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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY
 
2022 Vol.39 Issue.8
Published 2022-04-25
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
Regional Scientific Development
Industrial Technological Progress
Enterprise Innovation Management
Review
Knowledge Science and Knowledge Engineering
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
1 Configuration Analysis of Influencing Factors on Allocation Efficiency of Scientific and Technological Resources in Government Scientific Research Institutions
Sheng Ya,Feng Yuanyuan,Shi Yu
With the increasingly fierce scientific and technological competition among countries, the status of scientific and technological resources has been continuously improved. Due to the scarcity of scientific and technological resources, while stepping up their own scientific and technological innovation activities, countries are also thinking about how to improve the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological resources to better serve their own scientific and technological innovation activities and enhance their international competitiveness. Under the guidance of the policy of strengthening China through science and technology, China's demand for science and technology resources is also increasing. However China used to emphasize applied research rather than basic research, so there is unreasonable allocation of scientific and technological resources. Government scientific research institutions, supported by government public resources, need more scientific and technological resources to support their scientific and technological innovation, and meanwhile the government need to strengthen rational scientific and technological resources allocation.#br#Taking government scientific research institutions as the research object, this paper selects 25 provincial and municipal government scientific research institutions in China as research cases. First, the super-efficiency SBM model is used to evaluate the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological resources in government scientific research institutions. Then, the fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method is used to reveal how the six influencing factors including basic research intensity, applied research intensity, market allocation, planned allocation, industry-university-research cooperation and regional openness from the dimension of the structure, mode and environment of the allocation of scientific and technological resources in selected institutions interact to improve the efficiency of scientific and technological resources allocation.#br#Results show that a single factor is weak in explaining the efficiency of high-tech resources allocation, but the intensity of basic research plays a more universal role in improving the efficiency of scientific and technological resources allocation. There are five different configurations which influence high-tech resources allocation efficiency. They are basic research type dominated by basic research, scientific research type jointly by basic and applied research, basic research-environmental type jointly by basic research, government allocation and regional openness, basic research-balanced type jointly by basic research, market allocation, government allocation, level of industry-university-research cooperation and regional openness, and applied research - environment type jointly by applied research, industry-university-research cooperation level and regional openness. Among them, the basic research type and the basic research - balanced type play a more important role. There are obvious differences in the ways to improve the efficiency of the allocation of scientific and technological resources of government scientific research institutions. The improvement of the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological resources of government scientific research institutions in the western and northeast regions of China mainly depends on scientific research including the driving force of basic research and applied research. In the east of China, it mainly depends on the linkage of the configuration structure, configuration mode and configuration environment of scientific and technological resources or the coordination and concurrency of configuration structure and configuration environment.#br#To study the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological resources, this study takes government scientific research institutions as the research object and use fsQCA. Different from previous studies, this study considers the influence of the interaction between factors on the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological resources, which to some extent makes up for the limitation of previous quantitative studies that consider the role of a single factor. This research also has instructive significance to practice. There are obvious differences in the factors influencing the allocation efficiency of scientific and technological resources of government scientific research institutions in different regions of China. The allocation efficiency of scientific and technological resources of government scientific research institutions in the western and northeastern regions of China mainly rely on scientific research which includes both basic research and applied research. In the east of China, it mainly depends on the joint adaptation of the configuration structure, configuration mode and configuration environment of scientific and technological resources or the coordination and concurrency of configuration structure and configuration environment. Therefore, we should take into account the differences of regional government scientific research institutions, and adopt matching paths and targeted measures according to local conditions in order to improve the efficiency of scientific and technological resources allocation effectively.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 1-9 [Abstract] ( 403 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1278KB] ( 459 )
10 Could Government Innovation Input Promote Market Innovation Input
Zhou Zhiyuan,Zuo Yuehua,Zou Yu
Universities are playing an increasingly important role in China's scientific research innovation system. However, high dependency on external resources is still the main characteristic for those innovation activities, especially for R&D which is an activity with high output to input ratio. According to reports from the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese universities' R&D funding mainly comes from governmental and enterprise investment. Moreover, according to the information, after the reform and opening-up, various innovation investment channels between investors and investees, i.e., the universities, sprang up in China. The most representative channel is the National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC) which was established in 1986, and it broke through the routine of the traditional investment method that innovation foundations highly relied on government investment. In addition, numerous enterprises from the market have actively participated in the scientific research activities of colleges and universities, and they further set up different innovation funds in colleges so as to help them to solve practical problems encountered in their business. Since then, market innovation investment has become another important source of R&D investment in colleges and universities. So, could the government innovation investment represent the innovation capacity of universities and thus influence the innovation investment of enterprises? To what extent would the government investment influence the market investment? How long will such an effect last?
In recent years, on the topic of the relationship between government innovation investment and market innovation investment in university's R&D activities, scholars at home and abroad have mostly focused on the company's R&D activities, while the relationship between government innovation investment and market innovation investment is complementary or alternatively varies according to the types of research samples, but the scholars avoided discussing and studying the relationship between government investment and market innovation investment from the perspective of universities. In fact, as a key role of the national innovation strategy, university's innovation funds heavily rely on both government and market sources of innovation investment as well. Therefore, it is necessary to study and further clarify the aforesaid relationship, because it can not only help universities to seek more innovation investment to enhance effectiveness and creativeness of their R&D activities, but also help to understand the relationship between government and market in the field of science and technology innovation.
This paper selects the scientific and technological innovation data of 63 universities in China from 2005 to 2018, and uses the panel VAR model and the individual fixed effect model to empirically test the relationship between government innovation investment and market innovation investment in the R&D input of college from the dynamic and static aspects. Based on the analysis described above, the government's innovation investment does promote the market innovation investment. Specifically, from the perspective of dynamic impact, the effect of such positive promotion would rise steadily to a maximum of 4% during the period of the first three years. Afterwards, the promotional effect from the government's innovation investment on the market innovation investment will decline to null. Furthermore, in most cases, one key element which could bring about the increase of the market innovation investment is the academic achievement,e.g., academic articles or new inventions, and such achievement may appear after a period of government investment in scientific research of universities. Meanwhile, from the perspective of the static effects, the contribution of government innovation investment to market investment in innovation would not get an instant result, but its effect may get top after two years. In addition, PVAR model uncovers an inertia effect between the market innovation investment and the academic innovation that the investment from the general market may further encourage the innovation and creation of those universities, i.e., the market innovation investments have a greater dynamic impact on themselves.
To sum up, the research finds, in terms of the R&D innovation activities of universities, the government's innovation investment does have the capacity to promote the market innovation investment. Nevertheless, such positive contributions, sourced from the government's innovation investment to market innovation investment cannot be manifested obviously and instantly in a short term. In most cases, such a promotional effect on the market innovation has a lag period of around two years commencing on the government's innovation investment, and, in addition, this effect cannot last for long term. Furthermore, from a long-term perspective, governmental investment for innovation industry may not promote such investment from the capital market significantly.
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 10-18 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2193KB] ( 209 )
19 Profits of Disruptive Technological Innovation Concerning Direction
Wang Chao,Ma Ming,Zhang Weiran,Xu Haiyun,Zhu Shiwei,Yu Junfeng
Focusing on the "14th Five-Year Plan" and the outline of the long-term goals for 2035, China has actively carried out the forward-looking layout of disruptive technologies and seized the initiative in scientific and technological development. The diffusion process in the development of technological innovation involves various institutions or organizations, and the innovation system presents complex characteristics such as diversification of subjects and dynamic integration. In this context, to achieve disruptive innovation, it is inseparable from a collaborative innovation ecosystem in which all parties (the government, industry, and universities) work together to participate. The research on the evolution of disruptive technology innovation can effectively guide various domestic innovation entities to participate in the forward-looking layout and innovation of disruptive technology, and explore the establishment of a disruptive technology discovery-selection funding mechanism. It’s supportive for production, academia and research entities to actively explore the "discovery-selection-cultivation" mechanism of disruptive technologies and discover major disruptive technologies .#br#This paper adopts a large-scale research on disruptive technologies, and attempts to analyze the evolution of disruptive technologies by combining quantitative analysis of triple helix synergy with social network analysis. The triple Helix innovation theory is often used to describe the collaborative innovation relationship between government-industry-university, providing a research paradigm to analyze the interaction between government, industry, and universities in the process of innovation. The triple Helix model has an effective synergy measurement model to quantitatively analyze the degree of collaborative innovation among the government, industry, and universities, so as to analyze the consistency of the government, industry, and academia's attention to disruptive technologies from a macro level evolution characteristics. On the other hand, Actor Network Theory (ANT) believes that science and technology practice is a network dynamic process formed by the connection and construction of multiple heterogeneous components. It can integrate the macro analysis and micro analysis of technology, and expand the social construction of technology to the construction of science, technology and society. Therefore, to build a comprehensive heterogeneous network composed of human elements represented by the institutions that propose disruptive technologies and non-human elements represented by disruptive technologies, we can analyze the changes in the focus of disruptive technological innovation under the network structure from the micro level, especially It is a disruptive technology that has attracted the attention of the government, industry and academia.#br#A research framework is proposed to explore the evolution of disruptive technological innovation based on the combination of quantitative analysis of the triple helix synergy measurement model and social network analysis. First, we use government websites, company websites, scientific and technological reports, scientific papers, academic monographs and other public information channels as data sources, and use online research to obtain the list of disruptive technologies identified by various institutions. Secondly, according to the degree to which disruptive technologies are recognized by institutions, disruptive technologies are divided into three categories. Then, based on the overall analysis at the macro level, the quantitative analysis method of the triple helix synergy measurement model is used to calculate the degree of consistency of the government, industry, and academia in the direction of disruptive technology. Finally, based on the content analysis at the micro level, this paper analyzes the evolution characteristics of the disruptive technology concerned with the coupling direction under the network structure.#br#This paper finds the following characteristics of the evolution of government-industry-university-research coupling attention of disruptive technologies. The degree of coordination among government, industry, and academia on the direction of disruptive technological innovation has been increased year by year, and the government, industry, and academia have gradually aligned their focus on disruptive technology. In the future, the discovery of disruptive technology directions or technology supply should focus on the four fields of new materials, advanced manufacturing and automation, biology and new medicine, and electronic information. The discovery or cultivation of disruptive technology directions should focus on the technology directions that all institutions pay attention to in a short period of time. Such technologies can gain the common attention of all parties in a short period of time, indicating that the technology has a great potential influence. For the discovery or cultivation of future destructive technical direction, we should not only pay attention to the technical direction, but also take into account the technical direction of government, industry, academia and research. The basic research of potential disruptive technologies is still in the stage of rapid development.The cultivation of future disruptive technologies cannot be separated from the support of basic research,and the role of basic research cannot be ignored in the cultivation of disruptive technologies.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 19-29 [Abstract] ( 476 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3266KB] ( 312 )
30 The Division of Brokerage Roles Using the Correlation of Patent Technology
Wang Yalan,Wang Chengjun,Sun Xiaoming,Xiang Rui,Feng Tao
Brokers that stand between unconnected alters have strong control and integration advantage in the inventor collaboration network. Because of the significant effect on promoting innovation, it has become one of the most concerned objects in the study of network management. The inventor collaboration network based on patent data is helpful to analyze the brokerage roles of each inventor, reveal the law of innovation collaboration among inventors, and guide the management of R&D talents in enterprises. A key step of brokerage analysis is the accurate division of boundary. The previous literature used to divide groups mostly based on network structure or given network boundary. Its advantage is simple operation and clear group boundary. However the corresponding deficiencies also exist. For example, the knowledge exchange environment and characteristics of inventors are ignored. Therefore, this group division method may not be reasonable while constructing inventor collaborative networks based on knowledge flow.
In view of that, this paper proposes a new method to divide the brokerage roles among enterprise inventors on the basis of patent data. It does not solely rely on network structure and not need to repeatedly determine the distinct group boundary. First, this paper takes the knowledge domain of inventors as the subgroup division standard, which conforms to the basic assumption of the division of brokerage roles. That is, the substantial connection relationship of inventors is undirected, and the group position of inventors should be mainly considered in the division. Secondly, this method increases the judgment accuracy of the inventor's knowledge domain, and reduces the difference between the group structure reflected only by data and the actual group structure. Finally, it improves the application category of the brokerage roles division method based on the patent data, and provides a complete division ideas and operation methods of brokerage roles at the individual level.
Specifically, based on the correlation of patent technology, this paper uses the IPC classification information in the patent description to determine the knowledge domain of the inventor in the enterprise, and then designs a set of algorithm to divide the inventors into mutually exclusive subgroups with the technological knowledge domain as the boundary, and finally makes efficient division and analysis of the role of brokerage. It conducts a case study of Cambrian Company. The Cambrian patent data were cleaned, and 125 valid patent description data and 34 inventors were obtained. Then the adjacency matrix of R & D personnel relationship is constructed. Finally, this paper took the inventor cooperation matrix and the technical group divided by the inventor according to the technical knowledge field as the grouping basis, and analyzed the role of brokerage. The case study demonstrates the accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
In this paper, the designed division method of brokerage roles helps scholars to analyze the influence of different brokerage roles on knowledge integration and transfer. Firstly, the proposed algorithm reveals the effect of multiple brokerage roles of the inventors and the mechanism of brokerage roles transition (local and global roles of brokerage). Secondly, it also conduces to study cross-hierarchical brokerage roles, such as how lower-level brokerage roles influence higher-level, including influence direction, intensity and results. Thirdly, it is conducive to enriching the research of brokerage behavior at the individual level, such as the influence of brokerage status on brokerage roles, and the analysis of relationship between brokerage roles intentions and abilities from the perspective of self-monitoring. Finally, it can help scholars to investigate the moderating effects of organizational and R&D environment on the above relationship.
Despite of the contributions it may has, the deficiencies are as follows. It is difficult to fully reflect the real situation of the inventor with the limited enterprise patent data. Moreover in practice, leaders and colleagues are listed as co-inventors, and the knowledge field of such inventors in the patent description is quite different from the reality, so it should be refined in the future. Thirdly the effect of brokerage role division can be improved by the increase of sample size. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to improve its performance indicators in combination with some algorithms of community structure. At the same time, it is also necessary to consider some simplified means and further carry out multi-party verification in combination with other indicators, so as to define the inventor group more accurately.
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 30-38 [Abstract] ( 338 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2665KB] ( 264 )
Regional Scientific Development
39 The Non-linear Impact of the Business Enviornment on the High-quality Development of China's Provincial Economy:Considering the Moderating Effect of Dual Innovation
Qian Li,WeiYuanyuan,Xiao Renqiao
The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out that China's economy has shifted from high-speed growth to high-quality development which aims to solve the contradiction between the growing material and cultural needs of the people and the unbalanced and insufficient development. In the new era, business environment can improve the level of international competitiveness, and becomes an important means to promote high-quality development. Traditional research focuses on the relationship between business environment and economic growth, there are few studies on the impact of business environment on high-quality economic development, and even less research on the analysis from a nonlinear perspective. Whether the impact of the business environment on high-quality development is mediated by other technical factors requires further study.#br# This paper focuses on the effect of business environment on China's high-quality economic development and its context of effect, and incorporates business environment, ambidextrous innovation and high-quality economic development into a unified research framework. Firstly, based on the four dimensions of marketization, facilitation, rule of law, and internationalization, an evaluation index system of China's provincial business environment has been constructed, using China's inter-provincial panel data from 2012 to 2019, and empirically analyzes the nonlinear impact of business environment on high-quality development in China's economy, and explore the moderating effects of explorative innovation and exploitative innovation in the relationship between business environment and high-quality economic development.#br#The results show that business environment has a nonlinear impact on high-quality development. It is a U-shaped relationship that declines first and then rises. At present, most of eastern provinces and some provinces in a few western regions have passed the turning point，and the rest of the provinces are on the left side of the turning point. So the level of business environment in the central and western regions needs to be improved greatly. Furthermore ambidextrous innovation plays a positive role in the U-shaped relationship between business environment and high-quality development. When the level of explorative innovation is higher, U-shaped curve becomes steeper and causes the curve's inflection point to appear earlier. When the level of exploitative innovation is higher, U-shaped curve becomes steeper and causes the curve's inflection point to appear later. In addition, this paper uses the alternative measurement indicators of ambidextrous innovation and the robustness test based on different dimensions of the business environment, and obtains similar conclusions. This study finds a significant U-shaped relationship between business environment and high-quality economic development, it breaks through the limitations of the existing literature on the assumption of a simple linear relationship between business environment and high-quality economic development, and enriches the research on the relationship between business environment and high-quality economic development. In addition, this paper also discusses the moderating effect of ambidextrous innovation between the business environment and high-quality economic development, so as to clarify the boundary conditions for the impact of business environment on high-quality economic development, maximize the promotion effect of the business environment, and enrich the research on the relationship among business environment, ambidextrous innovation and high-quality economic development.#br#The following practical suggestions are proposed. (1) The government needs to continue to take means such as decentralization, supervision and service, properly handle the relationship with the market and society, reduce institutional transaction costs in the process of production and operation, and provide a more convenient business environment for enterprises. (2) The institutional business environment should be the focus of optimization, and we should improve the level of two-way investment, attach importance to opening to the outside world, strengthen international trade, and promote high-quality economic development in my country. (3) The government needs to create a good innovation atmosphere, and provide more policy support and subsidy incentives for technology-based SMEs, provide strong support for the establishment of enterprise innovation chain, industrial chain and capital chain, continuously improve the level of ambidextrous innovation of enterprises, especially strengthen explorative innovation to break through technical bottlenecks, and promote high-quality economic development in China.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 39-47 [Abstract] ( 393 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1278KB] ( 351 )
48 Interactive Analysis of the Efficiency of Technological Innovation and Reginal Economic Resilience：the Empirical Evidence of the Pearl River Delta
Wang Peng,Zhong Yuhua,Yan Yue
China's economic development is in a critical period of transformation, and the previous development power is not enough to continue high-speed economic growth. We should emphasize the transformation of the economy to high-quality development. As one of the important strategies for high-quality economic development, can innovation-driven strategy effectively have a positive effect on economic development? It is also worthy of further discussion of how to reasonably measure the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation activities. While the foundation of China's internal economic development is constantly changing, COVID-19', anti globalization trend and a series of foreign negative factors are also constantly challenging China's economic resilience. As one of the regions with the most developed level of scientific and technological innovation and economic development in China, the Pearl River Delta is a representative region to study the relationship between scientific and technological innovation efficiency and economic resilience. This paper puts forward two research questions. The first is whether the current efficiency of scientific and technological R & D activities in the Pearl River Delta is efficient,and What the characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution are; the second is whether there is an interaction between scientific and technological innovation efficiency and economic resilience, and whether there will be phased differences in the direction and mechanism of influence between the two.#br# Nine cities in the Pearl River Delta are taken as the research object, their economic resilience and the two-stage efficiency of scientific and technological innovation activities are calculated and analyzed to obtain the relevant data sets of 9 cities in 13 years. The correlation between them is constructed by Tobit model and simultaneous equation model. In order to further broaden the connection ways between them, the study takes the perspective of industrial diversity to analyze the transmission role of industrial structure between economic resilience and the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation activities.#br#The results show that there are obvious differences in the efficiency of scientific and technological R & D stage and economic output stage in the Pearl River Delta, and there are also significant spatial heterogeneity in each stage. In the empirical process, there is a two-way causal relationship between the efficiency of the two stages of scientific and technological innovation and economic resilience in Tobit model, which will produce endogenous problems. The empirical results of simultaneous equations model prove that if considering the heterogeneity of region and time, the two-stage efficiency of scientific and technological innovation has a significant positive effect on economic resilience. Economic resilience can also support the two-stage efficiency, and the two-stage efficiency of scientific and technological innovation in areas with high economic resilience will be higher. When scientific and technological innovation activities are at different R & D levels, their innovation path and innovation content will not remain unchanged. Scientific and technological innovation activity is an uninterrupted activity. The development of R & D stage needs technical foreshadowing and support. Industrial diversification does not have a direct and significant impact on economic resilience, but it can indirectly affect economic resilience through the R & D stage of scientific and technological innovation.#br#This paper combines the research results of economic resilience theory, system efficiency theory and industrial diversification theory, takes the regional economic resilience and the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation activities as the research object. Different from the previous research, this paper creatively connects the economic resilience and the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation activities with simultaneous equations, Theoretical analysis and empirical research are carried out from an interactive research perspective, which expands the research ideas of the relationship between the two. The empirical results also support this theoretical hypothesis, and have guiding significance for building regional economic resilience and improving the efficiency of scientific and technological innovation activities. #br#First, compared with the economic output stage, the scientific and technological innovation stage should become the focus of government departments and enterprises；moreover, the differences in the efficiency of regional scientific and technological innovation are mainly concentrated in the stage of scientific and technological innovation, which urgently needs the government's macro-control to adapt the elements of scientific and technological innovation. Second, in areas with a higher level of high-tech innovation, relevant departments should pay attention to the non relevant diversification of structure and guide the integrated innovation across departments and fields when guiding the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure. Third, the diversification of regional industrial layout and the development of non related industries should be considered in policy formulation.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 48-58 [Abstract] ( 381 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1561KB] ( 284 )
Industrial Technological Progress
59 The Impact of Firm Investment on Innovation Performance under the Background of Investment Surge: A Case Study of Strategic Emerging Industries
Li Silin,Jiang Hong,Guo Wenwen
As strategic emerging industries gradually become the engine of future economic and social development, enhancing the innovation performance of strategic emerging industries is a significant booster to China's innovation capability. The critical methods of the development for this industry is to strengthen the independent innovation ability and promote the innovation performance to advance the core competitiveness. In order to grab the market share, a large number of enterprises have invested in those industries such as photovoltaic, new energy, semiconductor chip, etc., thus creating the investment surge. It was first proposed by Lin Yifu, referring to the excessive concentration of enterprise investment in a certain industry caused by lack of information, which is unique to developing countries and often leads to severe overcapacity. Although the investment surge has swelled in recent years in the strategic emerging industry, does the enterprises' large-scale investment promote innovation performance as expected? Currently, most relevant academic research focus on the mechanism with the perspective of government and market, including government subsidy, supportive industry policy, increasing demand of financial markets and market competition. This paper aims to explore the investment surge in the development of strategic emerging industries and investigate the impact of the increasing firm investment on innovation performance.#br#The methodology is to analyze sample A-share listed companies from the Comprehensive Index of China's Strategic Emerging Industries from 2008 to 2019 through group regression and instrumental variables. Some data are excluded from the pool, including data of financial industry, *ST, ST and PT stocks, companies without complete financial information, and companies which have not been in the stock market for enough time or during the studied time period. As a result, 7 440 samples from 794 enterprises are selected for the empirical study to explore whether the investment surge in strategic emerging industries can effectively promote the innovation performance that refers to both the innovation output and the conversion rate of innovation achievement.#br#The results show that from the perspective of time dimension, the first wave of investment surge in strategic emerging industries is triggered by policy from 2010 to 2012, and the second wave is jointly driven by market and policy from 2015 to 2019, which has a quite higher level of investment expenditure and over-investment. In either wave of investment surge, enterprise investment can effectively improve innovation output. While in the stage without investment surge, the impact is no longer significant. The effect on innovation output is more obvious in the first wave due to the first-move advantage. From the perspective of different types of strategic emerging enterprises, the impact of firm investment on innovation output is still significantly positive. The conversion rate of firm investment to innovation achievement is an inverted U-shaped curve for labor-intensive, resource-intensive enterprises, and state-owned enterprises, while for technology-intensive enterprises, and non-state-owned enterprises, the conversion rate is purely positively correlated.#br#To summarize, this paper uses listed companies in strategic emerging industries as research samples and conducts empirical analysis of the impact of firm investment on innovation performance under the investment surge with different inducements. The work provides a theoretical basis for the application of investment surge in strategic emerging industries and supplements existing research about the investment surge and enterprise innovation by applying a new methodology. Moreover, the heterogeneity test is carried out from the perspectives of industry and ownership, in order to offer effective suggestions for policy and business decision-making. The suggestions are as follows. (1) The government should encourage and promote business investment while establishing early warning system to avoid over-investment and depressed innovation efficiency. (2) The government is responsible for identifying various stages during the investment surge and guiding the rational timing for enterprise investment to maximize the investment effectiveness. (3) Due to the heterogeneity among different enterprises, the government's supportive policy is supposed to be more differentiated, particularly for those technology-intensive and non-state-owned enterprises.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 59-69 [Abstract] ( 360 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1469KB] ( 246 )
70 Intra-industry and Inter-industry Path Inspection of ODI Reverse Technology Spillove：Based on the Grafting of Spatial Econometrics Methods
Xia Ming
In the case of low-end lock-in of FDI technology spillover and technology blockade implemented by developed countries, ODI that takes the initiative to go abroad has become an increasingly important way for China to actively obtain advanced technology and take the path of innovation driven and high-quality development. The role of ODI in promoting the technological progress of the home country is mainly achieved through reverse technology spillover. The mechanism path of ODI reverse technology spillover can generally be divided into three levels: enterprise level, intra-industry level and inter-industry level. At present, many empirical tests and theoretical analysis of mechanism paths have been carried out on ODI reverse technology spillovers at the enterprise level at home and abroad, while for the intra-industry and inter-industry levels, most of them are theoretical analyses that stay on the mechanism path, and few are aimed at empirical tests of the two-level mechanism pathway. In view of this, the article creatively introduces the idea of spatial correlation in spatial econometrics, constructs a spatial weight matrix that reflects the interconnection between enterprises in the same industry and reflects the interconnection between industries, and establishes a spatial Dubin model taking the manufacturing industry as an example to empirically test the intra-industry and inter-industry paths. This study makes the pioneering innovation in the method and thinking,and it is the first to make empirical test on the theoretical intra-industry and inter-industry paths.#br#In terms of the intra-industry path inspection, according to the "0-1" setting method of the spatial weight matrix, the spatial correlation weight between different enterprises in the same industry is set to 1, and the spatial correlation weight between enterprises in different industries is set to 0. The variable data in the econometric model mainly comes from the database of listed companies. The test on the intra-industry path shows that the total factor productivity of enterprises will be affected by the ODI activities of other enterprises in the same industry. After the enterprises in the industry promote their own technological progress through ODI, they also promote other enterprises in the same industry through various competition and cooperation relationships between enterprises. The intra-industry path is thus validated.#br#In terms of inter-industry path, the average value of direct or complete consumption coefficient between any two industries in the input-output table over the years is used as the average direct or complete consumption coefficient between the two industries in the whole sample period. The correlation between industries is measured by the product of the average direct or complete consumption coefficients of each other, as an element in the weight matrix. The empirical test is based on the international R&D spillover model, namely the C-H-L-P model. Research shows that after promoting the technological progress of the industry themselves through ODI, various manufacturing industries in China have played a role in promoting the technological progress and productivity improvement of other related industries through the forward and backward industrial linkages between industries, and the inter-industry path under the complete industry correlation is more obvious. The inter-industry path is thus validated. #br#From the perspective of the intra-industry path, it is essential to further accelerate the construction of a fair, standardized, competitive and orderly market system, promote the optimal allocation of resources, full competition among enterprises and research and development cooperation and technical exchanges between peer enterprises, and actively build industry technology research and development alliances, all of which can help to play the role of the intra-industry path for ODI reverse technology spillover. From the perspective of inter-industry paths, it is significant to actively promote industrial integration and industrial digital development, strengthen inter-industry connections, promote inter-industry technology, information sharing and the construction of inter-industry technical cooperation mechanisms and cross-industry technology platforms, accelerate the breaking of market segmentation and regional barriers, actively build a domestic big cycle, extend and optimize the industrial chain. These measures can help to play the role of the inter-industry path for ODI reverse technology spillover.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 70-79 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1492KB] ( 315 )
Enterprise Innovation Management
80 Economic Policy Uncertainty and Family Business Innovation:from the Perspective of Financing Constraints and Government Subsidies
Yang Haochang,Wen Jun,Chen Xuezhao
The Central Economic Work Conference in 2019 pointed out that China's development is still and will be in an important period of strategic opportunities for a long time. We should closely follow the new connotations of important strategic opportunities, accelerate the optimization and upgrading of economic structure, enhance scientific and technological innovation capabilities to speed up the promotion of high-quality economic development. As the main carrier of innovation, family businesses play an important role in this process. According to the "2018 Global Family Business Survey-China Report" released by PricewaterhouseCoopers, 77% of mainland business family business leaders believe that the innovation requiring to stay ahead has become their main challenge. The authors believe that this challenge comes from the economic environment (58%) and the lack of specialization of enterprises (52%). At present, China's economic operation is stable and changes amidst the changes, and the economy is facing downward pressure. In order to ensure the stable and rapid development of the economy, various reform measures have been introduced one after another to keep the economy operating within a reasonable range. However, while the government is actively promoting various reform measures, it is also likely to increase the uncertainty of economic policies, and the complex and volatile world situation has exacerbated external risks. In contrast, innovative R&D activities have high funding requirements and a long R&D cycle. With the increase in economic policy uncertainty, it is quite possible for companies to change their original innovative R&D strategies.#br#As a major participant in social development, family businesses play an irreplaceable role in promoting economic growth. If a family business wants to achieve long-term development, it must rely on innovation as its core driving force. However, family businesses in China generally face the problems of insufficient investment in innovation and low efficiency in innovation output. It is an issue worth of research if changes in economic policy uncertainty will change the investment strategy of family companies and affect the company's investment in innovation.#br#This paper studies the impact of economic policy uncertainty on the technological innovation activities of family companies, and selects the R&D investment and patent applications of A-share listed family companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2010 to 2018 as the research object. The basic information and financial data of the family business involved in the empirical process, as well as the control variables of the industry, including business size, cash flow ratio, fixed asset ratio, return on assets, Tobin’s Q value, main business income growth rate, and the company’s two rights Information such as divergence rate, industry profit information, market concentration and the degree of marketization in the region are derived from the CSMAR database and the WIND database. The patent data to measure the innovation performance of enterprises comes from the patent inquiry system of the State Intellectual Property Office. The variable to measure the uncertainty of economic policy uses the Economic Policy Uncertainty Index (Epu Index) jointly issued by Stanford University and the University of Chicago. In order to ensure the validity of the data, this article processes the samples as follows before the empirical study: (1) eliminate family businesses that have been specially processed by ST, *ST, etc. during the observation period; (2) eliminate financial and insurance companies; (3)exclude family businesses that have serious data missing during the sample observation period. In the empirical study, the sample size of the design R&D intensity is 14 243, and the regression sample involving the number of patent applications is 3 003. #br#The study finds that the increase in economic policy uncertainty has a positive incentive effect on the input and output stages of family business innovation and R&D activities, and promotes family business innovation. Subsequently, from the perspective of financing constraints and government subsidies, this article analyzes the moderating role of the two in this positive incentive role. The results show that for family businesses with small financing constraints and government subsidies, the positive incentives of economic policy uncertainty are stronger, and it is more beneficial for family businesses to carry out innovative R&D activities. The conclusions of this paper not only verify the incentive effect of economic policy uncertainty on family business innovation, but also ascertain the regulatory role of financing constraints and government subsidies, which provides theoretical support and empirical evidence for the government to formulate corresponding subsidy policies and establish a sound financial market.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 80-88 [Abstract] ( 324 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1228KB] ( 279 )
89 Effects of Industrial IoT on Enterprise Digital Innovation:A PSM-DID Approach
Wang Yurong,Duan Yuting,Zhuo Sufan
With the progress of a new round of global scientific, technological and industrial revolution, connecting traditional industry with modern technology through the deep integration of the new generation information technology and manufacturing industry, promoting the development of manufacturing industry to digitization, networking and intelligence, and promoting the application of the achievements of the new industrial revolution in the industrial field has become an important way to improve the intelligent level of manufacturing industry and to create new advantages of digital economy of China. In this digital era，information technology and industrial co-coordinated develop .How to achieve transformation and upgrading and new value creation through digital technology is a realistic and urgent problem for enterprises to solve. The emergence of industrial Internet, as an important carrier to promote the optimal allocation of resources and strengthen industrial cooperation and matching, provides a possible path for realizing enterprise digital innovation. #br#This paper takes Chinese manufacturing listed enterprises as the research object, and discusses the effect of the application of IIOT on enterprise innovation under the digital background. Based on the data of A-share listed companies in China's manufacturing industry from 2013 to 2019, this paper empirically tests the impact of Industrial IoT on enterprise digital innovation by using propensity score matching - double difference method.#br#The results show that the application of enterprise Industrial IOT has significantly promoted enterprise digital innovation (=0.5408,p<0.01 for DID). At the same time, based on the promotion of digital innovation process, this paper uses R & D input intensity and invention patent application as proxy dependent variables in the initial stage and output stage of digital innovation respectively, which also confirms the promotion effect of Industrial IOT(R&D =1.0406,p<0.01; patent lag1 =0.1624,p<0.01; patent lag2 =0.2682,p<0.01 for DID), but the coefficients corresponding to the three dependent variables are different. The Industrial IoT can significantly and effectively promote the whole process of enterprise digital innovation, but the impact on innovation input side is greater than that on innovation output side. Further heterogeneity test analysis shows that compared with state-owned enterprises (=0.5326,p<0.01 for DID), the Industrial IoT has a greater impact on private enterprises (=0.5495,p<0.01 for DID). Compared with the low level of market-oriented urban enterprises (=0.4307,p<0.01 for DID), the Industrial IoT has a greater impact on urban enterprises with high marketization level (=0.5638,p<0.01 for DID).#br# This paper provides empirical evidence for China to promote and improve the construction of Industrial IOT platform and give full play to its role in promoting enterprise digital innovation. It constructs a complete theoretical analysis framework for enterprises to carry out digital innovation activities from the perspective of Industrial IOT and ideas for Chinese enterprises to accelerate the realization of digital innovation. At the same time, this study also provides scientific evidence for testing the policy implementation effect of Chinese Industrial IOT. Based on the test of heterogeneity, this study analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of the current Industrial IOT development, and provides important factual basis for business operators and policy makers. It is suggested that enterprises need a digital workplace in the process of realizing digital innovation. In addition to introducing digital technology, they also need to coordinate and cooperate with the external environment and organizations. Enterprises can take the industrial Internet as an important carrier to obtain resources for realizing digital innovation. Moreover, industrial Internet can promote the realization of digital innovation by cultivating the initial conditions of enterprise innovation and optimizing the innovation process. Therefore, managers need to adopt corresponding strategies and management behaviors according to the innovation business stage, give full play to the positive impact of R & D investment, and increase the output of digital innovation activities. In addition to the enterprise's own innovation environment, government departments need to create an institutional environment conducive to enterprise innovation activities. A sound institutional environment can not only enhance the enthusiasm and willingness of enterprise innovation, but also ensure the realization of enterprise business value to a certain extent.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 89-98 [Abstract] ( 353 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1390KB] ( 474 )
99 A Study on the Relationship Between Production Chain Position and Innovation Performance of Technology Mergers and Acquisitions in High Technology Manufacturing Firms
Wang Wanqiu,Gao Ya,Wang Fang
The specific requirements of insisting on innovation-driven development and accelerating the construction of modern industrial system are proposed in the Report on the Work of the Government 2021. As a strategic support industry for national economic development, high-tech manufacturing industry plays a pivotal role in enhancing the level of scientific and technological innovation. As a major exogenous innovation resource channel, technology M&A plays an important role in effectively linking the innovation chain and industrial chain in high-tech manufacturing industry and promoting the efficient integration of innovation resources into the technological innovation process. The location of high-tech enterprises in the production chain determines the difference of technological innovation patterns, and technology M&A, as the main exogenous innovation resource channel, has different impacts on high-tech enterprises at different locations in the production chain. Therefore, it is necessary to study the relationship between the location of high-tech manufacturing enterprises in the production chain and the innovation performance of technology M&A at the micro level.#br#This study investigates the relationship between the production chain location and the innovation performance of technology mergers and acquisitions, as well as the moderating effects of the width and depth of the technology base of the main merging firms based on the technology mergers and acquisitions of Chinese high-tech manufacturing companies from 2007 to 2018 and related data from 2007 to 2020. The study found that firstly, there is a positive relationship between production chain location and innovation performance of technology M&A in high-tech manufacturing enterprises, i.e., enterprises with higher production chain location are more likely to improve innovation performance through technology M&A; secondly, the relationship between production chain location and innovation performance of technology M&A is positively adjusted by enterprise technology base width, and the relationship between the two is not adjusted by enterprise technology base depth; thirdly, the positive relationship between production chain location and innovation performance of technology M&A of high-tech manufacturing enterprises and the moderating effect of enterprise technology base width are more obvious in non-boundary-spanning technology M&A, indicating that enterprises with higher production chain location are more likely to achieve higher innovation performance in the related technology field; fourthly, the positive correlation between the production chain location of high-tech manufacturing enterprises and the moderating effect of technological base width in the eastern region are more significant than those in the central and western regions, which indicates that the business environment of the region where the firm is located has a significant impact on the innovation performance of technology M&A.#br#This study contributes mainly in three areas. First, most of the existing literature on production chains explores the impact on macroeconomics using industry data, with relatively little research on the micro firm level. This paper, however, explores the effect of technology M&A on the integration of innovation resources by enterprises at different locations in the production chain using data from listed companies in the manufacturing industry of high-tech industries, expanding the micro-level research on the location of the production chain. Second, most of the existing studies on the factors influencing the success of technology M&A focus on the level of firm characteristics and external environment, and few studies have been conducted from the perspective of production chain division of labor. This study considers the possible influence of the production chain location of the merging firms on the innovation performance after technology M&A from the perspective of vertical chain relationship. Third, it explores the mechanism of the role of firms' technology base on post-technology M&A reinvention by firms with different production chain locations, and further refines the technology base into two dimensions, width and depth to clarify the different effects of both and improve the granularity of research on firms' technology base.#br#This study can bring the following practical insights to firms. First, technology M&A plays a more prominent role in the integration of technological resources for enterprises in basic industries, therefore, enterprises in higher production chains can make full use of the value that technology M&A may bring and efficiently aggregate innovation resources in the production chain; meanwhile, enterprises in lower production chains should prudently choose technology M&A as a way to acquire exogenous technological resources, and when technology M&A is really necessary, they need to carefully. Second, high-tech manufacturing enterprises should fully evaluate or plan to improve their technological base width before technology M&A. Third, compared with boundary-spanning technology M&A, non- boundary-spanning technology M&A can effectively alleviate the information asymmetry and other problems in M&A integration and achieve higher innovation performance level. Therefore, companies should focus on core technology areas to select M&A targets.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 99-109 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1330KB] ( 298 )
110 How Manufacturing Companies' AI Innovation Enable High Quality Development:Empirical Evidence from Chinese Listed Companies
Huang Dongbing,Wang Lingjun,Zhou Chengxu,Liu Jun
In recent years, China's manufacturing industry is facing challenges such as fading demographic dividend, low value-added products, increasingly fierce international competition, and the intelligent transformation of enterprises has become an important direction for the high-quality development of the manufacturing industry. Artificial intelligence (AI) as a strategic technology is bringing disruptive changes to many fields in the economy and society, and how AI innovation affects manufacturing companies in different industries and different production factor is an important practical issue that needs to be studied urgently. #br#In addition, as international relations become more delicate and tense, events such as Brexit, the Sino-US trade war, the financial crisis makes the external environment of enterprises full of uncertainties and risks, and the innovation activities of enterprises are closely related to the external context. Manufacturing companies obtain new resources and information from the external environment for technological innovation to avoid environmental uncertainties and risks, so dissecting the complex relationship between AI innovation and high-quality development in the competitive industry context is of crucial strategic importance to the Chinese manufacturing industry at this stage. Therefore this paper explores the intrinsic mechanism and boundary conditions of AI innovation-driven high-quality development of manufacturing companies from the perspective of external industry competition and internal production factors.#br#Firstly, we select manufacturing listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen A-shares from 2015-2019 as the research sample, and collate an unbalanced panel dataset of five years in length, with a total of 2 888 sample data, including 596 manufacturing listed companies in 26 industries. Secondly, we comprehensively consider the dataset of this study and select the individual fixed-effects model for analysis, and discuss the relationship between high-quality development and each control variable, the relationship between high-quality development and AI innovation, and introduce the degree of industry competition into the regression equation to analyze the moderating effect of industry competition on the relationship between AI innovation and high-quality development. Further, we investigate the differences in AI innovation effects across industries and different production factor-intensive firms. Finally, we examine the difference between AI exploratory innovation effect and AI exploitative innovation effect based on dual innovation theory and prove that the above findings are stable through a series of robustness tests.#br#The research results show that, first, AI innovation can effectively promote the high-quality development of manufacturing companies, and there is no significant difference in AI dual innovation effect. Therefore, manufacturing companies should invest more in AI technology innovation to improve the digital and intelligent development. Second, industry competition can strengthen the positive impact of AI innovation on the high-quality development of manufacturing companies. Therefore, manufacturing companies should make AI innovation plans according to their competitive situation and the specific industry they are in, and allocate AI innovation resources in a market-oriented manner. Third, there are differences in the impact of AI innovation on high-quality development in different sectors of the manufacturing industry. Therefore, manufacturing companies should fully consider the difficulty of AI technology development and application prospect, and carry out AI innovation in stages and steps. Fourth, the characteristics of production factors have an obvious heterogeneous influence on AI innovation and high-quality development, among which AI innovation in labor-intensive enterprises and technology-intensive enterprises can promote high-quality development, while the influence of AI innovation in capital-intensive enterprises on high-quality development is not significant. Therefore, labor-intensive enterprises should actively exert the AI substitution effect and promote the transformation of production factor structure; while technology-intensive enterprises should continue to maintain the AI innovation effect and strengthen the R&D of AI advanced technology; capital-intensive enterprises should optimize the capital factor allocation and promote the transformation of AI innovation results into productivity.#br#In this paper, we reveal the positive role of AI innovation in promoting the high-quality development of manufacturing companies, which theoretically extends the application boundary of AI and provides empirical support for the intelligent transformation and upgrading of enterprises. Then we examine the impact of external competition on AI innovation to promote high-quality development, and the results show that external competition is more helpful for firms to exert AI innovation effects, which theoretically enriches the contextual variables of AI innovation and provides a new perspective for future research in the field of the AI. Third, we further reveal the industry heterogeneity of AI innovation effects through industry data, which expands and deepens the research framework in the AI field and provides important insights for different industry firms to develop AI innovation strategies. Fourth, we identify the differences in the AI innovation effects of manufacturing companies with different production factors, further enriching and expanding theoretically the application boundary of AI innovation.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 110-120 [Abstract] ( 393 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1293KB] ( 1343 )
Knowledge Science and Knowledge Engineering
121 Customer Participation in Value Co-creation, Customer Knowledge Transfer and Ambidextrous Innovation
Tian Hong,Tian Jiahui,Zhang Yaqiu
With the diversification and refinement of market demand and the high variability of customer touchpoints, enterprises are no longer the only dominant player in the market, which means it is a great challenge to adapt to the fierce market environment by themselves. Enterprises urgently need to adjust their ideas to rethink the relationship between the market, customers and enterprises, as well as the ecological model. At the same time, the accelerated technological iteration has led to a competitive environment full of unknowns and challenges. Innovation is considered one of the sources that help enterprises adapt to changes and win the competition. Rapid response and continuous innovation are the keys for enterprises to stay competitive in a complex and unstable environment. However, how enterprises can enhance innovation to respond to the above changes is the key issue that enterprises need to address urgently.#br#The knowledge-based view assumes that innovation depends on high-level knowledge management and the knowledge held by an enterprise is the key to the formation of unique resources and capabilities. As the innovation subjects, enterprises need to continuously absorb and integrate internal and external knowledge resources to enhance innovation and improve the level of value creation. According to the service-dominant logic, the role of customers has changed from value receiver to value co-creator. Customers have become active participants and collaborative partners in the relationship exchange, and they will co-create value with the enterprise by participating in the entire service value chain. It will have a significant impact on enterprise innovation activities whether an enterprise can effectively absorb and utilize customer knowledge and value proposition through customer relationship management, so as to integrate customers into the innovation chain and promote corporate ambidextrous innovation through customer participation in value co-creation. #br#Therefore this study aims to reveal the role of customer participation in value co-creation on corporate ambidextrous innovation and the mediating role of customer knowledge transfer in the above relationship based on the knowledge-based view and the service-dominant logic. In addition, this study explores the moderating role of promotion focus based on the regulatory focus theory. This study uses Chinese service industry enterprises as a sample, and through the empirical analysis of 224 valid questionnaire data, the findings show that customer participation in value co-creation positively influences ambidextrous innovation. Customer knowledge acquisition dimension partially mediates between customer participation in value co-creation and radical innovation. Customer knowledge acquisition dimension and customer knowledge transformation application dimension partially mediate between customer participation in value co-creation and incremental innovation. Promotion focus positively moderates the relationship between customer participation in value co-creation and customer knowledge acquisition dimensions.#br#This study has three theoretical contributions as follows. First, it introduces customer participation in value co-creation as a way for enterprises to acquire and absorb external heterogeneous knowledge resources into the field of enterprise innovation management and knowledge management research. Unlike the existing research on customer participation in value co-creation, which is mostly focused on marketing, service management and brand management at the functional level, this study is based on the innovation management and knowledge management perspective at the enterprise level. The study embeds customer participation in value co-creation with the enterprise as the mainstay. It explores how enterprises can rely on value co-creation activities with customers to absorb and integrate knowledge, expand the enterprise knowledge base, and enhance the level of ambidextrous innovation.#br#Second, based on the knowledge-based view, this study explores the mechanism of the role of customer participation in value co-creation for corporate ambidextrous innovation. The role of two dimensions, customer knowledge acquisition dimension and customer knowledge transformation application dimension, in the above relationship is refined and investigated, and the differential impact of these two dimensions on corporate ambidextrous innovation is further explored. The findings are both a re-conceptualization of the effectiveness of customer participation in value co-creation occurrence and an important expansion to complement the formation mechanism of corporate ambidextrous innovation. This study helps to provide new ideas for promoting the study of corporate ambidextrous innovation, namely by including customers in the corporate innovation process.#br#Third, the regulatory focus theory is extended to the study of corporate ambidextrous innovation at the enterprise level. The boundary role of promotion focus in the process of customer participation in value co-creation influencing corporate ambidextrous innovation is explored, which provides a new theoretical research perspective for the regulatory focus theory. This study innovatively introduces the regulatory focus theory into the research on innovation management and knowledge management at the enterprise level and effectively identifies the influence of internal factors of enterprises on the interaction process of value co-creation and knowledge transfer between enterprises and customers. The boundary for enterprises to facilitate customer knowledge transfer paths has been clarified, and the scope of application of the regulatory focus theory has been enriched and expanded.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 121-130 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1274KB] ( 561 )
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
131 The Triggering Mechanism of Knowledge Employees′ Bootleg Innovation Behavior
Zhang Yunchao,Tu Xingyong
The bootleg innovation that breaks organizational rules for a reasonable purpose is of great benefit to the realization of individual value of employees and future innovation activities, and has attracted more and more academic attention. Bootleg innovation reflects the realization of the innovation behavior that the individual carries out independently and secretly. The concept of bootleg innovation relates to the broader work of proactive creativity, emphasizing not only the importance of individual initiative in the creative process and creative bias, but also the fact that individuals often deviate from formal job requirements in pursuit of creativity. Bootleg gives individuals more freedom to explore uncharted territory and gain a greater exploration advantage than their non-deviant colleagues. This advantage ultimately translates into outstanding personal ability to develop innovation and create value for the organization. As the external complex environment and uncertainty become increasingly intense, bootleg innovation is placed in an important position. The problem of how to start and what the key antecedents and driving mechanisms aremust be answered to fit the needs of national strategy,and it is the driving force and focus of sustainable development of enterprises in the specific historical period of a new round of global competition, and the main source and core proposition for organizations to achieve innovation at present.#br#This paper constructs a conditional process model based on the theory of job characteristics and expectancy-value theory, aiming to explain the internal mechanism and constraints of perceived job complexity on employee bootleg innovation. The research object of this paper is knowledge-based enterprise employees. The criteria for selecting research personnel are based on the following two considerations. (1) The working time is not less than one year to ensure that knowledge-based employees have the opportunity to achieve deviant innovation. In other words, enterprises provide opportunities and experimental fields for knowledge-based employees to deviant innovation in a sense. (2) The pertinence of the survey and variables should be subtly connected. A constrained nonlinear model and other methods were used to analyze the data of 318 employee questionnaires.#br#The research findings show that firstly perceived job complexity has a positive effect on employee bootleg innovation, self-reflection plays a partially mediating role in the relationship between perceived job complexity and bootleg innovation. Secondly self-expectations for creativity plays a moderating role in the impact of perceived job complexity on knowledge workers′ bootleg innovation, namely, the stronger the self-innovation expectation is, the stronger the positive effect of perceived job complexity on knowledge workers′ bootleg innovation is. In addition to this, self-innovation expectation moderates the relationship between perceived job complexity and self-reflection, and moderates the relationship between self-reflection and bootleg innovation. All the hypotheses in this paper are supported.#br#This paper attempts to respond and answer the following questions in an exploratory way. How does perceived job complexity affect knowledge workers′ bootleg innovation based on the job characteristics theory? What is the mediating effect of self-reflection on the relationship between job complexity and bootleg innovation? The total effect regulation model was used to explain and expose the situational regulation effect of self-innovation expectation. The research conclusion deepens the cognition of the internal mechanism of perceived job complexity affecting employee bootleg innovation and enriches the research on the scope of situational effectiveness of self-innovation expectation, provides new ideas and practical enlightenment for employees effectively drive their bootleg innovation from the perspective of self-reflection. In conclusion, this paper uses constrained nonlinear model to deeply explore the internal mechanism and constraint conditions of the effect of perceived job complexity on knowledge workers′ bootleg innovation, enriching the research of job complexity and employee bootleg innovation, and promoting subsequent related research.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 131-141 [Abstract] ( 371 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1287KB] ( 497 )
142 Technology Background CEO's Influence on Corporate Financialization： A Moderated Mediation Model
Wang Wei,Hu Zheng
Due to the economic slowdown, more and more substantive enterprises get involved in the financial industry. Thus, there is an obvious over-financialization trend for Chinese economy. The over-financialization could result in lack of research and development in substantive enterprises, which has a negative influence on the high-quality development of Chinese economy. Therefore, it is of great practical value to investigate the effect factors of enterprise financialization and then fundamentally inhibit the over-financialization of enterprises for the substantive enterprises. According to the existing researches, the scholars study the effect factors of enterprise financialization from macro and micro dimensions. In terms of the macro effect factors, the researches mainly focus on the environmental uncertainty and industry profitability of enterprises. However, these two views are not consistent with each other. For the micro effect factors, the scholars analyze the reasons of enterprises financialization from the perspectives of enterprise stakeholder and executive background. However, until now, there are few literatures related to the effect of CEO with technology background on the financial assets allocation. Whether the CEO with technology background could directly affect the enterprises financialization has still not been clear. In addition, the effect path and result of CEO with technology background on the enterprises financialization have not been studied yet..#br#The aim of this paper is to fill these research gaps, prevent enterprises from over-financialization, and provide the management implications for high-quality development of substantive economy. Based on the imprinting theory, A-share listed companies of Shenzhen and Shanghai from 2010 to 2019 are selected as the sample. Simultaneously, the panel regression and cross-grouping regression methods are used to empirically study the influence mechanism and effect of CEO with technology background on the enterprises financialization. Finally, the research results show that the CEO with technology background has a significantly negative influence on enterprises financialization. The innovation investment has a crowding out effect on the enterprise financialization, as well as plays a certain intermediary effect in the path of CEO with technology background to inhibit enterprises financialization. The social responsibility and digital degree of enterprises positively adjust CEO with technology background to promote the innovation investment. As can be seen from the further analysis, the CEO with technology background of sample enterprise still persist in the path from virtual economy to substantive economy, whereas the influence of CEO with technology background in the private enterprises on the enterprises financialization is not significant.#br#The innovations of this paper are as follows. Firstly, different from the existing literatures, the effect path and relationship of CEO with technological background to inhibit enterprises financialization revealed in this study has a certain incremental contribution for the phenomenon“from virtual economy to substantive economy” based on the upper echelons theory. Secondly, two important situational factors with epochal significance of social responsibility and digital transformation of enterprises are introduced. The modulatory mediation model is constructed. Furthermore, the effect mechanism to promote the phenomenon from“virtual economy to substantive economy” of enterprises by CEO with technological background is further investigated, so as to extend the boundary conditions for the effect of background characteristics of senior executives on the innovation investment of enterprises. Thirdly, in combination with the form of business ownership, the cross grouping is conducted on the sample according to the level of environmental uncertainty. Thus, it is concluded that the financing restriction could result in the difficulty of CEO with technological background to persist in the path from"virtual economy to substantive economy", which provides a reference for discussing the influence factors of the phenomenon of enterprises. This paper expands the application of imprinting theory in the enterprise investment decisions from the perspective of manager behavior, and enriches the research on the relationship between executive characteristics and enterprise financialization. The research results can help to prevent the over-financialization of enterprises and promote high-quality development of enterprises.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 142-152 [Abstract] ( 334 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1464KB] ( 457 )
Review
153 New Trends of International Technology Transfer Based on a Multi-dimensional Institutional Logics
Zhang Yafeng,Xu Ke,Wang Yongjie,Jin Zongzhen
International technology transfer (ITT) is an important pathway of the flow of innovation element among countries. The broad and fast diffusion of technology has made the economies of different countries more dependent on each other. Under a dynamic perspective, ITT has shown some new changes, and the focus of the present article is to explore what the trends and characteristics of ITT are.#br#Different from other market transaction activity, ITT is more likely to be influenced by various institutional factors. Based on the institutional logics, we build a multi-dimension analytical framework to analyze ITT. The institutional logics think that all organizations and organizational activities are set in the context of certain institutional environment, and the basic hypothesis is that the benefit, position, and value are embedded into certain institutions. Our analytical framework is consisted of four aspects, including national competition logics, science and technology (S&T) development logics, market entity logics, and social progress logics. The national competition logics involve mainly international relationship and national competition, since ITT takes place between different countries, and is affected by national will, national strategy, and international landscape. The S&T development logics involve mainly the competition of S&T and the cooperation of S&T. The market entity logics involve mainly the role of multinational companies and industrial progress. The social progress logics involve mainly the society’s requirement on the pattern and result of development.#br#In the national competition logics, ITT is more frequently affected by international political relationship and economic structure; governments are considering the factor of national safety in making ITT related policy. The trend that ITT is connected with international political relationship and international economic landscape is more obvious. Since the developing speed in developed countries has slowed down in recent years, and there is a lack of motivation, so those countries show a preference of domestic technology protectionism. An obvious example is that, in 2018, the US issued the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (ECRA) and improved the standard of technology control. At the same time, ITT is more closely connected with national safety. The technology restriction that developed countries pose on developing countries has spread from the national safety area to commercial and civil areas. #br#In the S&T development logics, the competition of S&T makes the ITT more complex, and the cooperation of S&T improves the efficiency of ITT. The governments in various countries have noticed the key role of S&T progress, and take measures in improving R&D investment, attracting S&T talents, and establishing R&D infrastructure. The technological gap between developed and developing countries is also becoming complex, since the later are getting up with the former in certain areas. At the same time, both the governments and companies are conducting international technology cooperation projects, and this also leads to direct or indirect ITT.#br#In the social progress logics, the sustainable development goal has made the ITT more significant, and the health area has become an important area of ITT. Technology transfer plays an irreplaceable role in the realization of the sustainable development goal in a global context. Several international treaties have put special emphasis on issues about the transfer of technologies that are related to climate change and environment protection. At the same time, the spread of the COVID-19 has made the development of health technology and its transfer across countries more urgent. #br#In the market entity logics, the requirement of industrial transformation in various countries has enriched the ITT, and the role of multinational companies has become more significant. #br#We further analyze the institutional updates of the ITT in China. First, the institutional system about ITT in China has been improved in the past years. Particularly, in 2020, the Foreign Investment Law was amended, and the new version stresses the protection of foreign investors’ intellectual property, technology and business secret. Simultaneously, various types of ITT are encouraged and regulations on the safety issues of outward ITT are put forward. Second, the international cooperation relationship concerning ITT has been improved, the Belt and Road Initiative and the signing of various regional treatment agreements both provide new opportunities to the ITT in China. The article concludes by putting forward several directions for future research on ITT.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (8): 153-160 [Abstract] ( 332 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1281KB] ( 500 )
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