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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY

	2022 Vol.39 Issue.12 Published 2022-06-25

	Innovation in Science and Technology Management Regional Scientific Development Industrial Technological Progress Enterprise Innovation Management Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology Review Sci-tech Talent Cultivation

Innovation in Science and Technology Management

	1	Construction of National Laboratory System and Institutional Innovation: Theoretical Basis and Implementation Mechanism
		Zeng Lining,Li Yang,Huang Chaofeng,Li Beiwei
		National laboratories are national-level scientific research institutions with clear goals, missions and strategic positioning, engaging in original innovation work and undertaking cutting-edge basic research and major national scientific research tasks. As an important part of the national science and technology innovation system, it plays an indispensable role in organizing and carrying out basic research, personnel training, technology development and safeguarding national security. In recent years, the Communist Party and the government have deepened their understanding of the significance of national laboratory, and relevant documents and the principles of relevant conferences have also become the key to coordinating the development strategy of the national laboratory. It is stressed in he Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that government should actively take the lead in organizing major international scientific projects and give full play to the advantages of the country's socialist system in concentrating its efforts on major events, integrate and optimize the allocation of scientific and technological resources and pay close attention to the construction of an innovation system. The construction of the national laboratory system is a new strategic force to support the national innovation system, and requires institutional and theoretical support. The current research on the national laboratory system has focused on the interpretation of policy texts and the discussion of management innovation cases, but ignored the theoretical guidance of the construction of the national laboratory system in the context of a new round of scientific and technological revolution. The research on theoretical guidance and institutional innovation is still in its infancy, lacking a systematic analysis of the theoretical basis for the construction of the national laboratory system and a clear integration framework for institutional innovation of the national laboratory system construction. Therefore, this paper aims to address these issues.#br#The national laboratory system undertakes the national major scientific and technological innovation strategy and meets the needs of national and social development. As an important part of the national scientific and technological innovation system, it plays an irreplaceable role in the national development strategy. In order to link between industry and research circles, realize the integration and flow of various scientific and technological innovation elements, it is necessary to find the theoretical basis of the national laboratory system construction from the perspectives of management, ecology, systems and other disciplines. Therefore, this paper centers on the national laboratory system, discusses the realistic logic of the construction of the national laboratory system and by combines national innovation system theory, collaborative innovation theory and cooperative game theory to analyze the theoretical basis of the national laboratory system innovation. Then based on the above theoretical basis, this paper provides an effective policy tool for the construction of national laboratory system by focusing on the innovation of system and mechanism in four aspects: policy guidance, business growth, benefit sharing and risk sharing.#br#The results show that: (1) the theory of national innovation system is a guide for China's "national innovation-driven strategy" and an important basis for promoting the development strategy of national laboratories; (2) collaborative innovation theory emphasizes the coordination, cooperation and interaction of various innovation elements, which helps the national laboratory system to maximize the overall effect; (3) cooperative game theory explores the equilibrium problem of research decision-making subjects, which is of great benefit to the establishment of a good mutual trust decision-making mechanism between laboratories and external units. #br#The innovation of this paper is reflected in the deduction of policy recommendations that meet the needs of national laboratory construction from the theoretical basis involved in the national laboratory system construction. The study combines the three theories of national innovation system theory, collaborative innovation theory and cooperative game theory and finds the theoretical basis for the establishment of the national laboratory system. The research on the national laboratory system needs to further explore the basic theory and empirical research (driving factors, operational effectiveness, and scientific and technological evaluation). Especially in the empirical research of the national laboratory, the academic community needs to further explore the pre-driving factors, operating results and scientific evaluation of the operation mode of the national laboratory.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 1-8 [Abstract] ( 408 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1434KB] ( 919 )

	9	The Influence of Institutional Gap on International Technology Transfer：An Analysis Based on Panel Data from 2009 to 2019
		Chen Huaichao,He Zhimin,Fan Jianhong
		At present, China's economy has progressed from the high-speed growth stage to the high-quality development stage. It has become vital for accelerating the transformation of economic development mode and improving the economic development quality by promoting scientific and technological development. Generally speaking, technological development level of a country not only depends on the internal technological accumulation, but also needs to obtain advanced technology from abroad. However, the technology has the characteristic of situational embeddedness, and the effective technology transfer depends on the specific situation. Because the technology transferor and recipient are in different institutional environments, institutional distance will inevitably influence international technology transfer. Therefore, it has become an urgent practical problem to clarify the relationship between institutional distance and international technology transfer.#br#The existing literature discusses the influence factors of international technology transfer from different perspectives, but there is a lack of empirical research from the perspective of institutional distance. In addition, institutional distance is not only different in size, but also in direction. On the basis of incorporating the direction attribute into institutional distance to form institutional gap, it is necessary to further explore the impact of the institutional gap on international technology transfer and the innovation capacity of technology exporting countries. In view of this, the paper uses the panel data of China’s technology introduction from 2009 to 2019 to carry out empirical research from the perspective of technology recipient. The paper divides institutional gap into institutional deficit and institutional surplus, explores their influences on international technology transfer respectively, and examines the moderation effect of innovation capability of technology export country.#br#It is concluded that firstly the influences of institutional deficit and institutional surplus on international technology transfer show directional difference, and there is no dimensional difference. Specifically, both regulative deficit and normative deficit are conducive to international technology transfer, that is, the larger the institutional deficit, the easier the international technology transfer is; both regulative surplus and normative surplus are not conducive to international technology transfer. Secondly, innovation capability of technology export country can enhance the promotion effect of normative deficit on international technology transfer, and weaken the hindrance effect of regulative surplus and normative surplus, but the moderation effect of innovation capability of technology export country in the influence of regulative deficit on international technology transfer is not significant.#br#The results of this paper confirm that institutional gaps in different directions have different influences on international technology transfer, and improve the research on the antecedents of international technology transfer in institutional difference. At the same time, they verify the moderation effect of innovation capability of technology export country as a situational factor, reflect the differential influences of the matching between institutional gaps in different dimensions and innovation capability of technology export country on international technology transfer, and deepen the research in relevant fields.#br#This paper puts forward the following policy suggestions. Firstly, relevant departments should distinguish the influences of different institutional gaps and promote international technology transfer. In the case of institutional deficit, relevant departments should guide enterprises to actively conduct self-examination, and timely adjust their own conduct codes on the basis of fully learning and being familiar with the institution of technology export country, so as to ensure the smooth progress of international technology transfer. At the same time, they should guide enterprises to strengthen the communication and exchange with enterprises of technology export country, timely obtain the advanced technology of technology export country, and realize the leverage development. In the case of institutional surplus, relevant departments should actively guide enterprises to fully understand the institutional environment of technology export country, make use of their own institutional advantages, change strategies in time, establish stable cooperative relationship combining with past experience, avoid the risk and cost of technology transfer caused by institutional gap, and steadily promote international technology transfer. Secondly, relevant departments should pay attention to innovation capability of technology export country and promote technology introduction combining with different institutional gaps. On the one hand, they should improve the comprehensive evaluation system of innovation capability of technology export country, provide accurate evaluation data for enterprises in time, and guide enterprises to pay attention to cutting-edge technologies in relevant fields. On the other hand, they should take a variety of measures according to local condition to improve the success rate of international technology transfer combining with the institutional gap.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 9-19 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1358KB] ( 282 )

	20	The Influence Mechanism of Co-opetition between Patent Pool Members on Innovation Performance
		Lai Liubin,Zhang Yunsheng
		Owing to the high complexity and ambiguity of modern scientific and technological innovation, no single enterprise can monopolize all the advanced technologies of the industry. Thus, high-tech enterprises have adopted the co-opetition strategy of joining patent pools than "fighting alone"; they not only share patents in the pools but also gather the information and expertise needed to create new knowledge. Does co-opetition between pool members encourage or hinder technology innovation? It is crucial to explore the impact of patent pools on enterprise innovation performance. The purpose of this study is to test how co-opetition between pool members affects innovation performance.#br#This paper selects 76 members within 12 patent pools managed by MPEG LA, the world's leading one-stop patent licensing provider with a long history and rich experience in patent pool management. The members of patent pools are research institutions, universities and firms. The information about these pairs was gathered from MPEG LA website, PatSnap Database and Derwent Innovation Index. The research focuses on co-opetition network of pool members, and divides technical collaboration into exploitative collaboration and exploratory collaboration, and technical competition into learning competition and litigation competition. We propose the hypotheses that exploitative collaboration and exploratory collaboration are helpful for innovation performance of pool members; learning competition is positive for innovation performance of pool members while litigation competition plays a negative role; learning competition will weaken innovation motivation effect of exploitative and exploratory collaboration. We verify the above hypotheses by using negative binomial regression to analyze longitudinal data from 76 members within 12 patent pools managed by MPEG LA from 2006 to 2019.#br#The empirical results show that exploratory collaborations, exploitative collaboration and learning competition between pool members have significant positive correlations with innovation performance, while litigation between pool members decreases the innovation performance of the focal member. Learning competition and litigation weaken the positive association of ambidextrous collaboration and innovation performance.#br#This paper integrates strategic management theory and co-opetition theory, and makes the following contributions to the core areas of strategic alliance. First, previous studies lack a realistic understanding of the innovation performance of patent pool, and pay less attention to the technology co-opetition network of multiple pool members. This study focuses on the intensive co-opetition relationship between pool members. We find that technology co-opetition within patent pool has a significant impact on innovation performance of pool member, which expands the empirical research on innovation effect of patent pool. Second, previous literatures mainly studied from the perspective of patent pool formation or cooperation, with little attention on co-opetition. They only considered some characteristics of patent pool, which did not form a comprehensive understanding of innovation effect. Based on the reality of infra-alliance cooperation and competition outside the alliance, this paper introduces the strategic management analysis perspectives of co-opetition, inter-organization practices, alliance learning and relationship capital.#br#This study has several practical implications for the intellectual property management of high-tech enterprises. First, enterprises should actively join patent pools, particularly the acclaimed ones, and utilize the heterogeneous resources to promote enterprise innovation. Leading enterprises in the industry can use China's broad market prospects to organize global outstanding enterprises to establish patent pools and create an innovation ecosystem. In addition, enterprises should actively create conditions to collaborate with alliance members in R&D and promote open innovation. Second, enterprises should augment learning and absorbing of the technical knowledge of allied partners, particularly tacit knowledge, but should control the intensity of alliance learning so as not to cause dissatisfaction of partners. Meanwhile, they should reinforce the protection of core technology to prevent leakage. In addition, they should prevent opportunistic motives and behaviors of allied partners by signing agreements or improving mechanisms, control differences through dialogue, negotiation or dispute settlement, to evade conflicts, especially patent litigation. Third, enterprises should actively strengthen technical exchanges with leading enterprises in the pool, cultivate relationship capital, and promote technology spillover and transfer. Furthermore, enterprises should collaborate with technology complementary partners. In such collaboration, allied partners contribute to their respective fields and attain mutual benefit.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 20-30 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4177KB] ( 276 )

Regional Scientific Development

	31	The Coupling Coordination of Regional Science & Technology Innovation and Digital Economy
		Lai Yifei,Ye Liting,Xie Panjia,Ma Xinrui
		In the era of globalization and information,science and technology innovation has become the main driving force for regional economic and competitiveness. With the widespread application of the Internet and emerging science and technology,data has become a key production factor,the substantive economy and digital economy have been continuously integrated,and the digital economy has become an important part of the national economy. The deep integration of science and technology innovation and digital economy is considered to be the fulcrum of future economic development and social progress. Science and technology innovation helps the development of the digital economy in terms of breaking through underlying technologies and conquering core technologies,while the development of the digital economy also improves the efficiency of science and technology innovation and promote the application and transformation of science and technology achievements. Previous studies only focused on the one-way influence. Although a few articles are involved the interaction of the both sides,they all adopt qualitative analysis methods,rarely using quantitative analysis. Therefore,the purpose of this paper is to further research the degree of integration and development of regional science and technology innovation and digital economy in China,as well as the law of spatial and temporal differentiation,and explore the path to promote the deep integration of science and technology innovation and digital economy in each region of China.#br#　　　For these purposes,this paper selects panel data of 30 provinces and cities in China from 2012 to 2019,and comprehensively measures the development level of science and technology innovation and digital economy from the regional perspective. Based on the coupling coordination degree model and relative development model,this paper obtains the development trend of coupling coordination degree in each region,and finds the stage characteristics and temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of coupling coordination development in each region.#br#　　　The results show that R&D activities have the greatest impact on China's science and technology innovation capacities,and the degree of digital industrialization has the greatest impact on digital economy development level. There is an obvious growth trend of China's technological innovation and digital economy from 2012 to 2019,but the growth rate of the latter is generally higher than that of the former,and both show large spatial differences. The development levels of East China,South China and North China are both at the forefront of the country. Central China performs better in science and technology innovation. Although the level of digital economy development is in the middle and lower reaches, its growth trend is gratifyingly good. The northwest,northeast and southwest regions all rank at the bottom,and the comprehensive development level of science and technology innovation and digital economy has grown relatively slowly. In terms of coupling coordination,the coupling coordination degree of regional science and technology innovation system and digital economy system generally shows an increasing trend year by year,and the overall relative development degree first decreases and then stabilizes. During the period from 2012 to 2019,the science and technology innovation system and digital economy system of most regions in China experienced from a low-coupling stage to a running-in stage or a high-coupling stage,while some regions were in a stagnant state. The coupling of science and technology innovation and the digital economy shows a trend that the eastern region is higher than the western region,and the coastal region is higher than the inland region. For most regions where the development level of science and technology innovation is higher than that of the digital economy,the development level of the digital economy and the degree of coupling coordination between the two systems have been improved rapidly. The application of R&D results,the development of R&D experiments and the foundation of the digital economy are the main factors hindering the overall coupling coordination of the two systems.#br#　　　Compared with the existing literature,the possible marginal contribution of this paper lies in the following two aspects. Firstly,the existing studies are less likely to explore the interconnection and interaction between regional science and technology innovation and digital economy. This paper deepens the existing literature by deeply analyzing the interaction relationship and coupling mechanism between the two systems of regional science and technology innovation and digital economy from the theoretical and empirical levels. Secondly,this paper analyzes the influencing factors of the coupling and coordination between science and technology innovation and digital economy,and further explores its mechanism. The results of this paper have certain guidance for improving the coordinated development level of regional scientific and technological innovation and digital economy,narrowing the gap between regions,and promoting the coupling and coordination between them.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 31-41 [Abstract] ( 461 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1616KB] ( 411 )

	42	Synergistic Effect and Spatial Distribution of Ecological Environment of Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Incubation in China
		Tian Xuejiao,Yang Wu,Sun Shouheng
		The level of coordinated development among various environmental subsystems within the science and technology entrepreneurship incubation ecosystem has a crucial impact on entrepreneurial activities. In China, the development of the eco-environment for science and technology entrepreneurship incubation presents obvious temporal and spatial heterogeneity due to great differences in the economic levels and entrepreneurial policy support of different provinces. Regional science and technology entrepreneurship incubation eco-environment depends on the organic and efficient coordinated development of each subsystem in the ecosystem, therefore it is necessary to study the coordinated development level of the science and technology entrepreneurship incubation eco-environment in different provinces so that we can grasp the synergy status and dynamic trends and explore the development differences of the science and technology entrepreneurship incubation eco-environment development in different provinces, and provide a quantitative basis for in-depth research on entrepreneurial behavior. This is of great significance for improving the theory of science and technology entrepreneurship incubation and promoting the development of regional science and technology entrepreneurship.#br#　　　Based on the panel data of 27 provinces in China from 2013 to 2019, this paper examines the dynamic synergistic effect of the development of the eco-environment for science and technology entrepreneurship incubation in different provinces and also conducts an in-depth discussion on the evolution of the spatial pattern. This study takes 27 provinces (cities, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in China as the research units, and employs the entropy weight—TOPSIS—coupling coordination degree model to quantitatively evaluate the dynamic synergistic effect of the ecological environment development of science and technology entrepreneurship incubation in different provinces from 2013 to 2019. Then, based on Theil coefficient and difference coefficient method, this paper analyzes the difference of coordination level of technological entrepreneurship incubation ecological environment development among provinces, divides the coordination level of each province into types, and reveals its spatio-temporal evolution characteristics. Finally, ArcGIS software is used to draw the spatial pattern distribution map of the collaborative development level of the eco-environment of science and technology entrepreneurship incubation in China.#br#　　　The results show that most provinces in China have a low level of collaborative development of science and technology entrepreneurship incubation ecological environment, and only a few provinces have achieved good synergy. There is a great disparity between the average level of the lower provinces and other provinces, and it implies a serious imbalance in the cooperative development of the eco-environment of science and technology entrepreneurship incubation in China. The coordinated development level of provincial science and technology entrepreneurship incubation ecological environment presents the distribution characteristics of gradual decline from east to middle and from west to northeast, with a certain spatial agglomeration effect.〖HJ*2/7〗#br#　This paper contributes to the study of science and technology entrepreneurship from the unique perspective of entrepreneurial incubation and evaluates the synergy effect of the ecological environment subsystems of technology entrepreneurship incubation in different provinces from an empirical point of view. It provides a theoretical basis for the authorities as how to clarify the development status and existing obstacles of the science and technology entrepreneurship incubation environment in different provinces. First of all, from the perspective of top-level design, it is necessary to focus on forming a sound science and technology entrepreneurship incubation ecological network paradigm with government policies as the leading factor, technology start-up enterprises and incubation organizations as the core with the efficient and coordinated development of incubation ecological environment subsystems. Secondly, authorities should pay more attention to the spatial agglomeration effect and spatial spillover effect of regions with a high level of eco-environmental synergy for science and technology entrepreneurship incubation. The government should formulate corresponding incentive policies for science and technology entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial incubation, actively guide the flow of science and technology entrepreneurship incubation resources to areas with low-level coordinated development of science and technology entrepreneurship incubation eco-environment, and form an integrated and interactive development pattern of regional synergy and provincial synergy. Finally, the exchanges and cooperation between neighboring regions should be further strengthened to promote the efficient flow and sharing of inter-regional and intra-regional science and technology incubation resources and information, so as to achieve the win-win cooperation between regional science and technology innovation and science and technology entrepreneurship.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 42-50 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1570KB] ( 188 )

Industrial Technological Progress

	51	Does the Open Technology Dualism Promote the Global Value Chain of Chinese Manufacturing Industry:An Empirical Test Based on Micro-data
		Zhang Ying, Zhang Qianxiao
		In the past two decades, the liberalization of trade and investment has led to the formation of a highly fragmented and complex global market structure in international commerce in terms of organization and space. Businesses are getting closer. However, in recent years, China’s manufacturing industry has been under the dual pressure of high-end repatriation from developed countries and low-end erosion from developing countries, andit is up against the risk of falling into the bottom of the “smile curve” of the value chain, which has been intensified. Therefore,it has become the key to stabilizing the growth of the national economy and continuously improving the country’s competitive position by enhancing the innovation capabilities of manufacturing enterprises .#br#On the basis of reviewing the wayby which all major market countries climbed in the global value chain from the relative price of production materials, tariffs, investment and other factors in the early stage to comprehensive factors such as technology, system, and learning network, this paper takes technological innovation as the connotation. From the theoretical perspective of the dynamic endogenous driving theoretical system of GVC, this study is focused on the breakthrough of the endogenous problem of the substitution relationship between domestic and foreign production factors based on added value, exploring the internal mechanism of technological innovation., integration and absorption of Chinese manufacturing enterprises under the background of dual cycle from the relationship between the acquisition of innovation ability of heterogeneous technology enterprises and domestic added value to improve the global value chain of Chinese manufacturing.#br#In this regard, this paper builds a Translog model by endogenizing the elasticity of substitution between domestic and foreign materials, and incorporates the dual elements of domestic added value, home country technology and transnational technology into a unified analysis framework. The study selects sample data from the period of 2008 to 2018. The micro data of 1853 manufacturing sample enterprises in 13 sub-sectors of China’s manufacturing industry objectively reflect the promoting and inhibiting effects of home-country technology duality and multinational technology duality on the rise of China’s manufacturing global value chain, accordingly it further differentiates the heterogeneous effects of different technology combinations on domestic added value of different enterprises.#br##br#The study found thatthe synergistic effect formed by the effective balance and absorption of open technologies by enterprises can reduce the cost of factor substitution caused by import competition, and promote the endogenous transformation of China’s manufacturing GVC to high-tech exploration and development combinations. Technology development has become China’s endogenous driving force. The “sufficient and necessary conditions” for the rise of GVC in the manufacturing industry are “sufficient and necessary conditions” for technological exploration. Under the dual effects of competition and synergy, the high-tech development portfolio of domestic-funded enterprises has become the main driving force for the rise of China’s manufacturing value chain. Constrained by technical thresholds and technical control, technological exploration can only be carried out when domestic-funded enterprises have sufficient development capabilities. Climbing has a significant impact. A heterogeneous combination of duality promotes the formation of a diversified path for China’s manufacturing GVC growth： labor-intensive industries rely on low-tech dual characteristics of rising import competition, and capital-intensive industries have higher foreign capital absorption efficiency. The combination of development and cross-border development technology is more adaptable to absorb, showing a significant feature of rising market competition and technology-intensive industries’ active home country exploration tendency and high technology development capability form the feature of technology synergistic rise.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 51-61 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1406KB] ( 209 )

	62	The Definition，Dimensions and Measurement on Foundational Capability of Manufacturing Industry
		Bian Weijun,Dong Qi,Yu Longzhen,Yang Chenzi
		Low levels of labor productivity and inadequate R& D investment imprison the manufacturing industry in the low end of the value chain of global industry at present. This problem has been an important factor of constraining development of China's manufacturing industry for a long time. The weak fundamental capability of Chinese manufacturing industry not only restricts the manufacturing industry towards the high-end of value chain, but also threatens national industrial security. The research on the connotation, dimension and scale of fundamental capability of manufacturing industry can not only provide theory and tools for evaluating the competitiveness of specific sectors of manufacturing industry and industrial safety level, but also support the formulation of future national policies for developing manufacturing industry effectively. Some scholars have studied the fundamental capability of industry from basic components, basic materials, basic process and basic technology empirically without systemic analysis.#br#In theory, for a country or region, fundamental capability of industry depends on the labor position in the global value chain and its value-added capacity on undertaking process. To this end, from the perspective of value chain, this paper takes rail transit equipment manufacturing enterprise as an example, and explores the connotation, dimension and measurement scale of industrial fundamental capability. The conclusions drawn through the investigation are as follows. Fundamental capability of manufacturing industry is the resultant force that plays a supporting role in the quality, safety and competitiveness of manufacturing development with long-term science and technology accumulation. On the structure, the fundamental capability of manufacturing industry includes four basic dimensions: technical support capability, production organization capability, marketing capability and industry driven capability. Further, grounded analysis reveals 14 observation variables under four dimensions of fundamental capability. Corresponding to the 14 observation variables, this paper develops a measurement scale with 28 issues. This scale can be used not only to measure the industrial fundamental capacity of the rail transit equipment manufacturing industry, but also measure that of high-end CNC machine tools and robotics, aerospace equipment, marine engineering equipment and high-tech ships, energy-saving and new energy vehicles, etc.#br#Compared with existing research, this study expands the application scope of value chain by combining value chain with industry basic capacity measurement, and evaluates value creation activity according to the different roles. According to the content of value creation activities, it decomposes fundamental capability into technology support capacity, production organization capacity, marketing capacity and industry driving capacity, which provides new ideas for exploring industry fundamental capability of different manufacturing sectors. The interpretation of industry fundamental capability's connotation makes up for the lack of systematic explanation of industry fundamental capability in existing research. The scale provides the possibility for practical measurement and lays the foundation for subsequent empirical research.#br#To strengthen industry fundamental capability, some critical measures are needed to be taken as soon as possible. First of all, we need to encourage the establishment of technological innovation industrial complexes to obtain technological breakthroughs by concentrating the innovation resources of the whole industry. Secondly, by integrating manufacturing resources in the industrial chain and improving production capacity, we also need to continue to establish an industrial Internet platform. Third, we should widely establish the view of improving the international market competitiveness of industrial products through improving product quality and technological progress. This is becoming the trend to develop high quality product in the manufacturing industry in China. Lastly, it is vital to formulating dominantly industry norms and consolidating industry influence needs.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 62-72 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1772KB] ( 342 )

Enterprise Innovation Management

	73	The Realization Path and Inner Mechanism of Social Entrepreneurial Behavior:An Exploration of Grounded Theory
		Lin Shunhao
		In recent years, the practice and concept of social entrepreneurship has developed rapidly, which has brought new path and imagination to China's social governance innovation and economic growth. Social entrepreneurship or social enterprise is an emerging social innovation practice introduced into China from the UK and other countries. The theory of new institutionalism points out that a certain institutional form should be transplanted into a new policy scenario, and the corresponding process of localization should be embedded into its own institutional system and governance scenario. Under the authoritarian system dominated by the government, the process of social entrepreneurship is deeply embedded in the unique institutional context, and the consistency of social entrepreneurship willingness and behavior is affected by various formal and informal institutional factors. #br#Previous studies on the concept, key elements and process stages of social entrepreneurship have improved the understanding, but how social entrepreneurship occurs in China's institutional context, what and how the key factors affecting social entrepreneurship and interacting with each other need further answers. These have hindered China's existing institutional environment from further reform. Therefore, this paper attempts to address the following two key questions: which core factors (especially institutional factors) play an important role in the process of achieving social entrepreneurship? How do these factors interact to play a catalytic role? Through the answers to the above questions, this paper aims to enhance the overall understanding of the process of social entrepreneurship, and provide facts and evidence for clarifying the debate of multiple values.#br#This paper selects 8 social entrepreneurs and enterprises as the sample represented by Shenzhen Canyou Group, and the path of social entrepreneurship in China's institutional environment is explored based on grounded theory by a multi-case study. This paper attempts to construct a path conceptual model of willingness—behavior realization of social entrepreneurship, in which social entrepreneurship willingness, institutional situation, social pain point, resource rationality, sudden circumstances, emotional characteristics and incentive effect play an important role in the realization of social entrepreneurship behavior.#br#The results show that social entrepreneurial willingness is the precondition of social entrepreneurship, and it directly determines the emergence of social entrepreneurial behavior and its sustainable development. Social entrepreneurs flexibly use rational tools such as legal construction and resource patchwork in the vague multiple institutional logic, and continuously accumulate and update entrepreneurial knowledge and skills to play a rational role in the process of turning social entrepreneurial willingness into practice. Emotional traits and sudden events regulate the rhythm of entrepreneurial behavior in terms of stability. The emotional traits of social entrepreneurs can provide stable emotion for the process of entrepreneurial willingness. Incentive effect connects the cycle of social entrepreneurial behavior and social entrepreneurial willingness. When positive/negative incentive feedback is transmitted to social entrepreneurial willingness, a new round of entrepreneurial behavior start from new willingness.#br#The possible contribution of this paper lies in, first of all, compared with previous studies, this paper is more comprehensive in the sample selection, focusing on not only the results of entrepreneurial cases, but also failure cases. In addition, cases of different genders and different periods of entrepreneurial processes of social entrepreneurs are taken into account. Secondly, this paper constructs a relatively complete concept model of willingness—behavior realization of social entrepreneurship by using the method of grounded theory. It deepens the understanding of the mechanism of social entrepreneurship realization path in China, and discovers some unique Chinese elements, such as institutional situation and resource rationality.Moreover, as an exploratory study, there are still some limitations, such as the sample data collection is not comprehensive enough, the reliability and validity of conclusions need to be further tested.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 73-81 [Abstract] ( 315 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1350KB] ( 437 )

	82	Venture Capital Entry Timing, External Environment and Enterprise Innovation Investment:An Empirical Analysis of Listed Enterprises
		Qi Yong,Song Jiayang ,Zhang Yuan
		Innovation is not only the fundamental driving force of economic development, but also an important force to promote social progress. The influence of venture capital on enterprise technological innovation is a hot topic in academic research. Most scholars believe that venture capital is an effective means to promote enterprise technological innovation. As an important guarantee for the improvement of enterprise innovation performance, enterprise innovation input is the guarantee for the formation of enterprise innovation capability and considered as a high-risk innovation activity with high investment and high failure rate. Therefore, in order to obtain high-quality performance, enterprises will increase innovation investment through various forms of financing, so as to ensure the smooth development of innovation activities. On the one hand, venture capital can reduce the information asymmetry of the investee enterprises through active participation and effective supervision, and increase the enterprise innovation input, so as to alleviate the financing constraints caused by the increase of innovation input of the investee enterprises. Risk investment, on the other hand, aims to get profits. Due to the information asymmetry and principal-agent problems, the imbalance of regional economic development and the superposition of the degree of marketization in China, the uncertainty of entrepreneurship and innovation and the weak exclusivity of returns have led to the lack of innovation enthusiasm of investment managers and developers with limited rationality and opportunistic risks. This will affect not only the timing of venture capital institutions to enter the enterprise, but also its impact on enterprise innovation after entering the enterprise. Therefore, in the context of China's capital market environment, how will venture capital entering at different times affect enterprise innovation input? Can the external environment of an enterprise affect the timing of venture capital entry, and then the innovation input of the enterprise? The answers to the above questions have important academic value and application prospect for improving China's financial service system and further promoting high-quality innovation and development of capital market.#br#This paper selects A-shares listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen stock exchanges from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2019 as samples. With consideration of the availability and timeliness of the data, the life stage of the enterprise when the venture capital first enters is selected as the venture capital entry time measurement index, and the enterprise seed stage and start-up stage are divided into the early stage, and the enterprise growth stage and maturity stage are divided into the late stage. Using heteroscedasticity robust OLS model and Logit model, this paper studies the impact of venture capital entry timing on enterprise innovation investment, and further discusses the moderating effect of different external environments in China.#br#The results show that the early entry of venture capital can significantly improve the innovation capability of the stolen enterprises, and the R&D investment intensity of the enterprises is significantly improved. Further analysis of the external environment of the enterprise shows that the higher the marketization degree of the enterprise is, the earlier the venture capital entry opportunity is, the more the enterprise innovation investment and innovation ability can be improved. The higher the level of competition in the industry, the later the entry of venture capital, the more enterprises can improve their innovation investment and innovation ability.#br#The conclusion of this paper has academic value and practical significance to a certain extent. On the one hand, most of the existing researches focus on the impact of venture capital on enterprise innovation.This paper takes the entry time of venture capital as the breakthrough point, for the value-added effect of venture capital provides new theoretical evidence; on the other hand, considering the current situation of China's economic development, the analysis of the impact of different external environments provides new evidence for the country to vigorously develop direct financing. The conclusion of this paper shows that the early entry of venture capital can significantly improve enterprises' innovation investment and innovation capacity, and realize the original intention of encouraging the development of venture capital. The higher the degree of marketization, the earlier entry of venture capital, which can provide more financial support for enterprises, thus improving enterprises' innovation capacity. Therefore, the government should further strengthen the opening to the outside world and improve the marketization degree.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 82-91 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1319KB] ( 240 )

	92	Exploring the Intelligent Strategic Transformation Path of Manufacturing Enterprises under the Background of "Internet +"：A Multi-case Comparative Study
	')" href="#">	Yang Lin,Lu Liangliang
		It is vital for manufacturing companies to choose proper intelligent strategy to adapt to the technological revolution and industrial transformation under the background of"Internet+", and it is also an inherent requirement for reshaping their long-term competitive advantage.#br# In order to crack the black box of intelligent strategic transformation of manufacturing enterprises under the "Internet+", this study selects top domestic and foreign manufacturing companies, including GE in the United States, Siemens in Germany, Toyota in Japan and Haier in China as the research objects.Through the comparative research methods of multiple cases, it analyzes the similarities and differences of the intelligent strategic transformation paths of manufacturing enterprises in different countries, and explains why these differences occur. The four case companies are all global manufacturing companies that have engaged in intelligent strategic transformation earlier, and the second-hand information is abundant and easy to obtain. This study collects data from internal data and external documents to ensure the reliability and authenticity of the data. At the same time, the application of complex system theory for multi-case analysis is in line with the characteristics of the intelligent strategic transformation of manufacturing enterprises under the background of"Internet+"that many complementary and independent elements are spontaneously promoting changes, and then from "resource elements-core capabilities-system innovation", this study analyzes and compares the intelligent strategic transformation process of manufacturing enterprises in the United States, Germany, Japan and China at three levels. It is found that the intelligent strategic transformation of manufacturing enterprises under the background of"Internet+"is a process of continuous adjustment, reconstruction, and innovation based on environmental changes, and finally tends to be mature and stable. Manufacturing companies in different countries have formed diversified smart strategic models due to differences in resources, capabilities, and systems. This study compares and analyzes four smart strategic transformation models for manufacturing companies：the GE model based on the National Manufacturing Innovation Network, the Siemens model based on"Industry 4.0", the Toyota model based on the industrial value chain, and the Haier model based on"Made in China 2025". #br#According to the analysis, it is found that the differentiation model stems from significant differences in the starting point, foothold, and goals of manufacturing enterprises' transformation. Relying on the leading position of the United States in the Internet industry, GE uses data integration equipment to continuously improve productivity and reduce industrial development costs. Siemens inherits Germany's advanced equipment manufacturing capabilities and focuses on industrial intelligence, aiming to improve production flexibility and maintain its status as a manufacturing power. Toyota follows the Japanese craftsman culture and the emphasis on talents, responding to population structure and social contradictions through"intelligence + lean manufacturing". As a manufacturing company in a developing country, Haier aims to keep up with the times and achieve co-evolution through symbiotic thinking and platform ecosystem building. Based on this, this study constructs a comprehensive model of intelligent strategic transformation of manufacturing enterprises under the"Internet+". From the perspective of core capabilities, the inherent differences in hardware, software and data of manufacturing companies in different countries will be further amplified by the "Internet +". However, while being in the environment, it will also make full use of the environment to make up for its inherent shortcomings through absorption and mergers, independent research and development or external cooperation; from the perspective of resource elements, in order to solve the problem of mismatch with the core competence of the organization, business managers will quickly change the traditional manufacturing thinking and actively change the organizational structure to adapt to the environment with focus on the introduction and training of professional talents; from the perspective of system innovation, manufacturing companies will build cloud platforms and interconnected factories through information integration, interconnection, and ecological effects, and finally form a smart manufacturing industry cluster. #br#Based on the theory of complex systems, this study analyzes the resources, capabilities, and overall system transformation process of the intelligent strategic transformation of manufacturing enterprises from the micro dynamic level, enriches the theoretical basis of"Internet+"driving the intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises, and makes up for the existing research on the blank of the logical relationship between"Internet+"and intelligent strategic transformation. It has deepened the thinking of intelligent transformation of manufacturing enterprises under"Internet+", and provided a reference for the transformation and upgrading of traditional Chinese enterprises.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 92-101 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1764KB] ( 547 )

	102	The Influence of Basic Research on Enterprises' Innovation Performance:A Research Based on Chinese Bio-Pharmaceutical Enterprises
		Liu Yan,Su Kemeng,Gao Yanhui
		Basic research plays a key role in scientific and technological innovation and economic development. A series of policies has been introduced in China in recent years, emphasizing the importance of basic research. However, the output of basic research shows obvious positive externalities, resulting in insufficient investment in basic research by profit-making enterprises, especially as a developing country, Chinese enterprises have limited investment in basic research.. So although the quantity of innovation output of China is in the forefront of the world, it shows great disadvantage in innovation quality and intellectual property import and export, and also some key technologies of the industry are not controlled by Chinese enterprises. Then it is difficult for China to remain invincible in the new round of global scientific and technological revolution and industrial transformation. The existing studies argue that there is a positive relationship between basic research and technological innovation, but the mechanisms of how technological innovation benefits from basic research have not yet been revealed. Therefore, this paper mainly explores whether the basic research of Chinese enterprises really promotes its technological innovation performance, and if there are more factors affecting the relationship between basic research and technological innovation.#br#Based on knowledge theory, this paper analyzes the relationship between basic research and technological innovation performance of Chinese bio-pharmaceutical enterprises. Firstly, this paper explores the influence of the breadth and depth of enterprises’ basic research on technological innovation performance. Secondly, it analyzes the mediating effects of bridging scientists on the relationship between basic research and technological innovation performance. Finally, it investigates the moderating role of technological knowledge integrating capability. This paper takes 80 enterprises out of the ‘top 100 enterprises in China's bio-pharmaceutical industry’ for many consecutive years during 2009 to 2019 as the research sample. The basic research data is collected from the web of science database, and the technological innovation data come from the invention patent from the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) database. The multiple linear regression model is constructed to verify the hypothesis. #br#The results show that the breadth of enterprise basic research is positive with improving technological innovation performance, while the depth of enterprise basic research has inverse U-shape influence on technological innovation performance. Meanwhile, the enterprises’ bridging scientists play a partial mediating role between the breadth and depth of basic research and the technological innovation performance. In addition, this paper also finds that the technological integration capability has a positively moderating effect on the relationship between the breadth of basic research and technological innovation performance, which means that the technological integration capability strengthens the positive effect of breadth of basic research on technological innovation performance. And there is a negative moderating effect of the technological integration capability on the relationship between depth of basic research and innovation performance, which shows that the technological knowledge integration capability weakens the inverted U shape relationship between the depth of basic research and innovation performance. #br# This research results have instructive significance for the basic research and technological innovation activities of enterprises in practice. First of all, the empirical results of the article show that enterprises need to expand the field of basic research, and pay attention to the accumulation of basic research knowledge. However, improving the depth of basic research blindly can not have a positive impact on the technological innovation performance, it is important for enterprises to maintain a appropriate lever of depth of basic research. Secondly, enterprises should pay more attention to the training of bridging scientists, so as to strengthen the ability of enterprises to transform the knowledge of basic research into technological innovation capability. Finally, when the enterprise has high technological knowledge integration capability, it should expand the breadth of basic research. In addition, when enterprises have a high level of depth in basic research, it is beneficial for enterprises to maintain a low level of technological knowledge integration capability.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 102-111 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1436KB] ( 406 )

Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology

	112	The Influence of Industry Cultivation Polices on Technological Innovation of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises
		Zeng Fanhua,Xiao Suyang,Liu Canhui
		In recent years, it has become the focus of social attention and an important direction of policymaking of how to ensure fair competition and accelerate the improvement of the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) innovation ability and professional level. Guided by the innovation-driven development strategy, China is accelerating the transformation and upgrading of its traditional industrial policies with transition from selective industrial policies to competitive and universal policies. It has become the key to cultivating new driving forces and new growth points in China's economy by creating a series of high-quality demonstration enterprises with growth potential and competitive advantages under the guidance of the new industrial policy .#br#In this background, China's local government introduced a series of industrial cultivation policies for SMEs' innovation ability, such as the Gazelle Enterprises Developing Plan, the Identification of Technology-based SMEs and the Identification of Little Giant of Science and Technology Enterprise . Different from traditional industrial policies, cultivation policies are mostly directly related to the innovation process of enterprises, and their advantages are mainly reflected in the following three aspects. First, based on the phased characteristics of technological innovation, targeted measures are taken to reduce direct intervention in the market and stress the role of the market by focusing on the basic research process, pilot test process of achievements, and market application at the front, the middle and back end of the value chain. Second, it accelerated the transition of small and medium-sized enterprises from the initial stage to the growth and maturity stage with the explosive growth of market players by promoting the concentration of innovation factor resources to SMEs. Third, under the modern industrial system, the government has continuously guided large enterprises and SMEs to make joint innovations, expanded open and competitive cooperation, encouraged SMEs to expand their business areas, narrowed the technological gap with cutting-edge enterprises, and promoted ecological development of innovation.#br#With policy incentives, the government effectively guides SMEs to shift their strategic centers. The SMEs focus on industry segments, specializing in technology and market development, and actively carry out innovation cooperation with the world, which can give full play to the multiplication effect of the division of labor and cooperation. Subsequently a large number of innovative forces have emerged in China, playing a positive role in phasing out outdated production capacity, building regional brands, seizing international markets, and making breakthroughs in core technologies.#br#In this paper, we manually collected and sorted out the list of cultivation polices issued by Chinese local governments, matched them with the data of listed enterprises in China's SMEs Board and Gem from 2007 to 2019, and tested the polices impact on the innovation of SMEs by using the multi-period DID model. The results show that the cultivation polices play a significant role in promoting the growth of SMEs' innovation quantity in the long run, and the conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests. At the same time,the industrial cultivation polices also show positive incentives for enterprise innovation quality. However, with the increasing times of polices recognition, we find that the polices still has a significant effect on the quantity of enterprise innovation, but no longer have a significant effect on the quality of innovation. The possible reasons lie in the mismatch caused by excessive concentration of resources, and the speculative behavior of enterprises in filing a large number of low-quality patents to obtain government subsides and rewards.#br#Further, the industrial cultivation polices promote enterprise innovation mainly through the following three paths: guiding SMEs to increase R&D investment, attracting talents, and enhancing external attention. Although the industrial cultivation polices alleviate financing constraints, the transmission mechanism of innovation output failed the significance test. The heterogeneity results showed that industrial cultivation polices have a more significant effect on state-owned SMEs compared with non-state-owned enterprises, and it only shows a significant effect in promoting enterprises in low-concentration industries. In areas with a low level of intellectual property protection, the incentive and compensation effects of policies on enterprise innovation output are stronger. The research results can enrich the empirical evidence of the impact of industrial policies on SMEs innovation, and provide a reference for improving the policies supporting SMEs innovation.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 112-122 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1458KB] ( 238 )

	123	How Can Patent Protection Stimulate Innovation Precisely：Starting from the Policy Lever Theory in American Patent Law
		Zhang Erhan
		With the rapid development of science and technology, the industries involved in the invention and creation of patent protection are becoming increasingly complex, which poses a severe challenge to the patent system. There are significant differences in the innovation characteristics of different industries. How can a unified patent system accurately stimulate the innovation of different industries? Is it necessary to formulate an industry-specific patent system? To solve these problems, American scholars put forward the policy lever theory which has aroused wide attention. However Chinese scholars pay insufficient attention to this important theory. At present, China is changing from a big country that introduces intellectual property rights to the one that creates intellectual property rights, and intellectual property work is changing from pursuing quantity to improving quality. The number of patent disputes involving strategic emerging industries accepted by the court is increasing. In this context, it has become a practical problem for China of how to accurately stimulate the innovation of different industries.#br#　　　This paper makes a comprehensive investigation on the policy lever theory in the U.S. patent law. American scholars Professor Samuelson and Professor Scotchmer put forward the concept of policy lever in the field of intellectual property for the first time to refer to the institutional design in the intellectual property system that can be sensitive to the industrial background and technical field and adjust the innovation incentive mechanism of different industries, so as to avoid giving innovators too much or too little reward. After that, Professor Burk and Professor Lemley specifically analyzed the policy levers existing in the U.S. patent law, including the utility doctrine, the PHOSITA standard, the pioneering patent rule, the reverse doctrine of equivalents and many other judicially created rules that can be applied specifically to the industry. These rules give the court a reasonable limit of discretion, which belong to the judicial policy levers in nature. Although the implementation of patent policy lever faces many doubts about the feasibility and effectiveness, it is an objective fact that the judicial application of patent system is specific to the technology industry. The data of American judicial practice show that the court adjusts the incentive mechanism of different industries through the flexible application of judicial policy levers to avoid insufficient or excessive incentives.#br#　　　Taking the policy lever theory as the analysis tool, this paper analyzes the current patent system in China, and finds that there are judicial policy levers and statutory policy levers. These policy levers provide a way for court to accurately stimulate the innovation of different industries in patent infringement disputes. The application of statutory policy levers is definite because of industry specific circumstances stipulated clearly in the law. However, the application of judicial policy lever is uncertain. As a country with statute law, the application of law should pursue not only social effect, but also certainty and predictability. Therefore, the implementation of judicial policy levers should be based on law, and the discretion of judges should be limited to the minimum range in which can meet the goal can be met. To achieve that, this paper advocates a reasonable legalization path to legalize the judicial policy levers.#br#　　　Patent law is a law to protect and encourage innovation. However, insufficient and excessive incentives for invention and creation will have adverse consequences. The policy lever theory provides an effective analysis tool for decision-makers to formulate and implement policies to accurately stimulate innovation. Chinese scholars have also found that the application of patent system is different in different industries, and some academic papers have pointed out that some rules have the attribute of policy lever in China patent system. On this basis, the research results of this article are of great significance in the following three aspects. Firstly, this paper comprehensively discusses the policy lever theory, not only analyzes the functional value of policy lever in patent law, but also points out the possible problems in the implementation of policy lever in patent law. Secondly, using the policy lever theory as the analysis tool, this paper analyzes the patent system in China, and points out the rules that can be applied specifically to the industry. Finally, it puts forward specific countermeasures and suggestions on how to give full play to the function of the judicial policy levers. The research results fill the gap related to the patent policy lever theory in China, and have practical significance for stimulating innovation in different industries precisely.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 123-129 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1215KB] ( 211 )

Sci-tech Talent Cultivation

	130	The Effect of Organizational Innovation Cliamte and Network Embeddedness on Innovative Behavior
		Li Jingzhi,Li Yongzhou
		Innovation occupies the main position in the VUCA era, and is of vital importance in the long-term survival and development of organizations. Under the background, how to motivate employee innovative behavior is significantly important for organizations to cope with the uncertainty and complexity of the environment. Therefore, employee innovative behavior becomes one of the main concerns of entrepreneurs and scholars. Innovation climate is proved to be positively connected to innovative behavior. Most of the literature explores the connection between innovation climate and employee innovative behavior from a psychological perspective, proposing that innovative efficacy, psychological empowerment and work motivation could properly explain the mechanism. However, as the trend in the new era that the innovative activities become more complicated in the content and structure, it is hard for individuals to adopt innovative activity without help from the environment. The new trend calls for a new perspective to better analyze the mechanism between innovation climate and innovative behavior.#br#Organizational innovation climate enables employees to acquire innovation resources inside the organization. However, the resources within an organization are limited in variability and heterogeneity. Attentions to innovation climate and network are powered by the notion that individuals cannot overcome dilemmas in the process of innovation through their efforts due to the boundedness of information and knowledge；instead, their innovative behaviors depend upon the environment they work in and the network they embedded in. The network of the organization might provide plentiful resources that employees need. It helps employees cope with resources scarcity problems and further innovate by taking advantage of the organizational resources to acquire more valuable heterogenetic resources in the organizational network. Therefore, network embedding could be a proper perspective to analyze the mechanism between innovation climate and employee innovative behavior. #br#This study aims to explore how to motivate employees, especially managers and R&D employees, and improve their innovative behavior under the background of innovation network thriving. According to COR theory, individuals with more resources are less vulnerable to resource loss and more capable of resource gain. Therefore, if employees do not have sufficient resources, they tend to protect their current resources and prevent investing more resources in case of resources loss, which leads to a decline of innovative behavior. On the other hand, individuals who have more resources are more capable of making gains, which can be utilized to make a further gain. In the process of idea generation and implementation, employees encounter skepticism and resistance as the innovative behavior needs sustained effort, as well as high uncertainty and threat of resources loss. When employees perceive that the organization supports their work and provides them with more resources, they are more likely to embed actively to the organizational network and strengthen relations to other groups and individuals to proactively react to protect and gain resources.#br#Based on the conservation of resource theory, this paper introduces network embeddedness (including relational embeddedness and structural embeddedness) as a mediator between the relationship of innovation climate (including three dimensions leadership effectiveness, team coordination and resources supply) and employee innovative behavior. Data were collected from 260 managers and R&D employees in Wuhan. According to the analysis it shows that team coordination and resources supply are significantly positive to employee behavior, but leadership effectiveness is not significantly related to employee behavior; three dimensions of innovation climate are significantly positive to relational embeddedness, but only team coordination and resources supply are significantly positive to structural embeddedness. Network embeddedness mediates the positive effect between team coordination, resources supply and innovative behavior. #br#This study contributes to current research in mainly two aspects. On the one hand, from the psychological perspective, we consider the role of network embeddedness as a linking mechanism between innovation climate and innovative behavior, which helps to explain employee behavior incentives under the networking background. It provides a network view to explore the relationship between innovation climate and employee innovative behavior, and some management suggestions. On the other hand, this study contributes to the organizational innovation climate literature by showing how elements of organizational innovation climate influence innovative behaviors respectively. When exploring the relationship between innovation climate and innovative behavior, previous studies regarded organizational innovation climate as an entirety, ignoring that dimensions of innovation climate may exert different impacts on the result. This study finds that the effects of innovation climate on innovative behavior vary in three dimensions.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 130-139 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1306KB] ( 498 )

	140	The Dual Pathway Model of Informational Faultlines and Team Creativity: The Moderating Role of Different Emotional Regulation Strategies
		Zhang Xiaojie,liu Xinmei
		In the era of knowledge-based economy, organizations have to continuously generate creative ideas to survive and sustain competitive advantages. As diversified knowledge constitute the foundation for the generation of creative ideas, teams consisting of members with diversified backgrounds has increasingly become an important vehicle for innovation in organizations. However alignment of differences in educational background, functional background, and working experience within such teams can easily lead to informational fautlines in which different subgroups have their own working style and working methods. Informational fautlines have a double-edged sword effect on team creativity. On one hand, informational subgroups provide heterogeneous knowledge that can stimulate the generation of innovative ideas. On the other hand, subgroups may have emotional conflicts, which is a great drain on energy among team members. Therefore, it is essential to understand how to reap the beneficial effects and suppress the negative effects of significance for organizational innovation management.#br#Considering the double-edged sword effect of informational faultlines on team creativity, this study focuses on the moderating and mediating mechanisms in the relationship between informational faultlines and team creativity. A thorough literature reviewed shows two gaps. First, although the generation of creative ideas in teams with subgroups is a process laden with emotions, little attention has been paid to the moderating role of emotional regulations. Second, the current research mainly considers the mediating role of task-related or knowledge-related mechanisms, such as information elaboration, task reflexivity and knowledge sharing, ignoring the mediating role of social-emotional processes and the possibility of multiple intermediaries.#br#Based on the categorization-elaboration model and the emotional regulation process model, the present study investigates the relationship between informational faultlines and team creativity by constructing a research model treating emotion regulation norms of the team as the conditional variables, and knowledge utilization and team vitality as the intermediary variables. A dataset collected from 106 research and development teams is used to empirically test the proposed hypotheses. It is found that when team members’ cognitive reappraisal is high, informational faultlines can promote team creativity; knowledge utilization and team viability have an indirect effect on the relationship among informational faultlines and cognitive reappraisal and team creativity; when team members’ expression suppression is high, informational faultlines can inhibit team creativity; knowledge utilization mediates the relationship between the interactive term of informational faultlines, expression suppression, and team creativity.#br#This research makes important contributions in the following ways. First, it studies the moderating effects of different emotion regulation strategies of team members on the relationship between informational faultlines and team creativity, complementing the research on the moderating variables that has focused on leadership, task characteristics and team motivation. For teams with subgroups, members will inevitably experience the negative emotions of disagreement and conflict, and thus the generation of creative ideas in such context is a process laden with a great amount of emotions. Therefore, although informational faultlines can provide knowledge resource for team creativity, whether this advantage can be realized depends on how team members regulate these negative emotions. By combining the research on emotional regulation strategies and team subgroups, the current research expands the study of the regulatory mechanism of informational faultlines. Further, the current study draws on emotional regulation from the individual-level research and distinguishes team level emotional regulation into two different strategies, namely, cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression, which is a further excavation of the previous team emotion regulation research of single-dimensional conception, and deepens our understanding of the mechanism of different emotion regulation strategies at team level. Second, the current study further opens the black box of the relationship between informational faultlines and team creativity by considering the dual pathway mechanisms. Existing studies generally focus on the role of task-based knowledge process, ignoring the mediating role of social-emotional processes and the possibility of multiple intermediaries. Thus, this study contributes to the literature by simultaneously examining the indirect effect of knowledge utilization (as the task-based process) and team viability (as the socio-emotional process) in the relationship between informational faultlines and team creativity, providing a more complete picture of how informational faultlines affect team creativity.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 140-149 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1412KB] ( 478 )

Review

	150	Technological Capital: Conceptual Clarification, Knowledge Structure and Analysis Framework
		Gao Tengfei,Chen Gang,Ling Yuqiao
		The new research issue of technological capital has gradually emerged with the continuous deepening research in technology and related fields, besides traditional topics such as technological innovation and technological progress. It is the capital formed by the transformation of technology. As a factor of production. it is an important way to accelerate the transformation of technology into productivity and create more value and also of great significance for accelerating the development of digital economy. It not only expands the mainstream discussion of technology, but also extends the research field of technology that can be transformed into capital and create value. However, as a new and independent capital form and research field, technological capital has not yet reached a consensus in terms of concept, connotation, characteristics, key issues, and theoretical basis. Therefore, it is urgent to sort out the existing research to refine the research content, clarify the knowledge structure, build a research framework, condense research consensus and clarify future research directions.#br#In this regard, this paper reviews and perfects the concept of technological capital, clarifies the target attribute of its value-added value, and distinguishes it from related concepts such as technology and technological resource. Then, on the basis of traditional literature research methods, CiteSpace software is used to perform quantitative analysis of 125 Chinese papers and 89 English papers related to technological capital, and the knowledge map is drawn to visualize the knowledge structure, and the similarities and differences of research topics and areas are discussed. These papersare from databases such as Web of Science and CNKI, and are screened by specific search terms and literature types, such as technology capital, technical capital, technological capital, technological and capital. The types of documents are articles, proceeding papers, reviews, etc. Finally, this paper further analyzes the network node literature and high-cited literature obtained from the knowledge graph by means of theoretical analysis, and tentatively constructs an integrated analysis framework from an overall perspective for grasping the research status of technological capital.#br#In this framework, the following results are derived.Firstly, technological capital is a kind of capital which can bring value increment in the long term after the capitalization process of tangible or intangible resources with technology as the carrier. The essential difference between it and other related concepts such as technology and technological resources lies in that technological capital can be integrated with other forms of capital and directly put into production activities without going through market circulation, which is also the unique influence of its capital attributes. Secondly,the research on technological capital at home and abroad has formed a huge and complex knowledge structure around technology, capital, factors, management, innovation, production activities and other aspects, and has shown the characteristics of large span, wide field, multi-level, networking, diversification and decentralization. At the same time, scholars have explored three different research models from the perspectives of technology, capital and technological capitalization, which can reveal the knowledge structure of technological capital from a broader perspective. Thirdly, an integrated analysis framework of technological capital research can be constructed from four aspects: factors, formation, mechanism and effect. Among them, the change and development at the social level, the R&D innovation and technology management at the enterprise level, and the technological ability and cognition at the individual level are the important factors which plays an important driving role in technological capital. Technological capitalization is the core path of the generation of technological capital, and it promotes the transformation of technology from technological achievements to technological resources and finally to technological capital. Technological capital has certain influence on enterprise value, performance, innovation, social progress and digital divide. The main mechanism includes capital substitution effect, industrial diffusion effect and technological change effect. Fourthly, future research efforts can be paid to improve the measurement method of technological capital, analyze its relationship with digital economy and explore localization in the Chinese context.#br#This paper adopts the innovative combination of theoretical analysis and bibliometrics to analyze the basic concepts and research progress of technological capital. Meanwhile, this paper outlines the knowledge structure of technological capital and puts forward a new analytical framework, which clarifies the research progress at home and abroad. In addition, it summarizes the inadequacies of the existing research on technological capital, and puts forward feasible research directions at multiple levels, laying a research foundation for further analysis in the future.#br#
		2022 Vol. 39 (12): 150-160 [Abstract] ( 291 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2938KB] ( 260 )

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