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SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY PROGRESS AND POLICY
 
2022 Vol.39 Issue.2
Published 2022-01-25
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
Regional Scientific Development
Industrial Technological Progress
Enterprise Innovation Management
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
Review
Knowledge Science and Knowledge Engineering
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
Innovation in Science and Technology Management
1 Comparison of the Impact of Green and Non-green Technologies on Subsequent Innovation："Favor One over the Other" or "Win-win Strategy"
')" href="#"> Gong Hong,Jiang Junlin
Green technology is considered an important tool for addressing the challenges to climate change and sustainable development. Many countries have introduced policies to encourage green technology research and development. Although green technology has always been considered to have broad development prospects, the diffusion rate of green technology among enterprises is very low. On the one hand, non-green technological innovation is directly related to products and can bring actual economic benefits to enterprises, while the benefits brought by green technological innovation will be obtained by other stakeholders. On the other hand, the complexity and novelty of green technology innovation make many enterprises that lack technical reserve and foresight choose to develop along the existing technology route. Therefore, it is urgent to design more effective policies to encourage enterprises to carry out green technology innovation.#br#However, due to the limited resources, the development of green technologies will potentially take away the resources of other non-green technologies. If the knowledge spillover generated by green technology is greater than the technology it replaces, then the R&D incentive policy on green technology is reasonable. Therefore, from the perspective of knowledge spillover, this paper compares the differential impact of green technology and non-green technology on subsequent innovation through patent data, and provides support for the government's green technology policy. Previous studies have shown that energy consumption level and enterprise nature will have an impact on enterprises' green technology r&d policy and thus affect the diffusion of green technology. This paper will also discuss the role of these two factors in the knowledge spillover of green technology.#br#This paper uses a patent dataset from CNRDS for analysis, which contains patent data of Listed Chinese manufacturing companies from 1992 to 2019. For the missing data in this data set, we used the patent data platform PatSnap to supplement it. We test the hypothesis by defining variables and constructing multiple linear regression models. In order to verify the robustness of the empirical results, we conducted robustness tests by changing dependent variables and using subsamples.#br#The results show that, compared with non-green technologies, green technologies have more forward citations, stronger knowledge spillover effect and greater positive impact on the subsequent innovation of the whole society. In addition, as the energy consumption level of the industry increases, the knowledge spillover advantage of green technologies compared with non-green technologies gradually becomes smaller. In high energy consumption industries, the knowledge spillover level of green technologies is even lower than that of non-green technologies.Finally, compared with non-state-owned holding enterprises, green technology of state-owned holding enterprises has a more significant positive impact on subsequent innovation.#br#This paper integrates the research results in the field of externality theory and green innovation. Unlike previous literature that focuses on how green technologies can help firms achieve a paradigm shift in management to achieve a balance of economic, environmental and social values, this paper explores the role of green technologies in the management input stage from a knowledge spillover perspective. The empirical results support the research hypothesis of this paper and provide support for the government to design green innovation incentive policies. In addition, the government also needs to fully consider the energy consumption level and ownership nature of enterprises when designing green innovation support policies. Enterprises with high energy consumption may be reluctant to carry out green technology innovation due to conversion cost, their own knowledge structure and other reasons, which become the weak link of the whole society to achieve green development. Therefore, the government should give more support to green technology research and development of enterprises with high energy consumption. The green technology innovation of state-owned holding listed companies has shown positive social impact, and the government should further guide state-owned holding enterprises to carry out more high-quality green technology innovation.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 516 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1484KB] ( 506 )
11 Research on the Differences and Policies of Patent Tranfer of Universities in 31 Provinces and Cities in Mainland China
Luan Chunjuan,Li Yujing
In the national innovation system, colleges and universities are very important components with abundant patent resources. Patent transformation is vital for universities to support the national innovative construction and ensure the sustainable development of China's industry. However, the patent conversion rate of most universities is low, and the existing patent achievements cannot be transformed into practical productivity. In recent years, the research on patent transformation in colleges and universities mainly focuses on the existing problems of patent operation and patent operation mode. Patent transfer is an important way of patent operation. It is of great practical and theoretical significance to explore whether there are regional differences in patent transfer in universities and analyze relevant systems and policies of local governments and universities to promote patent transfer in China.#br#Based on the data of invention patent transfer of universities in 31 provinces and cities retrieved from IncoPat platform, this study mainly adopts systematic clustering method to conduct cluster analysis on patent transfer of universities in 31 provinces and cities. By classifying and identifying regional differences, the patent transfer of universities in 31 provinces and cities is divided into four types.The calculation process is as follows. The number of transfer of invention patents in colleges and universities is taken as the clustering index; Euclidean distance was used to measure the distance between samples of 31 provinces and cities. The mean connection method between groups was used to calculate the distance between classes and classify the samples. Among them, Jiangsu province is in the first class, and the number of transfer of invention patents in colleges and universities in only one province has reached 21.09%. #br#In order to further explore the differences of patent transfer policies, this paper focuses on sorting out the policies of provinces and universities with outstanding patent transfer achievements. In recent years, the state has issued a number of policies to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in colleges and universities. The number of relevant policies issued by Jiangsu province is the largest. In the implementation of central documents, Jiangsu province has issued a more suitable intellectual property operation policy which can support and promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements by means of patent transfer in universities in this province.#br#The policies formulated by colleges and universities to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements are more specific and feasible. Patent transfer numbers of Tsinghua university and Shanghai Jiaotong University were among the first. Relevant patent transfer policies have important reference value for other colleges and universities, though not specifically formulated for the two universities. The policies are beneficial to the whole process of transformation of scientific and technological achievements, including patent transfer or important issues for the specification.#br#Based on the experience of Jiangsu Province, Tsinghua University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, local governments and relevant departments need to formulate policies to provide macro guidance for the transformation process of scientific and technological achievements such as patent transfer. Colleges and universities should formulate systematic policies to promote patent transfer according to their own reality.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 11-19 [Abstract] ( 361 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2206KB] ( 264 )
Regional Scientific Development
20 Research on Structural Dimensions for Integration Service Ability of Regional Science & Technology Resource Sharing Platform
Li Yue,Guo Bobo,Wu Chuan,Yu Liqun
Now, our country's comprehensive deepening of the reform of the scientific and technological system has entered a critical stage. In order to promote the development of strategic emerging industries and gain a competitive advantage in global technology competition, it is necessary to gather and integrate scientific and technological resources, and give full play to the innovative service function and supporting role of the scientific and technological platform. The science & technology resource sharing platform is an important carrier for countries and regions to gather science and technology resources and innovative service needs. Cultivating and improving the platform's integration service capabilities is an effective way and strategic choice to give play to the innovation service support and leverage effect of the science & technology resource sharing platform. However, with the diversification, complexity and individuation trend of industrial innovation demand becoming increasingly obvious, the scale of scientific and technological innovation resources gathered by the scientific and technological resources sharing platform has continued to grow, and the sharing platform gradually encountered problems such as operating efficiency, low service matching degree and insufficient demand for innovation services. Most of the platforms are in a passive service state, which means the platforms can only provide customers with relatively primitive resources. The root reason lies in the lack of platform integration service capabilities and the incomplete integration service model. Therefore in order to comprehensively cultivate and improve the integration service capabilities of the regional science and technology resource sharing platform, the academic circles and relevant government departments need to answer the following urgent question: how should we define the integration service capabilities of the regional science and technology resource sharing platform, deconstruct its structural dimensions, and establish an integration service ability evaluation system to improve its service performance?#br#This article clearly defines the connotation and characteristics of the integration service of the regional science and technology resource sharing platform. It is considered that the integration service of regional scientific and technological resources sharing platform refers to a new service model under the big data environment, which aims at the demand for innovative resources and services in different stages of the strategic emerging industries' innovation process, such as research and development, technological transformation, marketization, industrialization, etc., and provides different types of users, such as scientific and technological enterprises, universities, research institutes and other users, with systematic solutions to innovation and entrepreneurship problems through resource aggregation, integration, sharing and service innovation. The integration service model is mainly characterized by systematization of service solutions, initiative of service methods, one-stop service process, diversity of service objects, individuation of service requirements, etc. Using ISM to identify the key elements of the sharing platform's integration service capabilities and their internal relationships, it is found that the ISM of the sharing platform's integration service capabilities presents a four-level hierarchical directed hierarchy. Based on this, the paper puts forward the structural dimensions and core evaluation indicators of the sharing platform's integration service capability, and then selects Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing and Heilongjiang provinces as typical cases for comparative analysis.#br#The results show that the integration service capability of regional science and technology resource sharing platform consists of four dimensions: resource integration capability, demand integration capability, service matching capability and operation management capability. The comparative results of Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing and Heilongjiang science and technology resources sharing service platforms show that each region has its own advantages and characteristics in terms of science and technology resources conditions, science and technology innovation level, policy support, platform construction and operation mode and service mode. The regional science and technology resources sharing platform should identify and focus on its leading advantages, further cultivate the platform integration service capability, and continuously improve the platform's comprehensive advantages to provide continuous service support for the regional industries' innovation and development.#br#The research in this paper points out the direction for the platform to continuously improve its integration service capability, and provides an effective decision-making basis for the regional scientific and technological resources sharing platform to better serve the innovation and sustainable development of strategic emerging industries. In addition, in the face of the increasingly complicated, professional and refined development trend of innovation services and the rapid development of digital technology application and digital services, the follow-up study considers embedding digital technology into the whole process of integration service management of the regional scientific and technological resources sharing platform, constructing a digital platform, and cultivating and enhancing the digital integration service capability of the sharing platform from the perspective of deep integration of innovation and service. At the same time, we will further enrich and refine the evaluation index system of the digital integration service capability of the regional scientific and technological resources sharing platform, ensure the systematicness, scientificity, comprehensiveness and operability of the index system, and provide methodological guidance and objective basis to fully understand the dynamic service performance of the sharing platform.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 20-28 [Abstract] ( 415 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1606KB] ( 709 )
29 Study of Spread Effects of Primate City′s Propulsive Industries: Empirical Study on Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei City Cluster
Lang Yu,Sun Quan,Shi Yunian,Luo Shixing
In recent decades, China's provinces and regions have built the Growth Pole development model, which is trying to spread economic development to the vast hinterland. However, urban systems with highly concentrated resources will develop into primate city-centered structures. This phenomenon is particularly obvious in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster. In 2018, Beijing's GDP accounted for 37 percent of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei cluster, while Shanghai's accounted for only 18 percent of the Yangtze River Delta cluster and Shenzhen's 27 percent of the Pearl River Delta cluster. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster takes the lead in becoming the primary city pattern, which should be related to its obvious difference from the general city cluster. In addition to the public input of the municipality directly under the Central government, Beijing also functions as the central government, which is very attractive to the region and even the whole country. In fact, it is hard to avoid the pattern of primary city development. This is because the development of "Propulsive Industries" in central cities will inevitably form "Growth poles" in urban regions. The "Propulsive Industries" will form a "Trickling-down Effect" or a "Polarized Effect" on the surrounding cities, so the industrial division of city cluster will accelerate the formation of primate cities. Quantitative analysis of the industrial division of labor between Beijing and other cities in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster is an important case for insight into the industrial cooperation relationship between the major cities and the surrounding cities in China. This study can provide inspiration for the coordinated governance of industrial development in city clusters and serve as an important reference for putting forward corresponding industrial and public policies.#br#Based on previous studies, there is still no conclusion on whether the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster belongs to single core or double core. The empirical model of this paper is divided into single core setting and double core setting. In terms of research arrangement, it is necessary to establish the method of evaluating the propulsive industries in Beijing and Tianjin first. Secondly, the spread effects function of propulsive industries is derived. Thirdly, econometric models of the spread and backflow of the propulsive industries in Beijing and Tianjin to the surrounding cities is constructed. Based on the past literature and Chinese characteristics, this paper constructs the evaluation standard of propulsive industry. These criteria include high GDP, high GDP growth rate, high location quotient, high sensitivity and influence coefficient. Through the derivation of the spread effects function of propulsive industries, the empirical models of five single core cities and four double core cities are constructed. The static GMM model was used as the empirical method. Eight cities of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster were studied during the period from 2005 to 2019.#br#The empirical results show that the propulsive industry in Beijing is computer, communication equipment and the other electronic equipment manufacturing industry. The propulsive industry in Tianjin is metal refining and rolling processing products manufacturing industry. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster presents a pattern of two core cities spreading and supporting each other. Beijing is still in the transition stage from backflow to spread. The aforementioned situation may be related to the fact that the propulsive industry is relatively high-end and the it is not easy for the surrounding cities to undertake. The technological level of Tianjin's propulsive industry is close to that of other cities, so it mainly plays the role of industrial spread in city cluster. In conclusion, (1) Beijing's propulsive industry have a backflow effect on the highest output value industries in peripheral cities. (2) The propulsive industry in Tianjin has a spread effect on the highest output value industries in peripheral cities. (3) The development of the highest output value industries in peripheral cities is mainly influenced by the development and spread of the same industries in Beijing and Tianjin. The above conclusion also shows that the "trickle-down effect" and "polarization effect" of Beijing on its surrounding cities coexist. Tianjin mainly has a "trickle-down effect" on its surrounding cities.#br#Based on the research conclusions, this paper puts forward the following four policy suggestions :(1) peripheral cities should improve their own public services and infrastructure, so as to improve the ability to undertake high-end manufacturing related to core cities. (2) Beijing should devolve manufacturing functions to peripheral cities. (3) The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster should strengthen the intermediary function of the second largest city. This process will form the industrial development gradient of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster. (4) Industrial policy should be oriented to encourage diversified development of local industries. The supporting system of the main industries in the peripheral cities can be improved to form an independent and complete industrial cluster. Finally, a multi-cluster industrial system of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei city cluster will be formed.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 29-39 [Abstract] ( 615 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1301KB] ( 392 )
Industrial Technological Progress
40 Research on the Impact of Data Elements and R&D Decision on Industrial Total Factor Productivity：Empirical Evidence from China Industry in 2010-2019
Song Wei,Zhang Caihong,Zhou Yong,Dong Mingfang
It is an important engine to promote structural reforms on the supply side of data elements and lead the high-quality development of industries with innovation-driven and high-quality supplies for accelerating the development of modern industrial systems, achieving advanced industrial foundations and modernizing industrial chains. It is well-known that industrial total factor productivity is a necessary condition for reconstructing economic growth momentum against structural deceleration and achieving high-quality industrial development. With the transformation of China's economy, the continuous investment of a large number of traditional factors has greatly promoted the efficiency of China's industrial resource allocation and achieved catch-up and surpass. With the continuous narrowing of the technological gap and the substantial improvement of innovation capabilities, the contribution of traditional factors to the output share of industrial total factor productivity has gradually shrunk, leading to the declining marginal contribution of traditional factors. The development history of western developed countries shows that tapping new growth drivers and using data elements to increase total factor productivity has become an important way to reconstruct economic growth drivers. What is urgently needed to know is, in the context of structural deceleration, what kind of factor input can China's industry adopt to effectively increase industrial total factor productivity? Can extending the window of opportunity for traditional factor input alleviate the structural slowdown of the economy? R&D decision is an important channel to explain the integration of data elements and traditional elements, thereby increasing industrial total factor productivity. Since the 2010s, the innovation structure and R&D depth of China's industry have entered a state of rebalancing, and R&D cooperation has gradually turned to R&D competition and cooperation. Although data elements promote industrial innovation by empowering traditional elements, the self-interested R&D decision tendency caused by the “threshold” effect of empowerment affects the improvement of industrial total factor productivity to varying degrees. It can be considered that data elements and R&D decision are the decisive factors affecting industrial total factor productivity, reflecting the degree of improvement in industrial total factor productivity caused by heterogeneous R&D decision caused by data elements. #br#Based on the existing literature, this article utilizes the panel data of China's industry from 2010 to 2019 and attempts to incorporate data elements, R&D decision and industrial total factor productivity into a unified analysis framework so as to estimate the impact of data elements and R&D decision on the industrial total factor productivity. The results show that the depth integration of data elements empowered by capital and labor elements has a significant improvement effect on industrial total factor productivity. Compared with labor-intensive industries, the effect of data elements on the total factor productivity of capital-intensive industries is more obvious. Incorporating R&D decision, we find that exploratory R&D decision plays a significant role in promoting the total factor productivity of capital-intensive industries, while utilization R&D decision limited by high risks has little effect on the improvement of industrial total factor productivity. Furthermore the research shows that exploratory R&D decision can promote data elements to empower traditional elements, and the effective integration of the two promotes the significant improvement of industrial total factor productivity. The coordination and integration of data elements and capital elements can effectively improve the resource allocation efficiency of capital-intensive industries and significantly increase the total factor productivity of capital-intensive industries. The uncoordinated integration of data elements and traditional elements leads to misallocation of resources, and there is not significant improvement of total factor productivity in capital-intensive industries with R&D decisions. The integration of data elements and labor elements can improve the efficiency of labor resource allocation, and focus on low-cost, low-risk utilization R&D decision significantly can enhance the role of data elements in promoting total factor productivity in labor-intensive industries.#br#Compared with the existing literature, the contribution of this paper is mainly reflected in two aspects. First, from the perspective of factor allocation of high-quality development, it introduces R&D decision into the model with a thorough examination of the internal mechanism of data elements influence on industrial total factor productivity. Second, considering the significant differences between data elements and R&D decision in the improvement of the total factor productivity in different factor-intensive industries, this paper examines the mechanism of data factors that significantly improve industrial total factor productivity in the context of exploratory and utilization R&D decision on the basis of distinguishing different factor-intensive industries. In addition, it will be one of the future research directions to incorporate data elements and R & D decisions into the production function and study the impact of data element empowerment on industrial total factor productivity within the framework of increasing returns to scale.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 40-48 [Abstract] ( 449 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1317KB] ( 450 )
49 Research on the Influence Mechanism and Characteristics of Innovation Resilience on High-tech Industry Innovation
Hu Jiabin,Yu Liping
At present, China is under the dual influence of the internal environment change from rapid economic development to high quality economic development and the external uncertain impact of COVID-19 spreading, superimposed with trade protectionism and Sino-US trade friction. Innovation is the internal driving force for upgrading the core competitiveness of enterprises, and it is also the power source for the sustained development of the national economy under external shocks. Then how should we do to deal with the adverse effects of external shocks, stabilize the innovation system and maintain sustainable development? The research on resilience provides a new perspective to solve this problem. The resilience theory emphasizes optimizing the system's resistance and balance ability to external shocks and promoting system evolution. Currently research on innovation resilience is scarce. The theoretical and applied research on innovation resilience is still in a blank state, and there is no relevant theoretical system and research framework. There are huge gaps to be filled in the research on innovation resilience. What is innovation resilience and how to define it? How to measure innovation resilience? How does innovation resilience affect innovation? What is the relationship between innovation resilience and innovation output? This paper takes the innovation of China's high-tech industry as the research object to study the above problems.#br#Based on the review of resilience related theories and literature, this paper determines the common cognitive resilience characteristics recognized by most scholars from the perspective of resilience evolution. Firstly, it defines the concept of "innovation resilience" as the ability of innovation to resist external shocks, maintain system stability, recover and even evolve to a higher level. Secondly, there are two ways to measure resilience: comprehensive index method and core variable method. With high-tech industry as the research object, for high-tech industry innovation system, innovation resilience is reflected in the impact of external shocks on innovation activities of innovation system, and core variable method can truly reflect the actual impact on innovation. Based on the research measurement method proposed by Martin in 2019, the sales revenue of new products to measure the effect of innovation activities is selected as the core variable. Then, taking the high-tech industry as the research object, this paper analyzes the impact of innovation resilience on the innovation process of high-tech industry and the impact mechanism of innovation resilience on innovation output. It holds that the strength difference of innovation toughness leads to different development trends of innovation process after external impact. The innovation process of innovation system with strong toughness can often recover quickly or even be evolved to a higher level under external impact. In the impact mechanism of innovation resilience on innovation output, there are both positive and negative mechanisms. The positive mechanism includes investment compensation effect, innovation agglomeration effect, resource allocation effect, innovation environment optimization and knowledge accumulation effect. The negative mechanism includes cost accumulation effect, technology competition effect and knowledge crowding effect.#br#Using high-tech industry data, this paper studies the linear effect of innovation resilience and innovation output through panel data model, and uses panel threshold model to study the output threshold effect, self threshold effect, time threshold effect, R&D fund threshold effect and R&D personnel threshold effect of innovation resilience on innovation output. The results show that firstly the current innovation resilience has a positive contribution to innovation output; secondly, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between innovation resilience and innovation output. Medium innovation resilience has the greatest impact on innovation output; thirdly, innovation resilience negatively affects innovation output under low innovation output; fourthly, the elasticity coefficient of innovation resilience first decreases and then increases with the increase of R&D funds and R&D personnel. When the R&D investment is medium, the impact of innovation resilience on innovation output is the lowest. Besides we also need to strengthen the positive impact of innovation resilience on innovation output starting from the following aspects. The first step is to increase R&D investment. The data distribution shows that at present, China's R&D investment is mostly at the medium funding threshold, and the impact of resilience on output is low. Only by continuously increasing R&D investment can we improve its positive impact. The next is to coordinate the allocation of R&D personnel and improve the identity of R&D personnel. When there are few R&D personnel, they have a strong sense of honor and good innovation performance. At this time, resilience has a high impact on output. The third is to accelerate the agglomeration of high-tech industries. The advantages of talents, knowledge and resources brought by agglomeration produce positive external effects such as innovation agglomeration effect, resource allocation effect and knowledge accumulation effect; The fourth is to optimize the innovation environment. A good innovation environment enhances the stickiness of knowledge, talents and other elements, makes it easier to produce innovation agglomeration, strengthens the resistance to innovation and improves innovation toughness.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 49-59 [Abstract] ( 761 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1548KB] ( 776 )
Enterprise Innovation Management
60 Social Entrepreneurship Orientation, Boundary-spanning Search, and Social Enterprise Performance: the Moderating Role of Market Environment
Li Shanshan,Huang Qunhui
With the rapid growth of the global economy, various social problems such as poverty gap, endowment and pollution control have promoted the rise of social entrepreneurship. Compared with commercial enterprises, social enterprises lay more emphasis on creating social value. While compared with charitable organizations or non-profit organizations, social enterprises have the function to create economic value which can be used to subsidize charitable donations and government subsidies. Therefore, social enterprises, driven by a mixture of social and economic benefits, play an important role in solving social dilemmas, breaking welfare impasse, and promoting sustainable development, thereby establishing a new model that combines creating wealth, providing social welfare and improving environment. Thus, as a new organization form that embeds social responsibilities into business model, social enterprises have attracted more and more scholars' attention. Many theoretical discussions are delivered, but most of them are descriptive explorations with phenomenon-driven cores, leading to the cumulative debris of existing research conclusions. The contradiction between pursuing economic benefits and social value makes social enterprises often fall into mission drift. SEO, a key factor for social entrepreneurship, reflecting the tendency to integrate economic and social benefits in entrepreneurial activities, can promote enterprises to take into account both economic and social performance and achieve the overall consideration. Yet, this view has so far not sufficiently been empirically supported. In addition, boundary-spanning search, a concept from organizational search theory, enables social enterprises to obtain resources in different value chain networks. Thus, it provides useful idea to break resource constraints and search for diversified and heterogeneous resources to reconcile paradox and balance ambidextrous performance. Furthermore, the technological turbulence and demand uncertainty of market environment will inevitably affect social enterprises' strategic decision because they are naturally embedded in the context of market. Yet, to date, direct empirical examinations of this important theoretical assumption remain absent.#br#Taken collectively, this study aims to uncover the influencing mechanism of SEO on social enterprise economic and social performance through boundary-spanning search, and examine the moderating role of market environment in the path mentioned above drawing on organizational search theory. Using the data of 200 social enterprises in eastern China, the results demonstrate that: (1) SEO has a positive impact on social enterprise economic performance and social performance. (2) Boundary-spanning search plays a partial mediating role between SEO and two types of social enterprise performance. (3) Market environment, as a key external environmental factor, positively moderates the relationship between SEO and boundary-spanning search and the relationship between boundary-spanning search and social enterprise economic performance, but negatively moderates the relationship between boundary-spanning search and social performance.#br#This study makes two theoretical contributions. On the one hand, based on the organizational search theory and "attitude-behavior-outcome" framework, the theoretical model of SEO on social enterprise performance in our study reveals the specific influencing mechanism. Thus, this study enriches the empirical literature on social enterprise performance and makes up for the lack of mechanism research. The contradiction between economic growth and social benefits and how to achieve balance have always perplexed scholars. The current study not only confirms the positive effect of SEO on social enterprise performance but also further explores the specific influencing mechanism. In addition, we introduce the concept of boundary-spanning search which is applicable to commercial enterprises and social enterprises. We also explore and reveal the process that SEO' dual logic tendency helps to achieve ambidextrous performance by facilitating boundary-spanning search to fulfill the dual logic needs for heterogeneous knowledge. As such, the current study introduces boundary-spanning search into social enterprises, which provides a new idea to understand the relationship between SEO on social enterprise performance. On the other hand, most previous studies tend to discuss the moderating effect of market environment directly, and thus few empirical tests have focused on the differentiated roles and performance of market environment in the different effect paths. As an important external contextual factor, we examine and confirm that market environment can positively moderate the relationship between SEO and boundary-spanning search, positively moderate relationship between boundary-spanning search and economic performance, but negatively moderate the relationship between boundary-spanning search and social performance. It helps to understand the strategic choices and the acquisition and utilization of ambidextrous resources of social enterprises in the context of the market environment by integrating SEO, boundary-spanning search, market environment, and social enterprise performance into one conceptual model . In addition, it also provides theoretical support and empirical evidence for social enterprises to guard against market logic aggression and adhere to value co-creation under the high market environment.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 60-69 [Abstract] ( 436 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1412KB] ( 259 )
70 An Exploratory Research on the Two-Stages Evolutionary Process of Green Transformation of Resource-based Enterprise Based on Grounded Theory：a Case of HBIS Group
Ren Xiangwei,Sun Liwen,Xing Liyun
Some significant changes have taken place in both the economic development model and social consumption demand under the background of ecological construction and high-quality development, and green production and consumption are increasingly flourishing. Therefore, for most of Chinese enterprises, especially resource-oriented enterprises, how to actively change the development model to conform to the economic development trend and meet the increasingly diversified consumer needs to maintain a high degree of customer stickiness are urgent problems. In order to survive the shock period of economic transformation and maintain high market share and competitive advantages, resource-oriented enterprises cannot be separated from the green transformation. In this process, the green transformation of resource-oriented enterprises is influenced by the interaction of macro to micro multi-dimensional factors, therefore it is crucial to clarify the interaction mechanism of internal and external factors on the green transformation process. However, the existing studies rarely pay attention to the process mechanism of resource-oriented enterprise green transformation, leading to an unsystematic theoretical research framework. In addition, most studies assume that enterprises have taken green transformation measures, and they are keen to explore the post-effect path of enterprise green transformation, but the formation mechanism of green transformation is rarely touched, which leads to the unclear evolution mechanism of the green transformation process.#br#Based on the theoretical and practical background, in order to open the "black box" of the mechanism of the typical resource-oriented enterprise green transformation process, it is necessary to clarify the key elements and their relationships and evolution mechanism of the enterprise green transformation. Due to the complexity of its process mechanism, it needs to be supported by typical cases. Therefore, this paper takes HBIS Group Co., Ltd ("HBIS") as the research object. From the overall perspective of green transformation, we analyze and summarize the linkage mechanism of various elements in the process of green transformation through exploratory research, and conclude the main points of the evolution mechanism of green transformation, and scientifically construct the theoretical model of the green transformation evolution process.#br#The results show that the green transformation process of resource-oriented enterprises is divided into two stages of preparation and implementation, and consists of interaction of "core layer—operation layer—safeguard layer". The key to preparatory stage is to fully understand the trend of environmental evolution, evaluate and reshape the transformation model via the integration of resources and the application of transformation ability. In the implementation stage green lean production should be realized through the coordination operation of capital chain, innovation chain and industrial chain under the guidance of the transformation model and the needs of customers. Meanwhile, multiple internal and external network relations are needed as a guarantee in this process. Therefore we conclude that there are different priorities in the preparation stage and implementation stage, and it is a key factor to grasp the main feature and scientifically promote green transformation. The key point of the integrating of the preparation and implementation lies in the effective connection of transformation mode, resources and capabilities, and guarantee mechanism.#br#This research has two major theoretical contributions. Firstly, in view of the current situation of enterprise green transformation research perspective is not systematic, the paper further launches on the research from an overall perspective, and takes the typical resource-oriented enterprise as an research object, and explores the mechanism of various elements in the process of green transformation. Through the research, it highlights the systematicness and complexity of the green transformation of enterprises, and construct a two-stage theoretical model of "preparation to implementation" for enterprise green transformation, thus it provides a systematic theoretical framework for the research of green transformation of resource-based enterprises. Secondly, most current studies pay attention to the study of how enterprises adapt to the external environment based on the resource base view, for the purpose of ensuring and obtaining short-term expected profits, the characteristics of passive transformation are obvious, which is not conducive to the the sustainable development of enterprises. This paper tries to introduce the dynamic capability view to the analysis framework of enterprise green transformation process, and aims to explore resource-oriented enterprises how to deal with internal and external environment changes through preparatory and implementation stages′ reform. It reflects the importance of enterprise dynamic capability, and highlights the essence of initiative of enterprise green transformation. #br#This research also provides several practical insights. For enterprises, first of all, corporate management needs to pay attention to the evolution trend of external dynamic and complex environment to integrate transformation resources and further reshape their own transformation mode. Secondly, it is necessary for enterprises to interconnect capital chain, innovation chain and industrial chain and strengthen its synergy. What′s more, resource-oriented enterprises need to strengthen the frequency and strength of contact with all kinds of stakeholders, and enhance their network centrality, and they also should not ignore the construction of the institutional mechanism. For the government, the administration departments need to have a clear judgment of the economic development trend, and attach importance to the suggestions and role of the think tank, and further promote the scientific and democratization of decision-making. What′s more, the administration departments also need to constantly reconcile the conflicts between various stakeholders, and strengthen the construction of institutional mechanism on the basis of existing policies.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 70-78 [Abstract] ( 371 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1265KB] ( 304 )
79 Voluntary Participation Environmental Regulation and Enterprise Technological Innovation：the Moderating Effect of Public Attention and Market Process
RuanMin,Xiao Feng
Environmental pollution has become increasingly serious due to the extensive economic development model although China's economy has achieved rapid development since 1978. In the face of huge environmental pressure, technological innovation is the key to achieving the "win-win" goal of environmental protection and economic growth. Some scholars have found that not all environmental regulations can promote the technological innovation of enterprises, and different types of environmental regulations have different impacts on technological innovation of enterprises. Environmental regulations include three categories: command and control, market incentives and voluntary participation. The validity of the "Porter Hypothesis" has always been a controversial topic in academia. However, there are relatively few discussions in the existing literature on the relationship between voluntary environmental regulations and corporate technological innovation, and there is also a lack of attention to the contextual factors. Based on this, this article takes China's Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies as the research object, focusing on the relationship between voluntary participation in environmental regulation and technological innovation. Then this article takes public attention as a moderating variable to further analyze the relationship between the first two. Finally, this article takes the process of marketization into consideration and discusses in depth the role of public attention on voluntary participation in environmental regulation and technological innovation.#br#This article selects Shanghai and Shenzhen A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2019 as the research sample. Listed companies are screened in sequence according to the following order of Exclude ST and *ST listed companies，Exclude financial and insurance listed companies and Exclude listed companies with missing data. After processing and screening, this paper finally obtained 730 sample companies with a total of 6 570 valid observations. Among them, the ISO14001 environmental certification data comes from the official website of the China National Certification and Accreditation Administration Commission. The technological innovation and public attention data come from CNRDS. The marketization process data is drawn from the "China Marketization Index by Provinces" written by Wang Xiaolu and others. Other corporate information data such as corporate size, financial performance and ownership are from the CSMAR database. #br#Based on the data of 730 A-share listed companies from 2011 to 2019, this paper utilizes negative binomial regression model and propensity score matching method for empirical analysis.The research results are shown as follows. (1) Voluntary environmental regulations have a positive impact on enterprise technological innovation. Specifically, voluntary participation in environmental regulations is not only conducive to the improvement of production processes and energy saving, but also can establish a good corporate image. As a result, these companies receive resources and support from stakeholders such as investors, governments, and consumers, and at the same time promote companies to carry out technological innovation.(2) Public attention plays a positive role in regulating the impact of voluntary environmental regulations on corporate technological innovation. When a company receives a high degree of public attention, stakeholders can quickly learn about the company's active environmental responsibility behavior, and gains more confidence in the company's development prospects. This will not only increase investment in enterprises, but also be more conducive to the promotion of enterprise technological innovation activities. (3) In addition, when the company is located in a region with a higher degree of marketization, public attention has a more obvious regulatory effect on voluntary environmental regulation and corporate technological innovation. As the transparency of market information has increased and the numbers of information asymmetry problem have decreased in regions with a high degree of marketization, the rights and interests of investors can also be better protected by law. In this environment, public attention will enable companies that participate in voluntary environmental regulations to gain more investors' favor and provide support for innovative activities. The research conclusions not only enrich the relevant research of the Porter Hypothesis, but also provide microscopic evidence for Chinese enterprises to improve their awareness of information sharing and the government to optimize the market environment. These conclusions have certain enlightenment for the practice of voluntary participation in environmental regulation, as well as how to improve the level of technological innovation for enterprises.#br#The innovations of this article include the following aspects. Firstly the existing research on the Porter Hypothesis mostly regards environmental regulations as command-and-control environmental regulations and market-incentive environmental regulations, ignoring voluntary participation environmental regulations. This article explores the impact of voluntary environmental regulations on corporate technological innovation, and expands the relevant research. Secondly because the public is playing an increasingly important role in social development, this article uses the Chinese listed company Internet search volume index as an agent of the public's attention to each listed company. From the perspective of public attention, it studies the impact of participatory environmental regulations on enterprise technological innovation. In addition this article also explores how public attention change the moderating effect of voluntary participation in environmental regulation and enterprise technological innovation when enterprises are affected by the external environment of marketization degree .#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 79-90 [Abstract] ( 709 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1422KB] ( 292 )
Legal System and Policy of Science and Technology
91 Research on The Effect of Comprehensive Innovation Reform Experiment on Regional Innovation Capability and Its Transmission Mechanism
Lin Shoufu,Dong Xiaoqing
Innovation is the first driving force leading China's economic transformation and development and a strong support for improving social productivity and comprehensive national strength. It has been a focus of great concern from all sectors of society. At present, although China has made remarkable achievements in the transformation of the driving force of economic development and the construction of an innovative country, it is inevitable that there are still problems such as mismatched policy coordination, single decision-making mechanism and unbalanced regional innovation development. Therefore, how to strengthen the modernization of the national innovation governance system and governance capacity is still one of the important issues that government departments must study and tackle. The construction of regional innovation system is of great significance to improve the national innovation governance system and the modernization of governance capacity. In order to better promote the construction of regional innovation system, China has set up eight "comprehensive innovation and reform pilot zones" across administrative regions in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanghai, Guangdong, Anhui, Sichuan, Wuhan, Xi'an and Shenyang, striving to explore a policy innovation experience with regional radiation and replicable promotion. 2019 is the "closing year" of the first round of comprehensive innovation reform experiment. It is necessary to evaluate the effect of the whole innovation reform experiment, especially whether it can significantly promote the innovation ability of the experimental area and regional innovation ability.The robustness of the results was tested by parallel trend test and placebo test. Furthermore, the paper constructs the mediating effect model and empirically analyzes the transmission mechanism of comprehensive innovation reform experiment on regional innovation ability from two paths of fiscal means and financial means.#br#The results show that the first round of comprehensive innovation reform test significantly promoted the improvement of the innovation ability of the test area, which provides a strong empirical support for promoting a new round of comprehensive innovation reform test in China. At the same time, economic development level, technology market activity, human capital level and industrial structure have significant positive effects on the improvement of regional innovation ability, but the impact of economic openness on regional innovation ability is not significant. Finally, the whole innovation and reform experiment can effectively improve the innovation ability of the experimental area through fiscal and financial means. However, it should be pointed out that in addition to fiscal and financial means, the whole innovation and reform experiment may also promote the improvement of regional innovation ability through other ways. In the future, research needs to be expanded to fully investigate the role of the whole innovation and reform experiment on regional innovation ability through information technology policy, government procurement policy, talent policy and income distribution policy.#br#The innovation of this paper is mainly reflected in the following aspects. Firstly we evaluate the effect of government participation in regional innovation activities from a macro perspective. #br#Previous studies have mostly investigated the impact of the government's participation in regional innovation activities from a micro perspective. This will cause the regional innovation system to be segmented into many independent enterprises while ignoring the dissemination of internal knowledge and its externalities. Hence it will be difficult to judge the overall impact of government behavior on regional innovation activities. Secondly, we quantitatively evaluate the effectiveness of the whole innovation reform experiment. This is different from the qualitative evaluation methods such as file research and public opinion analysis. The qualitative method lacks the stripping and evaluation of the net effect of the reform test, and the difference-in-difference method used in this paper can effectively control the impact of other variables on the implementation effect of the whole innovation reform test, better evaluate the net effect of the whole innovation reform test, and ensure the reliability and stability of the research conclusion.Thirdly, it deeply explores the transmission mechanism of the whole innovation reform experiment to regional innovation ability. This paper constructs an intermediary effect model, and empirically studies the transmission path of the whole innovation reform experiment on regional innovation ability from two aspects of fiscal means and financial means, which provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for policymakers to better summarize the pilot experience and accurately implement policies.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 91-100 [Abstract] ( 424 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1455KB] ( 517 )
101 Skinny Label and Second-Medical-Use Patents: from Legal Constructure to Attribution Standard
Wu Kewei
Since the implementation of the Hatch-Waxman Act, which pioneered the pharmaceutical patent linkage system in the United States, the "cat and mouse game" between the original research drug and the generic drug manufacturer has lasted for more than 30 years. As part of this system, U.S. legislation provides a way for generic drug companies to enable them to obtain marketing approvals that are less than the number of indications for brand-name drugs through skinny labeling. In this way, the patent linkage is connected with the patent protection of the second-medical-use patents. However, this rule cannot eliminate the possibility of off-label use of second-medical-use patents. The key to balancing the interests of the three parties lies in the infringement attribution standard for the infringement of the second medical use patents. It is one of the key issues in the practice of international pharmaceutical patent affairs, and it is also a new issue emerging in China. Despite the controversy, the patentability of second-medical inventions has been gradually reached the same standard around the world. The essence of Swiss-type claims is to break through the basic doctrine of "Prohibition of granting patents monopoly on diagnosis and treatment of diseases", which is prevailing in the civil law paradigm, and provide the possibility of obtaining patent protection for medical-use inventions. From 2017, this kind of patent claim can be also protected by China's patent legislation.#br#Infringement attribution standards of Swiss-type claims is also a hit and tough matter in the UK. In Warner-Lambert v. Actavis, the British court proposed and reviewed the following three standards for the determination of infringement: subjective intention test, objective intention test, and outward presentation test. The judges of the Supreme Court of the UK showed a certain consistency in the judicial choice of infringement standards and the value judgments based on the existing facts, that is, they all tend to deny the harsh objective intention test. In Warner-Lambert v. Actavis, the outward presentation test finally prevailed and became the majority opinion, while the subjective intention test failed and became the minority opinion. How to determine the behavioral boundary between the brand drug and generics' patents related to the second-medical-use indications is also a controversial issue in the field of drug patents in the United States. In GlaxoSmithKline v. Teva, CAFC (the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit) chose to support the subjective intention test standard on this issue. The majority opinion of CAFC believes that as long as an innovator company can prove that a generic company has the subjective intention to induce direct infringement, it is sufficient to complete its burden of proof, and there is no need to prove that there is a probabilistic causal relationship between generic company's labeling behavior and direct infringement. #br#The subjective intention test and objective intention test in the Warner-Lambert v. Actavis belong to the infringement attribution standard under the fault principle and correspond to the theoretical terminology of Chinese tort law: fault and presumed default respectively. The outward presentation test proposed in Warner-Lambert v. Actavis is a no-fault determination standard which means when determining whether the drug listing behavior of a generic drug manufacturer infringes the second medical use patent, only considers whether the generic drug manufacturer's behavior falls within the scope of patent rights of the brand-name drug manufacturer. This paper argues that the practice of choosing different infringement attribution standards for specific situations coincides with the British Supreme Court's conditional support for the outward presentation test, and also in line with emphasizing that subjective conditions are still important in certain situations, and it is also consistent with the dominant opinion of the Chinese patent law, which believe that the criteria for determining patent infringement should be distinguished according to the circumstances, and there is no unified standard that should not be absolutely adhered to. The results show that China needs to formulate its infringement identification standards for second-medical-use patents from the comprehensive perspectives of the balance of drug innovation, the generic drug industry and drug availability. China should adhere to the non-fault standard for the identification of direct infringement of second-medical-use patent and only consider the skinny labeling behavior's compliance with laws, then to decide whether or not it falls into the scope of protection of second-medical-use patents. In determining the indirect infringement, the fault standard should be adhered to, and causation should account.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 101-110 [Abstract] ( 418 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1244KB] ( 401 )
Knowledge Science and Knowledge Engineering
111 The Impact of the Variety of Enterprises' Knowledge base on the Complementary and Balance Effect between Independent Innovation and Collaborative Innovation
Liu Yan,Cai Hong,Pei Yunlong
High-quality development is the theme of China's '14th Five-Year' Plan, however, the cutthroat competition of key and core technology is restricting economic transformation and development. A lot of researchers and practitioners have pointed out that the implementation of innovation-driven strategy is the decisive factor of high-quality economic development. Based on the theory of knowledge base, the essence of enterprise innovation activities is the process of gathering and absorbing various internal and external knowledge, and realizing knowledge creation through internalization, combination, externalization and socialization. Thus, knowledge is one of the most important resources of enterprises, and the rational allocation of knowledge resource is the key to the long-term survival and development of enterprises. Actually, the independent innovation and cooperative innovation are adopted by the enterprises, and the two modes of innovation activities will lead to the synergy (including complementary and balance) effect, which have an important impact on the enterprise innovation performance. As previously proposed by scholars, the choice of enterprise technological innovation mode must match its resource, so the technological knowledge base of enterprises is one of the important antecedents of the relationship between independent innovation and cooperative innovation. Therefore, based on the knowledge-base theory and dynamic capability theory, this paper analyzes the influence of the related and unrelated variety of enterprise's technological knowledge base on the balance and complementary of independent innovation and cooperative innovation, and also explores the moderating effect of knowledge integration capability. #br#This paper analyzes the effect of the variety of knowledge base on the balance and complementary of independent innovation and cooperative innovation with patent data. Firstly, the 80 sample enterprises are selected according to the firms listed in the 'list of top 100 Chinese Bio-pharmaceutical Enterprises' and 'ranking of bio-pharmaceutical R&D' for consecutive years. Secondly, We collect the patent data applied by the 80 bio-pharmaceutical companies in the patent database of China Intellectual Office from 2009 to 2018. And then all the variables are measured using the patent data. Finally, We verify the hypothesis by defining variables and constructing the Tobit regression model. #br#The results show that the related-variety of enterprises' knowledge base has a positive effect on the complementary of independent innovation and cooperative innovation, and the related-variety of knowledge base can negatively influence the balance of independent innovation and cooperative innovation. However, there is inverted U shaped relationship between the unrelated-variety of enterprise knowledge base and the complementary of independent innovation and cooperative innovation, which means that excessive allocation of technology resource in new areas is not conducive to the complementary of the two types of innovation activities, and we also found that the unrelated variety of knowledge base has a negative effect on the balance of independent innovation and cooperative innovation. The results of regression analysis also show that the knowledge integration capability of enterprises has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between the related-variety of technological knowledge base and the complementary and balance of independent innovation and cooperative innovation. And we found that the knowledge integration capability of enterprises negatively moderates the inverted U shaped relationship between the complementary of independent innovation and cooperative innovation, but the moderating influence of knowledge integration capability on the relationship between unrelated variety of knowledge base and balance of two modes of innovation is not significant.#br#This research enriches the existing theory of the relationship between independent and cooperative innovation of enterprises, and explores the factors affecting the synergy of two types of innovation activates from a new perspective. Different from previous literature, this article reveals the effect of internal knowledge resources on the complementary and balance between the two types of innovation modes, and also proposes and verifies the moderating effect of knowledge integration capability on the relationship between variety of knowledge base and the synergy effect of two modes of innovation activities. This paper expands the research literature on the influence of the knowledge base on the enterprise independent and cooperative innovation activities. Then, the research results suggest that the enterprise's practitioners should carry out independent and cooperative innovation according to its own technological knowledge base. When there is a high level of related variety of knowledge base of enterprises, the manager of the firms should flexibly allocate resources and make good use of the complementary relationship between independent and cooperative innovation, but there is no need to pursue an absolute balance between the two types of innovation activities. And when there is a high level of unrelated-variety of knowledge base, the enterprises should appropriately strengthen the complementary of two modes of innovation, but it is not necessary to excessively increase the allocation of resource in the new technological field. In addition, enterprises also should strengthen the construction of knowledge integration capability in cross-technology fields. With the improvement of knowledge integration capability, the enterprises need to pay more attention to the cooperative innovation to ensure the mutual promotion between independent innovation and cooperative innovation activities.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 111-120 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1333KB] ( 199 )
121 The Time and Space Transformation of Knowledge Production and the Paradigm Transformation of Evaluation Model of Scientific and Technological Achievements
Gao Hui
The evaluation of scientific and technological achievements has always been a difficult problem at home and abroad. As a kind of institutional arrangement, the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements often embodies the rational understanding and value judgment of the law of knowledge production and its social function. As the product of knowledge production, the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements must adhere to the law of knowledge production, and the transformation of the mode of knowledge production causes the transformation of the mode of evaluation of scientific and technological achievements. In recent years, the related research focuses on the university discipline construction or “Double first-class” university construction under the knowledge production mode transformation. This paper analyzes the trend of the evaluation and transformation of scientific and technological achievements from the comprehensive perspective of the spatiotemporal transformation of knowledge production, the aim is to provide a new visual angle for how to stick to the correct direction of scientific and technological achievements evaluation and perfect the system of scientific and technological achievements evaluation.#br#As science is advancing, there has been a significant change in the mode of production of knowledge within the scientific system. From the time dimension, the mode of knowledge production has experienced the transition from Mode I, Mode II to Mode III. The transformation of knowledge production mode, on the one hand, shows the trend of changing from discipline knowledge production to social knowledge production. From the perspective of knowledge production results, compared with discipline knowledge oriented knowledge production-Mode I and applied knowledge oriented knowledge production-Mode II , Mode III is more inclined to the orientation of social public interest. On the other hand, it shows the characteristics of coexistence of multiple knowledge production modes in synchrony, that is to say, there are not only knowledge production Mode I, but also knowledge production Mode II and Mode III, as well as several modes fused together.#br#This is because knowledge production Mode III itself emphasizes the symbiosis of different types of knowledge and knowledge paradigms, and the formation and development of the new knowledge production mode only means that the new and more competitive knowledge production mode gradually occupies a dominant position, rather than the complete extinction of the old knowledge production mode. In addition, the knowledge production modes of different knowledge production organizations may be different in the same period. Even under the same knowledge production mode, different knowledge production organizations may have different forms of manifestations.#br#From the perspective of spatial dimension, crossing organizational boundaries is the main feature of the spatial evolution of knowledge production. Knowledge production derives from the traditional academic type to the social diffusion type, its essence is that knowledge production extends outward from the spatial boundary, that is, from relatively closed and continuously deepened discipline knowledge and autonomous culture to the economic knowledge, public welfare knowledge and responsibility culture guided by social practice problems in multi-dimensional situations. Specifically, the orientation of knowledge production has changed from closed state to open state, and the space of knowledge production has expanded from the field of disciplines to the public space, knowledge production has gone from a single goal of scientific knowledge growth to a multi-purpose of increasing knowledge stock and serving national and regional development.#br#A series of external forces formed by the transformation of knowledge production in the space-time dimension have promoted the transformation of the evaluation paradigm of scientific and technological achievements. In evaluation philosophy, it is shifted from psychology-behaviorism, society-constructivism to network-ecology; in value orientation, it is transformed from the academic standard based on advanced knowledge and the application standard based on economic performance to the comprehensive standard based on social benefit; and in terms of evaluation, it is changed from internal and inter-disciplinary to super-disciplinary; in the mechanism of evaluation, the peer review led by scholars is replaced by the multi-evaluation of cooperation within and outside the university to the three-dimensional evaluation involving the stakeholders, the focus of observation has been shifted from the goal-reaching scale and the customer satisfaction to the innovation-service contribution. In terms of evaluation objects, it is required that new forms of representation of scientific and technological achievements appearing on the carrier of information and communication technology should be included in the evaluation.#br#The innovation points of this paper lies in the analysis of the remarkable characteristics of the transformation of knowledge production mode from the perspective of time and space, and puts forward that with the transformation of knowledge production in time and space dimension, the evaluation of scientific and technological achievements has also moved from Paradigm 1 and 2 to Paradigm 3. This not only deepens the understanding of knowledge production theory, but also helps to guide the practice of scientific and technological achievement evaluation.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 121-127 [Abstract] ( 316 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1186KB] ( 180 )
Sci-tech Talent Cultivation
128 Can Similar Interest Bring Innovation:the Impact of Leader-team Congruence in Leader Humor on Team Innovation
Lu Wenling,Dai Wanliang,Hu Enhua,Yang Jiaoping
The increasingly fierce market competition and uncertain social environment have put forward new requirements and challenges to enterprise innovation, which makes it hard for individual employees to meet more complex innovation needs with limited the knowledge and ability. As a new form of work, team has attracted much attention because it can integrate the heterogeneous knowledge of team members and improve the level of team innovation. In fact, there is a significant difference between team innovation and individual innovation. A higher level of individual innovation may not lead to a higher level of team innovation, but requires the integration of knowledge among team members and mutual cooperation to jointly promote team innovation. Therefore, how to effectively integrate team resources to promote team innovation is an urgent problem for both academic and management practitioners to solve. Influenced by traditional hierarchical culture of China, leaders hold a high position in a team, and their leadership style and behavior have significant impact on the attitude and behavior of the team. In recent years, scholars have paid more and more attention to the relationship between leadership behavior and team innovation, and have achieved abundant research results. Most of the existing researches on the relationship between leadership behavior and team innovation focus on the perspective of knowledge and task. With the improvement of material living standards and the increase of work pressure, employees pay more attention to the satisfaction of emotional needs and spiritual support. As an emerging leadership behavior, leader humor has attracted much attention of scholars because it can strengthen leadership trust, stimulate positive emotions, meet employees' spiritual needs and influence employees' innovation.#br#However, the majority of existing literature focused on the other-rated leader humor, while ignoring the self-rated leader humor. As a way of interaction, leader humor refers to the behavior that the leader deliberately entertains his subordinates, and the subordinates can perceive it. If it is only from the single perspective of other evaluators to explore the effect of leader humor, there is no full and in-depth understanding of leader humor, which makes the research system of leader humor incomplete. #br#Based on theories of interactive ritual chain and conservation of resources, this paper analyzed the impact of congruence of self-rated leader humor and other-rated leader humor on team innovation, as well as the mediating role of team cohesion between them. Employing polynomial regressions and response surface analyses, this paper conducted analysis with supervisor-subordinate dyads from 174 teams to test the theoretical model.#br#Results show that there will be different team innovation between congruence and incongruence of leader humor. (1) In particular, in the cases of congruence, team innovation was higher when self-rated leader humor and other-rated leader humor were both high rather than being both low. This is because when both self-rated leader humor and other-rated leader humor are at a high level, both sides can perceive more similarities and promote team interaction, which is more conducive to the development of team innovation activities.(2) In the cases of incongruence, higher team innovation was found when self-rated leader humor was lower than other-rated leader humor .The reason is that in the situation of "high self-rated leader humor and low other-rated leader humor ", team members would be disgusted by some boring expressions of leaders, which increases emotional exhaustion and then be detrimental to team innovation. (3) The congruence of leader humor exerted indirect effect on team innovation via team cohesion. Because the leader-team consistency of leader humor not only directly affect team innovation, but also affects team innovation by enhancing team cohesion.#br#Finally, this paper discussed the theoretical values and implications for management practice of the study. In theoretical significance, this paper analyzed the impact of leader humor on team innovation from the perspective of mutual matching between self-rated and other-rated, so as to have a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of the effects of leader humor. At the same time, the theories of interactive ritual chain and conservation of resources were incorporated into the research framework of leader humor to enrich the theoretical basis of leader humor research and expanded the connotation of the theories of interactive ritual chain and conservation of resources. In practice significance, this paper could offer some countermeasures and suggestions for leader on how to apply leader humor reasonably to promote team innovation. To be specific, on the one hand，leaders need to recognize that high level of leader humor is not necessarily conducive to promoting team innovation. therefore，they need to combine their own cognitive preference of humor with team members' to express some humor generally accepted by team members, so as to improve the effectiveness of leader's humor. On the other hand, leaders need to realize that team cohesion plays a conductive role between leadership humor consistency and team innovation. Therefore, leaders need to strengthen team attraction, improve team members' sense of belonging, and then enhance team cohesion.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 128-138 [Abstract] ( 331 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1440KB] ( 360 )
139 Research about the Mechanism of Paradox Leadership Behavior on R&D Team Innovation based on Knowledge Power′s Perspective
Hua Changhua,Luo Jinlian,Yan Liping
The organizational environment is increasingly dynamic, complex and competitive, meanwhile leaders are confronting with many seemingly contradictory requirements in management. The exiting research on leadership fails to fully explain the present difficulties in the organization, and thus the researchers pay close attention to a new type of leadership model based on the paradox-paradox leadership style.#br#Paradox leadership is emerging in management research and practice in recent years as a hot issue. From the perspective of theoretical roots, paradox leadership belongs to the category in the theoretical study of the paradox of leadership, which refers to seemingly competitive, yet interrelated behaviors to meet the followers' demand simultaneously. From the perspective of management practice, the reality faced by paradoxical leaders in the process of team innovation has gradually attracted people's attention. A flexible leadership optimizes the group decision and promotes the integration of knowledge innovation. Although paradox leadership in the team practicing is getting fast development, the related research field is at the initial stage. Under the background of the current team management and the paradox of leadership, it is necessary to deeply study the team innovation process from the perspective of leadership paradox, especially in the complex team innovation process. It is worthy of further exploration on how to play a role and influence the process and result of team innovation.#br#This study focuses on the subject of research and development teams with the paradox leadership and team innovation. It relies on related theories, such as the model of leadership, knowledge management and innovation, combined with management practices to build links between paradox leadership and team innovation. Because the team members are engaged in work of scientific research innovation, research and development and the design of knowledge innovation, it is appropriate to select knowledge research and development innovation team as the research object; Secondly, this research analyzes intermediary role of the concentration of knowledge power, knowledge creation and knowledge integration between the paradox leadership and team innovation. It also tests the moderating effect between paradox leadership and knowledge power concentration, thus effectively identifying the boundary conditions of paradox leadership.#br#Through correlation and hierarchical regression analysis about paradox leadership and team innovation, the empirical test shows that paradox leadership has significant positive effect on team innovation, confirming that paradox leadership, as a kind of flexible and efficient style of leadership, has a positive impact on team innovation. This conclusion shows that innovation teams need to strain a possible leadership style while shortening the development cycle. The innovation task makes the reality of the situation complicated. At the same time, the conclusion helps to better understand the paradox leadership style, and make innovation team give full play to the results that have a certain reference value. Compared with the innovative team, creative team in the process of innovation often face more conflicting innovation needs. If leaders want to make the right decisions in dilemmas, they have to have a more profound understanding and practice about paradox leadership.#br#Based on the knowledge management and knowledge power theory, concentration of knowledge power and knowledge creation and knowledge innovation in the process of innovation are assumed as the intermediary bridge between the paradox leadership and team innovation. Empirical study results show that the concentration of power and knowledge creation, knowledge innovation, as a link in the relationship between the paradox leadership and team innovation， plays an intermediary role completely. Research conclusion clarifies the mechanism of the paradox leadership. In order to provide more revelation of innovation team performance, the leader should eliminate the barriers, break the rules of hierarchy, make innovation-driven knowledge workers as the main body, actively create an intellectual and power-oriented innovation atmosphere for the team, and promote the team to achieve innovative performance breakthroughs.#br#In the process of transformation and continuity between leadership power and knowledge power, high competitive values enhance the effect of paradoxical leadership on knowledge power concentration, while low competitive values weaken the effect of paradoxical leadership on knowledge power concentration. The results of this study provide a further exploration and supplementation to the related research results in the field of paradoxical leadership and team innovation.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 139-149 [Abstract] ( 345 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1345KB] ( 1153 )
Review
150 Research on Digital Transformation Domestic and Foreign from the Perspective of Industry: a Review and Prospects
Li Beiwei,Zong Xin,Li Yang
The fight against COVID-19 has further highlighted the necessity and urgency of industrial digital transformation and upgrading. General Secretary Xi Jinping has pointed out that danger and opportunity always exist side by side, and overcoming a crisis is an opportunity. The epidemic has brought unprecedented impact to China's economic and social development, but also provided new opportunities to transform and upgrade traditional industries and foster and strengthen emerging industries.#br#Innovation is the eternal theme of the development of the times. New technologies and industries empower innovation, and digital transformation also brings new opportunities for innovation and entrepreneurship. Digital transformation is often an innovation of the previous business model, which then brings a change in the mode of enterprise collaboration, reflecting the depth of innovation and entrepreneurship in industrial development, as well as the subversive impact of digital technology on users, enterprises and industries. Industrial digital transformation is a digital transformation activity in which traditional industries use digital technology to break down data barriers between different levels and different industries and create new industries, new formats and business models.#br#In this study, literature metrology and traditional literature review were combined. Based on scientific retrieval, visual analysis and literature screening, VOSviewer literature metrology analysis software was used to systematically and comprehensively sort out relevant studies.#br#In order to ensure the quality of foreign sample literature, Web of Science core collection database is selected. Set the keywords to Digital Transformation, Digital * AND Transform *, AND digitalization. The research field is set as SOCIAL SCIENCES and the research direction is set as "BUSINESS ECONOMICS". Set the document type to "ARTICLE" and "REVIEW" and the language to "ENGLISH". A total of 1681 literatures were retrieved through reprocessing, which were set as the initial foreign language samples of this study.#br#In order to ensure the quality of Chinese sample literature, CNKI database was selected and the keywords were set as Digital transformation, Digital * and Transform *and digitalization. The search database was set as academic journals, and the source category was set as core journals. A total of 1 580 literatures were retrieved through de-processing, which were set as the initial Chinese samples of this study.#br#The main line and context of this study is based on strategic consistency theory and dynamic capability theory, and with the help of VOSviewer literature metrology analysis software, a systematic analysis of research topics on digital transformation at home and abroad is conducted to explore the similarities and differences in research topics and areas of concern at home and abroad. The results show that: from the perspective of industry, foreign countries focus more on the topic of epidemic impact, while domestic studies focus more on the topic of media publishing, and innovation and strategy become the theme of common concern at home and abroad. From domestic and foreign studies on industrial digital transformation and innovation, strategy, epidemic and media-related fields, it can be seen that the development of digital technology has laid a foundation for the realization of high-quality industrial development and driven industrial digital transformation. In terms of theoretical research, we should expand the theory of strategic consistency and deepen the theory of dynamic capabilities, explore the strategic consistency of ecosystems with different innovation and entrepreneurship platforms in the face of digital transformation, and analyze how various capabilities interact with dynamic capabilities in the process of digital transformation. In order to achieve high-quality development of China's industrial digital transformation, efficiency improvement is the basic premise, and cross-border integration is a necessary condition. The restructuring of competition mode promotes the construction of power mechanism, industrial transformation and upgrading is the fundamental goal. China should strengthen the construction of digital infrastructure and reinforce the guidance on data security, and create a favorable institutional environment.#br# Aiming at the research gap of digital transformation, this paper is based on the domestic and foreign research status from the perspective of industry, and draws five research paths of digital transformation from the perspective of industry from the fields of application, business, regulation, data and cooperation, and prospects the future research and national industrial policy orientation.#br#
2022 Vol. 39 (2): 150-160 [Abstract] ( 1576 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2176KB] ( 1318 )
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