises. Firstly, it's necessary to arouse members' enthusiasm for knowledge sharing and attach importance to the positive role of knowledge reuse. Secondly, attention should be paid to maintaining absorptive capacity within a moderate range to ensure that absorptive capacity plays a positive role.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 112-121 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1596KB] ( 203 )
122 A study of the Impact of Enterprise Technological Knowledge Base Variety on Innovation Performance in the Context of Patent Strategy
Liu Yan,Su Kemeng
With the changing of world competition patterns, strengthening independent innovation capability and controlling the intellectual property rights of innovation output play a key role in long-term survival and development of enterprises. Patent application is an important way for enterprises to protect intercultural property of innovation achievements. With the development of technology and economic, the motivations for enterprises to apply patents have been gradually diversified from the original exclusive motivation. Many scholars believe that the value of patents come from their portfolio rather than the patents themself. It is critical for enterprises to consider more about the development and promotion of patents from the perspective of patent strategy in the economic globalization environment where enterprises' competition advantages rely more on innovation. The diversified motivations of patent application have changed the previous technological innovation process of enterprises. According to the knowledge theory, an innovation is the result of recombination of knowledge elements, so the process of knowledge recombination has be reformed by the patent strategy of enterprises. Previous literature has found the direct influence of variety of knowledge base on technological innovation performance, and tested the mediating role of knowledge integration capability in the relationship between the variety of knowledge base and innovation performance. However, there is little research on the effect of patent strategy on the relationship among the knowledge base and innovation. On the basis of the patent portfolio theory, knowledge-based theory and dynamic capability theory, this study emphatically analyzes the moderating effect of the strategic motivation of enterprise patent application on the relationship between the variety of knowledge base and innovation performance. #br#This paper aims to analyze the influence of the diversified motivation of patent application on the relationship among the variety of knowledge base, knowledge integration capability and innovation performance. Firstly, the 80 sample enterprises are selected according to the firms listed in the ‘list of top 100 Chinese electronic enterprises' and ‘ranking of electronic R&D' for many consecutive years. Secondly, the patent data applied by the 80 electronic enterprises in the patent database of China Intellectual Office from 2009 to 2019 are collected, and all the variables are measured using the patent data. Finally, the hypothesis is verified by the negative binomial regression model.#br#The results show that the related variety of enterprise technological knowledge base has a positive effect on innovation performance, and there is inverted U shaped relationship between the unrelated variety of knowledge base and enterprise innovation performance. Meanwhile the knowledge integration capability plays an mediating role in the relationship between the related and uncorrelated variety of technological knowledge base and innovation performance. The moderating effects of the strategy motivation of enterprises' patent application are analyzed from four aspects: blocking opponents, international market development, increasing negotiation chips and establishing a reputation. The regression results show that international market development, increasing negotiation chips and establishing a reputation negatively moderate the relationship among the variety of knowledge base and innovation performance. While the inverted U shape relationship between unrelated variety and innovation performance is weakened by the four motivations of patent application strategy,it is also found that the blocking opponent has a positively moderating effect on the relationship between the variety of knowledge base and the innovation performance of enterprises. #br#In the current situation where the strategic trend of enterprises' patent application is becoming more and more obvious, the relationship among the related and unrelated variety of knowledge base and innovation performance has been changed significantly. The results of this paper reveal that the diversified motivations of patent application can change the relationship among the variety of knowledge base and innovation performance, which expands the research literature on the influence of the knowledge base on the enterprises innovation performance. Then, the research results suggest that the enterprises' practitioners should carry out innovation activities according to its own technological knowledge base. In addition, for different purposes of patent strategy, enterprises need to adjust the allocation proportion of technological resources in order to maintain a high level of innovation output. Moreover it is beneficial for enterprises to pay more attention to relevant technology fields when the enterprises encounter obstruction in patent application.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 122-130 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1254KB] ( 193 )
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
131 Can the Science and Technology Financial Policy Improve the Agglomeration Level of Scientific and Technological Talents:An Empirical Analysis Based on Multi-period DID
Xie Wendong
Nowadays, the world is experiencing great changes, and China is facing the increasingly complex domestic and international environment. China's economic development needs stronger and lasting scientific and technological (S&T) support, which puts forward more urgent requirements for S&T innovation. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China proposed to "adhere to the core position of innovation in the overall situation of China's modernization and take S&T self-reliance and self-improvement as the strategic support for national development". As an indispensable core element in the development of modern science and technology and high-tech industries, S&T talents have become one of the key elements in promoting the high-quality development of China's economy and play an important role in promoting regional technology research and development and improving the transformation ability of technological achievements.#br#Although China has a large number of talents, there is a lack of elites in the field of science and technology and China is facing many bottleneck problems. Without a talent advantage, it is impossible to have a technological advantage, innovation advantage, or industrial advantage. S&T talent is the key force of regional technological innovation, and financial capital is important for technological innovation. For a long time, the financing difficulties faced by Chinese technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises have been the main constraint on improving their S&T innovation ability and an important reason for the lack of regional S&T talents. In order to break the financing barriers of enterprises, enhance their independent innovation capability, transform the economic development model and build an innovative country in an all-round way, the Ministry of Science and Technology of China implemented the pilot policy of combining science and technology with finance (PCSTF) in 16 regions of China in 2011. PCSTF aims to promote the development of the technology industries byintegrating technology and finance, helping enterprises overcome financing constraints and improving their independent innovation capabilities. Then, can the PCSTF's implementation improve the agglomeration level of S&T talents? What is the mechanism for PCSTF to promote the agglomeration level of S&T talents? It has significant practical implications to answering these questions for furthering the agglomeration effect of S&T talents, improving regional independent innovation capability, and realizing China's transformation from demographic dividend to talent dividend. Therefore, this paper takes PCSTF as a quasi-natural experiment and uses the panel data of 281 cities in China from 2004 to 2019 and the difference-in-difference (DID) method to evaluate the impact and mechanisms of PCSTF on the agglomeration level of S&T talents.#br#The research results show that, firstly, PCSTF can significantly improve the agglomeration level of S&T talents in pilot cities, and the conclusion is still robust after using PSM-DID, placebo tests and other robustness tests. Secondly, the mechanism tests reveal that the PCSTF improves the agglomeration level of S&T talents in pilot cities primarily through government intervention effects, structural upgrading effects and innovation-driven effects. Finally, the agglomeration effect of PCSTF on S&T talents shows the law of marginal utility increase in cities with different administrative levels.#br# Compared with previous literature, the contributions of this article are mainly reflected in three aspects. First, from the standpoint of research, for the first time, the policy effect of PCSTF is focused on the agglomeration level of S&T talents, which broadens and enriches the assessment of PCSTF and related research on S&T talent agglomeration. Second, in terms of identification strategy, this paper identifies the net effect of PCSTF on the agglomeration level of S&T talents in the DID estimation framework.At the same time, with considerartion of the non-randomness of the selection of pilot cities, PSM-DID is further used to correct potential selection bias with a variety of methods, such as placebo testing;for robustness testing, the conclusions of the research are more reliable. Third, in the empirical analysis, the mediation effect model is used to explore the conduction mechanism of PCSTF affecting the agglomeration level of S&T talents, which is helpful to further clarify the internal logic and transmission path. Furthermore, the differential impact of PCSTF on the agglomeration level of S&T talents in cities with different administrative levels is considered, and the conclusions can provide empirical evidence for the further diffusion of PCSTF.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 131-140 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1339KB] ( 413 )
141 The Burden Mechanism of Leader Excessive Empowerment on Employees' Innovative Behavior
Tan Chunping,Shen Huanhuan,Zhang Yuqi
With the advent of the post-pandemic and VUCA era, a new round of technological and industrial transformation is reshaping the global economic structure and innovation landscape, bringing unprecedented opportunities and challenges to organizational development, and the key role of innovation in promoting organizational change and development is even more increasingly highlighted. As the core elements of organizational innovation, employees' innovative behavior and performance are of great significance to the organization's adaptation to the changing environment and the realization of sustainable development. Research has found that leader empowerment has a positive effect on employee innovation behavior.#br#Existing research on leader empowerment behaviors has focused on its positive effects. It is found that leader empowerment not only helps to improve organizational performance and team performance, but also has a positive impact on employees' innovative behavior and performance, work performance and other work behaviors. However, with the deepening of research on hot topics such as leadership empowerment, some scholars believe that leader empowerment is a double-edged sword. Compared with other leadership styles, the team underlying leader empowerment demonstrates lower performance, and the benefits of organizational benefits have not been significantly improved, and excessive empowerment will trigger employee's negative work attitude and behavior, which in turn affects employee innovation behavior. The leader empowerment should be in line with the needs and expectations of employees, otherwise there will be excessive leader empowerment or insufficient leader empowerment.#br#The influence of leader empowerment on employee innovation behavior gradually becomes significant. Leader empowerment not only improves employee role performance through the enablement process, but also reduces employee role performance through the burden process. Existing research has focused on the discussion that how leader empowerment can promote the improvement of employees' self-efficacy, that is, to improve employees' innovative behavior and employee role performance through the enablement process. Previous studies have focused on how leader empowerment could improve employees' self-efficacy, employees' innovative behavior and performance through the enablement process, but neglects excessive empowerment, so it hasn't achieve the desired effect of leaders. Contrary to the conclusion of the study, leader empowerment may also makes employees lose their intrinsic motivation to innovate and inhibits employees' innovation through the burden-increasing process. Currently there are also a small number of studies believe that leader excessive empowerment will have a negative impact on employees' work attitude and behaviors, and form a burden for employees' innovative behavior, but the existing research has not deeply explored the internal mechanism and logic of the formation of this burden mechanism.#br#In view of this, in order to reveal the internal mechanism of the burden of employees' behavior caused by leader excessive empowerment on employees' innovative behavior, this research focuses on young and middle-aged employees aged 26-45 who have worked for more than 5 years. The survey scope covered 29 provincial administrative regions in Chinese mainland, mainly involved in the technological innovation industry, including state-owned and private enterprises. The survey is conducted both online and offline and finally 1 204 valid questionnaires are obtained from multiple channels, and 758 samples are collected from leader excessive empowerment data.Then on the basis of the resource conservation theory, this study comprehensively considers two factors of role pressure and emotional exhaustion caused by leader excessive empowerment and employs the method of hierarchical regression and process-mediated effect test toempirically study the burden mechanism of leade excessive empowerment on employees' innovation behavior.#br#Research shows that leader excessive empowerment enhances employees' role stress. Under high role stress, employees will experience emotional exhaustion, which will become more serious. It makes employees reduce out-of-role behaviors for the sake of resource conservation, which eventually leads to the inhibition of employees' innovative behaviors.#br#The results of this study, on the one hand, verify the inhibitory effect of leader excessive empowerment on employees' innovative behavior, and explore the dark side of the leaders' empowerment behaviors, expand the research on the antecedent variables of employee innovation behavior in the working environment, and enrich the research on the effectiveness of leader empowerment behaviors; on the other hand, this study integrates the resource conservation theory. By exploring the chain mediating effect of employee role stress and emotional exhaustion, this paper provides a complete path mechanism for leader excessive empowerment to create a burden on employees' innovative behavior, and has expanded and supplemented the theory of resource conservation. It also provides theoretical support and practical guidance for organizations to stimulate employees' innovative behavior and improve their innovative ability.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 141-149 [Abstract] ( 442 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1280KB] ( 545 )
Review
150 An Analysis on the Technological Competition on Situation of Data Lifecycle Security Technology Based on Patent Citation
Wen Yuheng,Yang Yichen
Data security is not only related to the personal and property security of citizens, but also to the overall national security. The strength of data security capability largely depends on data security technology, that is, the security technology involved in the various security process areas of the data lifecycle (hereinafter referred to as “data lifecycle security technology”) is the key to realizing the overall national security. Globally, the United States dominates the development of data security technology, and its data lifecycle security technology capabilities are also the strongest. Under this background, it is particularly important to analyze the technical competition of data lifecycle security between countries and enterprisesto acquire global pioneers and emerging competitors in this technology field, as well as to understand and master China's competitiveness and advantageous technologies in the field of data lifecycle security technology.#br#The patent citation method is adopted in this paper to analyze the competitive situation of data lifecycle security technology. The analysis data in this paper comes from the patents database. In the first step, a total of 33 229 valid patent document data are obtained through technical decomposition of the data lifecycle security technology, based on which a retrieval element table and a retrieval strategy were made and whether the data is comprehensive and accurate was confirmed. Secondly the sample analysis on data lifecycle security technology is carries out. The top 50 companies with the number of global data lifecycle security technology patents were selected as the overall research objects. It helps to clarify the competitive background of global data lifecycle security technology, and build an analytical framework for the competitive situation by analyzing the annual number of patent applications, geographical distribution, and ranking of patent applicants, etc. for global data lifecycle security technology. In the third step, Huawei is selected as a key research object to reveal the competitive situation in the field of data lifecycle security technology in China, which provides a reference for Chinese enterprises to identify competitors, promote patent layout, and grasp technology development trends in the research and development of data lifecycle security technology.#br#The number of global data lifecycle security technology has been gradually increasing. The United States, Japan and China are the three countries with the largest number of the top 100 applicants for data lifecycle security technology patents in the world. Among them, IBM, Microsoft and Hitachi are the pioneers, IBM, Microsoft and HP are the leaders, and Apple, Alibaba, Amazon Technology, etc. are emerging competitors. The main fields of data lifecycle security technology IPC are distributed in 16 fields such as G06F017, G06F015, G06F009 and H04L029. The R&D efforts of H04L012 and G06F003 are enhancing, and the R&D efforts of G06F012, G06F013 and H04L009 are continuously declining. There are 17 companies in China that have entered the ranks of the top 100 applicants for the number of global data lifecycle security technology patents, 3 universities and the remaining 14 are enterprises. As a Chinese company that ranks among the top 10 global data lifecycle security technology patents, Huawei is dominant intechnology fields including H04L029, H04L009, and H04L012, however, the individual innovation capabilities of Huawei's R&D team are insufficient currently. #br#Although China's data lifecycle security technology ranks among the first echelon in the world, there are too few leading applicants with extraordinary international competitiveness, and it still lags far behind the United States on the whole. In terms of computer technology, information technology, etc., China has been a latecomer, which has led to the inherent deficiencies in the competitiveness of digital technology. In addition, insufficient national policy guidance, weak awareness of industry alliances and lack of corporate R&D capabilities are also major factors. Therefore,China should increase capital investment in terms of changing policy thinking, focusing on policy orientation and promoting policy implementation. Meanwhile the industry should strengthen collaborative applications in terms of promoting collaborative research and development, promoting patent open licensing and localized substitution of technologies. Enterprises should enhance their R&D capabilities with focous on attaching importance to independent research and development, seeking external cooperation and introducing inventors.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (20): 150-160 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1990KB] ( 180 )
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